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Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Gunn BM, Kuzmina NA, Kedarinath K, Jurado-Cobena E, Zhou F, Subramani C, Hyde MA, Velazquez JV, Williamson LE, Gilchuk P, Carnahan RH, Alter G, Crowe JE, Bukreyev A. Antibodies targeting the glycan cap of Ebola virus glycoprotein are potent inducers of the complement. Commun Biol 2024; 7:871. [PMID: 39020082 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06556-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibodies to Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP) represent an important correlate of the vaccine efficiency and infection survival. Both neutralization and some of the Fc-mediated effects are known to contribute the protection conferred by antibodies of various epitope specificities. At the same time, the role of the complement system remains unclear. Here, we compare complement activation by two groups of representative monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) interacting with the glycan cap (GC) or the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of GP. Binding of GC-specific mAbs to GP induces complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in the GP-expressing cell line via C3 deposition on GP in contrast to MPER-specific mAbs. In the mouse model of EBOV infection, depletion of the complement system leads to an impairment of protection exerted by one of the GC-specific, but not MPER-specific mAbs. Our data suggest that activation of the complement system represents an important mechanism of antiviral protection by GC antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Bronwyn M Gunn
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Natalia A Kuzmina
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Kritika Kedarinath
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Eduardo Jurado-Cobena
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Fuchun Zhou
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Chandru Subramani
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Jalene V Velazquez
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Lauren E Williamson
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Pavlo Gilchuk
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Robert H Carnahan
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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Hounmenou CG, Marcis FL, Kaba D, Diaby M, Soumah AK, Diallo H, Thaurignac G, Camara SC, Ayouba A, Peeters M, Keita AK, Delaporte E, Touré A. Ebola virus circulation in a non-epidemic Guinean rural area: A mixed-method approach to assessing endemicity. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 146:107129. [PMID: 38908818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of orthoebolavirus antibodies in Madina Oula, a non-epidemic rural area in Guinea, in 2022. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from March 14 to April 3, 2022 involving recording household and socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle data, and collecting dried blood spots from 878 individuals in 235 households. Dried blood spots were tested using multiplex serology to detect antibodies to different orthoebolaviruses: Ebola virus, Bundibugyo virus, Sudan virus, Reston virus, and Bombali virus. Seroprevalence was estimated with a 95% confidence interval and a Z-test was performed to compare the seropositivity between children aged under 15 years and those over 15 years. Household and participant characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistic, and socio-historical conditions were discussed. RESULTS The serological analysis conducted in 2022 on 878 participants revealed varying reactivity to orthoebolavirus antigens, notably, with glycoprotein antigens, particularly, glycoprotein Sudan virus (16%). A total of 21 samples exhibited reactivity with at least two antigens, with a median age of 27 years (interquartile range 10.00-35.00), ranging from 2 to 80 years. There is no significant difference between seropositivity in children aged under 15 (2.86%) years and those over 15 (2.14%) years. The antibody presence varied per village, with the highest prevalence observed in Ouassou and Dar-es-Salam. CONCLUSIONS Serological data in a region unaffected by recent Ebola outbreaks indicate possible orthoebolavirus endemicity, emphasizing the need for preparedness against known or novel orthoebolaviruses with potential cross-reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Castro Gbêmêmali Hounmenou
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea.
