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Li XJY, Qu JR, Zhang YH, Liu RP. The dual function of cGAS-STING signaling axis in liver diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:1115-1129. [PMID: 38233527 PMCID: PMC11130165 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous liver diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hepatitis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, have been increasingly prevalent, posing significant threats to global health. In recent decades, there has been increasing evidence linking the dysregulation of cyclic-GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon gene (STING)-related immune signaling to liver disorders. Both hyperactivation and deletion of STING can disrupt the immune microenvironment dysfunction, exacerbating liver disorders. Consequently, there has been a surge in research investigating medical agents or mediators targeting cGAS-STING signaling. Interestingly, therapeutic manipulation of the cGAS-STING pathway has yielded inconsistent and even contradictory effects on different liver diseases due to the distinct physiological characteristics of intrahepatic cells that express and respond to STING. In this review, we comprehensively summarize recent advancements in understanding the dual roles of the STING pathway, highlighting that the benefits of targeting STING signaling depend on the specific types of target cells and stages of liver injury. Additionally, we offer a novel perspective on the suitability of STING agonists and antagonists for clinical assessment. In conclusion, STING signaling remains a highly promising therapeutic target, and the development of STING pathway modulators holds great potential for the treatment of liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Jiao-Yang Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jiao-Rong Qu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yin-Hao Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Run-Ping Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11 Bei San Huan Dong Lu, Beijing, 100029, China.
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2
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Pham AT, Oliveira AC, Albanna M, Alvarez-Castanon J, Dupee Z, Patel D, Fu C, Mukhsinova L, Nguyen A, Jin L, Bryant AJ. Non-Interferon-Dependent Role of STING Signaling in Pulmonary Hypertension. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2024; 44:124-142. [PMID: 37942608 PMCID: PMC10872846 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.320121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with constitutive activation of DNA-sensing pathway through stimulator of IFN (interferon) genes (STING), such as those with STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy, develop pulmonary hypertension (PH). However, the role of STING signaling in general PH patients is heretofore undescribed. Here, we seek to investigate the role of STING in PH development. METHODS STING expression in patient lung samples was examined. PH was induced in global STING-deficient mice and global type I IFN receptor 1-deficient mice using bleomycin or chronic hypoxia exposure. PH development was evaluated by right ventricular systolic pressure and Fulton index, with additional histological and flow cytometric analysis. VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) expression on murine immune cells was quantified and evaluated with multiplex and flow cytometry. Human myeloid-derived cells were differentiated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and treated with either STING agonist or STING antagonist for evaluation of VEGF secretion. RESULTS Global STING deficiency protects mice from PH development, and STING-associated PH seems independent of type I IFN signaling. Furthermore, a role for STING-VEGF signaling pathway in PH development was demonstrated, with altered VEGF secretion in murine pulmonary infiltrated myeloid cells in a STING-dependent manner. In addition, pharmacological manipulation of STING in human myeloid-derived cells supports in vivo findings. Finally, a potential role of STING-VEGF-mediated apoptosis in disease development and progression was illustrated, providing a roadmap toward potential therapeutic applications. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data provide concrete evidence of STING involvement in PH, establishing biological plausibility for STING-related therapies in PH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann T Pham
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Aline C Oliveira
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Muhammad Albanna
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | | | - Zadia Dupee
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Diya Patel
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Chunhua Fu
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Laylo Mukhsinova
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Amy Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Lei Jin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Andrew J Bryant
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
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Ribeiro MDC, Cho Y, Mehta J, Wang X, Babuta M, Copeland C, Hussein H, Catalano D, Wang Y, Szabo G. Protective role of cGAS in NASH is related to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis. Liver Int 2023; 43:1937-1949. [PMID: 37222257 PMCID: PMC10524793 DOI: 10.1111/liv.15610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Various intracellular pathways regulate inflammation in NASH. Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) is a DNA sensor that activates STING and plays a role in inflammatory diseases. Here, we explored the role of cGAS in hepatic damage, steatosis, inflammation, and liver fibrosis in mouse models of NASH. METHODS cGAS deficient (cGAS-KO) and STING deficient (STING-KO) mice received high fat-high cholesterol-high sugar diet (HF-HC-HSD) or relevant control diets. Livers were evaluated after 16 or 30 weeks. RESULTS HF-HC-HSD diet, both at 16 and 30 weeks, resulted in increased cGAS protein expression as well as in increased ALT, IL-1β, TNF-α and MCP-1 in wild-type (WT) mice compared to controls. Surprisingly, liver injury, triglyceride accumulation, and inflammasome activation were greater in HF-HC-HSD cGAS-KO compared to WT mice at 16 and to a lesser extent at 30 weeks. STING, a downstream target of cGAS was significantly increased in WT mice after HF-HC-HSD. In STING-KO mice after HF-HC-HSD feeding, we found increased ALT and attenuated MCP1 and IL-1β expression compared to WT mice. Markers of liver fibrosis were increased in cGAS- and STING-KO mice compared to WT on HF-HC-HSD. We discovered that cGAS-KO mice had a significant increase in circulating endotoxin levels on HF-HC-HSD that correlated with changes in intestinal morphology which was exacerbated by HF-HC-HSD compared to WT mice. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that cGAS or STING deficiency exacerbate liver damage, steatosis, and inflammation in HF-HC-HSD diet-induced NASH, which might be linked to the disruption of the gut barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelle de Carvalho Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Yeonhee Cho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jeeval Mehta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department and institute of infectious diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Mrigya Babuta
