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Kumar V, Roy S, Parida SN, Bisai K, Dhar S, Jana AK, Das BK. Deciphering the impact of endoparasitic infection on immune response and gut microbial composition of Channa punctata. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1296769. [PMID: 38476164 PMCID: PMC10927727 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1296769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal parasitic infections caused by helminths are globally distributed and are a major cause of morbidity worldwide. Parasites may modulate the virulence, gut microbiota diversity and host responses during infection. Despite numerous works, little is known about the complex interaction between parasites and the gut microbiota. In the present study, the complex interplay between parasites and the gut microbiota was investigated. A total of 12 bacterial strains across four major families, including Enterobacteriaceae, Morganellaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae, were isolated from Channa punctata, infected with the nematode species Aporcella sp., Axonchium sp., Tylencholaimus mirabilis, and Dioctophyme renale. The findings revealed that nematode infection shaped the fish gut bacterial microbiota and significantly affected their virulence levels. Nematode-infected fish bacterial isolates are more likely to be pathogenic, with elevated hemolytic activity and biofilm formation, causing high fish mortality. In contrast, isolates recovered further from non-parasitised C. punctata were observed to be non-pathogenic and had negligible hemolytic activity and biofilm formation. Antibiogram analysis of the bacterial isolates revealed a disproportionately high percentage of bacteria that were either marginally or multidrug resistant, suggesting that parasitic infection-induced stress modulates the gut microenvironment and enables colonization by antibiotic-resistant strains. This isolation-based study provides an avenue to unravel the influence of parasitic infection on gut bacterial characteristics, which is valuable for understanding the infection mechanism and designing further studies aimed at optimizing treatment strategies. In addition, the cultured isolates can supplement future gut microbiome studies by providing wet lab specimens to compare (meta)genomic information discovered within the gut microenvironment of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore, India
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Ibrahim D, I Abdel Rahman MM, M Abd El-Ghany A, A A Hassanen E, A Al-Jabr O, A Abd El-Wahab R, Zayed S, Abd El Khalek Salem M, Nabil El Tahawy S, Youssef W, A Tolba H, E Dawod R, Taha R, H Arisha A, T Y Kishawy A. Chlorella vulgaris extract conjugated magnetic iron nanoparticles in nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Growth promoting, immunostimulant and antioxidant role and combating against the synergistic infection with Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Aeromonashydrophila. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109352. [PMID: 38171430 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nile tilapia reared under intensive conditions was more susceptible for Ichthyophthirius multifilii (I. multifiliis) infection eliciting higher mortality, lower productive rate and further bacterial coinfection with Aeromonas hydrophila (A. hydrophila). The higher potency of magnetic field of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) can kill pathogens through inhibiting their viability. Herein, coating of Chlorella vulgaris extract (ChVE) with magnetic iron oxide NPs (Mag iron NPs) can create an external magnetic field that facilitates their release inside the targeted tissues. Thus, the current study is focused on application of new functionalized properties of Mag iron NPs in combination with ChVE and their efficacy to alleviate I. multifiliis and subsequent infection with A. hydrophila in Nile tilapia. Four hundred fingerlings were divided into: control group (with no additives), three groups fed control diet supplemented with ChVE, Mag iron NPs and ChVE@Mag iron NPs for 90 days. At the end of feeding trial fish were challenged with I. multifiliis and at 9 days post challenge was coinfected by A. hydrophila. A remarkable higher growth rate and an improved feed conversion ratio were detected in group fed ChVE@Mag iron-NPs. The maximum expression of antioxidant enzymes in skin and gills tissues (GSH-Px, CAT, and SOD) which came in parallel with higher serum activities of these enzymes was identified in groups received ChVE@Mag iron-NPs. Furthermore, group fed a combination of ChVE and Mag iron-NPs showed a boosted immune response (higher lysozyme, IgM, ACH50, and MPO) prior to challenge with I. multifiliis. In contrast, fish fed ChVE@Mag iron-NPs supplemented diet had lower infection (decreased by 62%) and mortality rates (decreased by 84%), as well as less visible white spots (decreased by 92 % at 12 dpi) on the body surfaces and mucous score. Interestingly, post I. multifiliis the excessive inflammatory response in gill and skin tissues was subsided by feeding on ChVE@Mag iron-NPs as proved by down regulation of IL-1β, TNFα, COX-2 and iNOS and upregulation of IL-10, and IgM, IgT and Muc-2 genes. Notably, group exposed to I. multifiliis-showed higher mortality when exposed to Aeromonas hydrophilia (increased by 43 %) while group fed ChVE@Mag iron-NPs exhibited lower morality (2%). Moreover, the bacterial loads of A. hydrophilia in fish infected by I. multifiliis and fed control diet were higher than those received dietary supplement of ChVE, Mag iron-NPs and the most reduced load was obtained in group fed ChVE@Mag iron-NPs at 7 dpi. In conclusion, ChVE@Mag iron-NPs fed fish had stronger immune barrier and antioxidant functions of skin and gills, and better survival following I. multifiliis and A. hydrophilia infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Ibrahim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt.