| | - Fréderic Le Marcis
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea; TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Triangle UMR 5206, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Djiba Kaba
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Maladho Diaby
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Abdoul-Karim Soumah
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Haby Diallo
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Guillaume Thaurignac
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Saidouba Cherif Camara
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Alpha-Kabinet Keita
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea; TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Delaporte
- TransVIHMI, University of Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Montpellier, France; Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Abdoulaye Touré
- Centre de Recherche et de Formation en Infectiologie de Guinée (CERFIG), Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea; Faculté des Sciences et Techniques de la Santé, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea; Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Sciences, Gamal Abdel Nasser University, Conakry, Republic of Guinea
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3
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Mellors J, Carroll M. Direct enhancement of viral neutralising antibody potency by the complement system: a largely forgotten phenomenon. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:22. [PMID: 38200235 PMCID: PMC10781860 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05074-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Neutralisation assays are commonly used to assess vaccine-induced and naturally acquired immune responses; identify correlates of protection; and inform important decisions on the screening, development, and use of therapeutic antibodies. Neutralisation assays are useful tools that provide the gold standard for measuring the potency of neutralising antibodies, but they are not without limitations. Common methods such as the heat-inactivation of plasma samples prior to neutralisation assays, or the use of anticoagulants such as EDTA for blood collection, can inactivate the complement system. Even in non-heat-inactivated samples, the levels of complement activity can vary between samples. This can significantly impact the conclusions regarding neutralising antibody potency. Restoration of the complement system in these samples can be achieved using an exogenous source of plasma with preserved complement activity or with purified complement proteins. This can significantly enhance the neutralisation titres for some antibodies depending on characteristics such as antibody isotype and the epitope they bind, enable neutralisation with otherwise non-neutralising antibodies, and demonstrate a better relationship between in vitro and in vivo findings. In this review, we discuss the evidence for complement-mediated enhancement of antibody neutralisation against a range of viruses, explore the potential mechanisms which underpin this enhancement, highlight current gaps in the literature, and provide a brief summary of considerations for adopting this approach in future research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Mellors
- Centre for Human Genetics and the Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Miles Carroll
- Centre for Human Genetics and the Pandemic Sciences Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Sobarzo A, Mone Y, Lang S, Gelkop S, Brangel P, Kuehne AI, McKendry RA, Mell JC, Ahmed A, Davis C, Dye JM, Lutwama JJ, Lobel L, Veas F, Ehrlich GD. Long-term Sudan virus Ebola survivors maintain multiple antiviral defense mechanisms. J Infect Dis 2023:jiad555. [PMID: 38066574 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The critical issues of sustained memory immunity following ebolavirus disease among long-term survivors (EVD) are still unclear. METHODS Here, we examine virus-specific immune and inflammatory responses in 12 Sudan virus (SUDV) long-term survivors from Uganda's 2000-1 Gulu outbreak, 15 years after recovery following in vitro challenge. Total RNA from isolated SUDV-stimulated and unstimulated PBMCs was extracted and analyzed. Matched serum samples were also collected to determine SUDV IgG levels and functionality. RESULTS We detected persistent humoral (58%, 7 of 12) and cellular (33%, 4 of 12) immune responses in SUDV long-term survivors and identified critical molecular mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. Gene expression in immune pathways, the IFN signaling system, antiviral defense response, and activation and regulation of T- and B-cell responses were observed. SUDV long-term survivors also maintained robust virus-specific IgG antibodies capable of polyfunctional responses, including neutralizing and innate Fc effector functions. CONCLUSIONS Data integration identified significant correlations among humoral and cellular immune responses and pinpointed a specific innate and adaptive gene expression signature associated with long-lasting immunity. This could help identify natural and vaccine correlates of protection against ebolavirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
- The Pre-Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Yves Mone
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Steven Lang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Sigal Gelkop
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Polina Brangel
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6B, UK
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Rachel A McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology and Division of Medicine, University College London, London WC1E 6B, UK
| | - Joshua Chang Mell
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Azad Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Claytus Davis
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - John M Dye
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe P.O Box 49, Uganda
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Francisco Veas
- Molecular Comparative Immuno-Physiopathology Lab, French Institute of Research for Development (IRD) Health Branch of UMR5151/University of Montpellier & UMR Research Unit-Ministry of Defense, Faculty of Pharmacy, 34093 Montpellier, France
- Copernicus Integrated Solutions for Biosafety Risks (CISBR), Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University, 34093 Montpellier, France
| | - Garth D Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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5