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Christopher Copeland
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Hosni Hussein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Al Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Donna Catalano
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Yanbo Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Gyongyi Szabo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; MA 02142, USA
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Bertran L, Adalid L, Vilaró-Blay M, Barrientos-Riosalido A, Aguilar C, Martínez S, Sabench F, del Castillo D, Porras JA, Alibalic A, Richart C, Auguet T. Expression of STING in Women with Morbid Obesity and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13040496. [PMID: 37110154 PMCID: PMC10146769 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13040496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent chronic hepatic disease. Although mostly benign, this disease can evolve into nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) plays an important role in the immune response against stressed cells, but this protein may also be involved in liver lipogenesis and microbiota composition. In this study, the role of STING in NAFLD was evaluated by RT–qPCR to analyze STING mRNA abundance and by immunohistochemical analysis to evaluate protein expression in liver biopsies from a cohort composed of 69 women with morbid obesity classified according to their liver involvement (normal liver, n = 27; simple steatosis (SS), n = 26; NASH, n = 16). The results showed that STING mRNA expression in the liver increases with the occurrence of NAFLD, specifically in the SS stage in which the degree of steatosis is mild or moderate. Protein analysis corroborated these results. Positive correlations were observed among hepatic STING mRNA abundance and gamma-glutamyl transferase and alkaline phosphatase levels, hepatic Toll-like receptor 9 expression and some circulating microbiota-derived bile acids. In conclusion, STING may be involved in the outcome and progression of NAFLD and may be related to hepatic lipid metabolism. However, further studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Bertran
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)—Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Laia Adalid
- Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Mercè Vilaró-Blay
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)—Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Andrea Barrientos-Riosalido
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)—Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carmen Aguilar
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)—Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Salomé Martínez
- Servei Anatomia Patològica, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guasch, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Fàtima Sabench
- Servei de Cirurgia i Anestèsia, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Avinguda Doctor Josep Laporte, 2, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Daniel del Castillo
- Servei de Cirurgia i Anestèsia, Hospital Sant Joan de Reus, Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), IISPV, Avinguda Doctor Josep Laporte, 2, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - José Antonio Porras
- Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guash, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Ajla Alibalic
- Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guash, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Cristóbal Richart
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)—Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Teresa Auguet
- Grup de Recerca GEMMAIR (AGAUR)—Medicina Aplicada (URV), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Institut d’Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili (URV), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Servei de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII Tarragona, Mallafré Guash, 4, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-29-58-33
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Lv J, Xing C, Chen Y, Bian H, Lv N, Wang Z, Liu M, Su L. The STING in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases: Potential Therapeutic Targets in Inflammation-Carcinogenesis Pathway. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:1241. [PMID: 36297353 PMCID: PMC9611148 DOI: 10.3390/ph15101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), an important chronic disease, is one of the major causes of high mortality and creates a substantial financial burden worldwide. The various immune cells in the liver, including macrophages, NK cells, dendritic cells, and the neutrophils involved in the innate immune response, trigger inflammation after recognizing the damage signaled from infection or injured cells and tissues. The stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a critical molecule that binds to the cyclic dinucleotides (CDNs) generated by the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) to initiate the innate immune response against infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that the cGAS-STING pathway plays a critical role in inflammatory, auto-immune, and anti-viral immune responses. Recently, studies have focused on the role of STING in liver diseases, the results implying that alterations in its activity may be involved in the pathogenesis of liver disorders. Here, we summarize the function of STING in the development of NAFLD and present the current inhibitors and agonists targeting STING.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Lv
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chunlei Xing
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Huihui Bian
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Nanning Lv
- Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Anesthesiology, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200020, China
- School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingming Liu
- Lianyungang Second People’s Hospital, Lianyungang 222002, China
| | - Li Su
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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