| | | | - Amany M Abd El-Ghany
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Eman A A Hassanen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Omar A Al-Jabr
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, P.O. Box 400, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reham A Abd El-Wahab
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), 246 Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Zayed
- Biochemistry Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Mansoura Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), 246 Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Mona Abd El Khalek Salem
- Department of Fish Diseases, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Agriculture Research Center, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Nabil El Tahawy
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Zagazig Branch, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Zagazig 44516, Egypt
| | - Wessam Youssef
- Biotechnology Department, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), 246 Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt
| | - Heba A Tolba
- Department of Fish Health and Management, Central Laboratory of Aquaculture Research (CLAR), AboHamad, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Egypt
| | - Rehab E Dawod
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health Institute, Damietta Branch, Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Rahma Taha
- Department of Zoology, Animal Immunology and Physiology, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed H Arisha
- Department of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Badr University in Cairo (BUC), Badr City, Cairo, Egypt; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Asmaa T Y Kishawy
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Wise AL, LaFrentz BR, Kelly AM, Liles MR, Griffin MJ, Beck BH, Bruce TJ. Coinfection of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) with virulent Aeromonas hydrophila and Flavobacterium covae exacerbates mortality. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2024. [PMID: 38214100 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Flavobacterium covae and virulent Aeromonas hydrophila are prevalent bacterial pathogens within the US catfish industry that can cause high mortality in production ponds. An assessment of in vivo bacterial coinfection with virulent A. hydrophila (ML09-119) and F. covae (ALG-00-530) was conducted in juvenile channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Catfish were divided into seven treatments: (1) mock control; (2) and (3) high and low doses of virulent A. hydrophila; (4) and (5) high and low doses of F. covae; (6) and (7) simultaneous challenge with high and low doses of virulent A. hydrophila and F. covae. In addition to the mortality assessment, anterior kidney and spleen were collected to evaluate immune gene expression, as well as quantify bacterial load by qPCR. At 96 h post-challenge (hpc), the high dose of virulent A. hydrophila infection (immersed in 2.3 × 107 CFU mL-1 ) resulted in cumulative percent mortality (CPM) of 28.3 ± 9.5%, while the high dose of F. covae (immersed in 5.2 × 106 CFU mL-1 ) yielded CPM of 23.3 ± 12.9%. When these pathogens were delivered in combination, CPM significantly increased for both the high- (98.3 ± 1.36%) and low-dose combinations (76.7 ± 17.05%) (p < .001). Lysozyme activity was found to be different at 24 and 48 hpc, with the high-dose vAh group demonstrating greater levels than unexposed control fish at each time point. Three proinflammatory cytokines (tnfα, il8, il1b) demonstrated increased expression levels at 48 hpc. These results demonstrate the additive effects on mortality when these two pathogens are combined. The synthesis of these mortality and health metrics advances our understanding of coinfections of these two important catfish pathogens and will aid fish health diagnosticians and channel catfish producers in developing therapeutants and prevention methods to control bacterial coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L Wise
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
- USDA-ARS Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | | | - Anita M Kelly
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Mark R Liles
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Matt J Griffin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Stoneville, Mississippi, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- USDA-ARS Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Timothy J Bruce