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Malherbe DC, Kimble JB, Atyeo C, Fischinger S, Meyer M, Cody SG, Hyde M, Alter G, Bukreyev A. A Single-Dose Intranasal Combination Panebolavirus Vaccine. J Infect Dis 2023; 228:S648-S659. [PMID: 37469133 PMCID: PMC10651208 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebolaviruses Ebola (EBOV), Sudan (SUDV), and Bundibugyo (BDBV) cause severe human disease, which may be accompanied by hemorrhagic syndrome, with high case fatality rates. Monovalent vaccines do not offer cross-protection against these viruses whose endemic areas overlap. Therefore, development of a panebolavirus vaccine is a priority. As a vaccine vector, human parainfluenza virus type 3 (HPIV3) has the advantages of needle-free administration and induction of both systemic and local mucosal antibody responses in the respiratory tract. METHODS To minimize the antivector immunity, genes encoding the HPIV3 envelope proteins F and HN were removed from the vaccine constructs, resulting in expression of only the ebolavirus envelope protein-glycoprotein. These second-generation vaccine constructs were used to develop a combination vaccine against EBOV, SUDV, and BDBV. RESULTS A single intranasal vaccination of guinea pigs or ferrets with the trivalent combination vaccine elicited humoral responses to each of the targeted ebolaviruses, including binding and neutralizing antibodies, as well as Fc-mediated effector functions. This vaccine protected animals from death and disease caused by lethal challenges with EBOV, SUDV, or BDBV. CONCLUSIONS The combination vaccine elicited protection that was comparable to that induced by the monovalent vaccines, thus demonstrating the value of this combination trivalent vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine C Malherbe
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - J Brian Kimble
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Caroline Atyeo
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Stephanie Fischinger
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michelle Meyer
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - S Gabrielle Cody
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew Hyde
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Bukreyev A, Ilinykh P, Huang K, Gunn B, Kuzmina N, Gilchuk P, Alter G, Crowe J. Antiviral protection by antibodies targeting the glycan cap of Ebola virus glycoprotein requires activation of the complement system. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2765936. [PMID: 37131834 PMCID: PMC10153373 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2765936/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies to Ebola virus glycoprotein (EBOV GP) represent an important correlate of the vaccine efficiency and infection survival. Both neutralization and some of the Fc-mediated effects are known to contribute the protection conferred by antibodies of various epitope specificities. At the same time, the role of the complement system in antibody-mediated protection remains unclear. In this study, we compared complement activation by two groups of representative monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) interacting with the glycan cap (GC) or the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the viral sole glycoprotein GP. Binding of GC-specific mAbs to GP induced complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) in the GP-expressing cell line via C3 deposition on GP in contrast to MPER-specific mAbs that did not. Moreover, treatment of cells with a glycosylation inhibitor increased the CDC activity, suggesting that N-linked glycans downregulate CDC. In the mouse model of EBOV infection, depletion of the complement system by cobra venom factor led to an impairment of protection exerted by GC-specific but not MPER-specific mAbs. Our data suggest that activation of the complement system is an essential component of antiviral protection by antibodies targeting GC of EBOV GP.
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7
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Rapid protection of nonhuman primates against Marburg virus disease using a single low-dose VSV-based vaccine. EBioMedicine 2023; 89:104463. [PMID: 36774693 PMCID: PMC9947254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Marburg virus (MARV) is the causative agent of Marburg virus disease (MVD) which has a case fatality rate up to ∼90% in humans. Recently, there were cases reported in Guinea and Ghana highlighting this virus as a high-consequence pathogen potentially threatening global public health. There are no licensed treatments or vaccines available today. We used a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based vaccine expressing the MARV-Angola glycoprotein (VSV-MARV) as the viral antigen. Previously, a single dose of 1 × 107 plaque-forming units (PFU) administered 7 days before challenge resulted in uniform protection from disease in cynomolgus macaques. METHODS As we sought to lower the vaccination dose to achieve a higher number of vaccine doses per vial, we administered 1 × 105 or 1 × 103 PFU 14 days or 1 × 103 PFU 7 days before challenge to cohorts of cynomolgus macaques and investigated immunity as well as protective efficacy. RESULTS Vaccination resulted in uniform protection with no detectable viremia. Antigen-specific IgG responses were induced by both vaccine concentrations and were sustained until the study endpoint. Neutralizing antibody responses and antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis were observed. The cellular response after vaccination was characterized by an early induction of NK cell activation. Additionally, antigen-specific memory T cell subsets were detected in all vaccination cohorts indicating that while the primary protective mechanism of VSV-MARV is the humoral response, a functional cellular response is also induced. INTERPRETATION Overall, this data highlights VSV-MARV as a viable and fast-acting MARV vaccine candidate suitable for deployment in emergency outbreak situations and supports its clinical development. FUNDING This work was funded by the Intramural Research Program NIAID, NIH.
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Brady C, Tipton T, Longet S, Carroll MW. Pre-clinical models to define correlates of protection for SARS-CoV-2. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166664. [PMID: 37063834 PMCID: PMC10097995 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A defined immune profile that predicts protection against a pathogen-of-interest, is referred to as a correlate of protection (CoP). A validated SARS-CoV-2 CoP has yet to be defined, however considerable insights have been provided by pre-clinical vaccine and animal rechallenge studies which have fewer associated limitations than equivalent studies in human vaccinees or convalescents, respectively. This literature review focuses on the advantages of the use of animal models for the definition of CoPs, with particular attention on their application in the search for SARS-CoV-2 CoPs. We address the conditions and interventions required for the identification and validation of a CoP, which are often only made possible with the use of appropriate in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caolann Brady
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Caolann Brady, ; Miles W. Carroll,
| | - Tom Tipton
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie Longet
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- International Center for Infectiology Research (CIRI), Team GIMAP, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR530, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics and Pandemic Sciences Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Caolann Brady, ; Miles W. Carroll,
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