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture, and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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Palaniyappan S, Sridhar A, Kari ZA, Téllez-Isaías G, Ramasamy T. Potentials of Aloe barbadensis inclusion in fish feeds on resilience to Aeromonas hydrophila infection in freshwater fish Labeo rohita. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2023; 49:1435-1459. [PMID: 37996691 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-023-01266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic bacterial pathogens can cause severe economic loss in aquaculture industry. An opportunistic pathogen, Aeromonas hydrophila is responsible for Motile Aeromonas Septicemia, leading to high mortality rates in fish. The present study was focused on the efficacy of Aloe barbadensis replacing fishmeal diets on hematological, serum biochemical, antioxidant, histopathological parameters, and disease resistance against A. hydrophila infection in Labeo rohita. Isonitrogenous fishmeal replaced diets (FMR) were prepared with varying levels of A. barbadensis at D1 (0%) (control), D2 (25%), D3 (50%), D4 (75%) and D5 (100%) then fed to L. rohita. After 60 days of post-feeding, the experimental fish were challenged with A. hydrophila. Blood and organs were collected and examined at 1- and 15-days post infection (dpi). The results demonstrated that on 1 dpi, white blood cells (WBC), total protein, cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels were significantly increased in D3 diet fed groups. The D2 and D3 diet fed group showed decreasing trends of serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and antioxidant enzymes activity on 15 dpi. The histopathological architecture results clearly illustrated that the D3 diet fed group had given a higher protective effect by reducing the pathological changes associated with A. hydrophila infection in liver, intestine and muscle. Higher percentage of survival rate was also observed in D3 diet fed group. Therefore, the present study suggested that the dietary administration of A. barbadensis up to 50% fishmeal replacement (D3 diet) can elicit earlier antioxidant activity, innate immune response and improve survival rate in L. rohita against A. hydrophila infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivagaami Palaniyappan
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium
| | - Zulhisyam Abdul Kari
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Malaysia
| | | | - Thirumurugan Ramasamy
- Laboratory of Aquabiotics/Nanoscience, Department of Animal Science, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Guo S, Zeng M, Chen L, Chen H, Gao W, Wang Z, Shi Q, Song Z. Characterization and expression profiling of fadd gene in response to exogenous Aeromonas hydrophila or Edwardsiella tarda challenge in the hybrid yellow catfish (Pelteobagrus fulvidraco ♀ × P. vachelli ♂). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109021. [PMID: 37633342 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD) is involved in the process of cell apoptosis and plays a key role in innate immune signaling. Nevertheless, its detailed molecular mechanisms underlying apoptosis and immune responses to exogenous bacterial infections in teleosts remain largely unknown. In this study, a group of 60 hybrid yellow catfish (with the body weight of 25 ± 0.5 g) were used in subsequent experiments, we examined the expression profiling of fadd gene through comparative genomics and comparative immunological methods. Our results showed that fadd in the hybrid yellow catfish (hycfadd) exhibited similar gene and spatial structures to those in other vertebrates, and formed an independent clade in phylogeny. An expression pattern analysis revealed that hycfadd widely transcribed in various tissues, with the highest transcription level in the liver. Furthermore, expression profiling of hycfadd when intraperitoneally infected with 50 μL of exogenous Aeromonas hydrophila (2.0 × 107 CFU/mL) or Edwardsiella tarda (2.0 × 107 CFU/mL) within 48 h were significantly up-regulated in the kidney, spleen, liver and intestine. Important genes in the toll like receptor (tlr) 1-tlr2- myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88)-fadd-caspase (casp) 8 cascades of TLR signaling pathway in liver were significantly up-regulated after the A. hydrophila stimulation, suggesting that apoptosis through the TLR signaling pathway may have been triggered and activated, which were further verified in the liver, kidney, spleen, intestine and gill by a TUNEL assay. Overall, this study provides solid evidence for the bacterial induction of fadd-related apoptosis in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengtao Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Mengsha Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Hanxi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenxue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Qiong Shi
- Shenzhen Key Lab of Marine Genomics, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Molecular Breeding in Marine Economic Animals, BGI Academy of Marine Sciences, BGI Marine, BGI, Shenzhen 518083, China.
| | - Zhaobin Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China.
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Das BK, Kumar V, Das P, Nayak KK. De novo whole transcriptome analysis of Aeromonas hydrophila isolated from the gut of an infected Labeo rohita. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1247652. [PMID: 37779727 PMCID: PMC10539578 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1247652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila is a major generalist bacterial pathogen causing severe infections and mortalities in aquatic animals. Its genome, which was the first to be sequenced from the Aeromonas genus, may serve as a model for studying pathogenic mechanisms. To explore the pathogen-host fitness mechanism of bacterium, a comprehensive comparative transcriptome ecotype analysis of A. hydrophila isolated from the gut of Labeo rohita during infection was performed. Special characteristics in gene expression, gene ontology terms and expression of pathogenesis-associated genes, including genes encoding secreted proteins, candidate effectors, hydrolases, and proteins involved in secondary metabolite production were revealed. Among the database, 6,533 were gene ontology (GO) annotated, while 1,480 were not allocated in any GO terms. Investigation on GO illustrated that the articulated genes were improved with molecular function, cellular components, and biological processes. Further bioinformatics analysis identified the outer membrane protein genes (ompA, ompts, ompw, omp38, and omp48), cytotoxin, amylase, and lipase genes. Overall, this work allowed to designate, for the first time, a global view on the pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila during infection. Furthermore, the study provides information on the fitness of A. hydrophila, a severe pathogen with a wide host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
| | - Priyanka Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, West Bengal, India
| | - Kausalya K. Nayak
- Department of Zoology, K.B.D.A.V. College, Nirakarpur, Odisha, India
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Behera BK, Parida SN, Kumar V, Swain HS, Parida PK, Bisai K, Dhar S, Das BK. Aeromonas veronii Is a Lethal Pathogen Isolated from Gut of Infected Labeo rohita: Molecular Insight to Understand the Bacterial Virulence and Its Induced Host Immunity. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12040598. [PMID: 37111485 PMCID: PMC10143776 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12040598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A case of severe mortality in farmed Labeo rohita was investigated to characterize the causative agent. We identified the bacterial strain as Aeromonas veronii isolated from the gut of infected L. rohita by biochemical assay, scanning electron microscopy and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The in vivo challenge experiment showed that the LD50 of A. veronii was 2.2 × 104 CFU/fish. Virulence gene investigation revealed that the isolated A. veronii possesses Aerolysin, Cytotoxic enterotoxin, Serine protease, Dnase and Type III secretion system genes. The isolated strain was resistant to two antibiotics (ampicillin and dicloxacillin) while susceptible to 22 other antibiotics. The study further revealed that A. veronii induced both stresses along with non-specific and specific immune responses marked by elevated cortisol HSP70, HSP90 and IgM levels in the treated L. rohita fingerlings. Although the bacterial pathogen enhances the immune response, the negative effect on fish, including stress, and high mortality, create concern and a need for A. veronii management in L. rohita farms. The knowledge gained from this study would facilitate future research aimed at assessing the pathogenicity of A. veronii, with an emphasis on microbial disease management in other farmed fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Satya Narayan Parida
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Vikash Kumar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Himanshu Sekhar Swain
- Aquaculture Production and Environment Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, Bhubaneswar 751002, Orissa, India
| | - Pranaya Kumar Parida
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Kampan Bisai
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Dhar
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Kolkata 700120, West Bengal, India
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Immunomodulatory Potency of Eclipta alba (Bhringaraj) Leaf Extract in Heteropneustes fossilis against Oomycete Pathogen, Aphanomyces invadans. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020142. [PMID: 36836257 PMCID: PMC9963822 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphanomyces invadans is an aquatic oomycete pathogen and the causative agent of epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) in fresh and brackish water fish, which is responsible for severe mortalities and economic losses in aquaculture. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop anti-infective strategies to control EUS. An Oomycetes, a fungus-like eukaryotic microorganism, and a susceptible species, i.e., Heteropneustes fossilis, are used to establish whether an Eclipta alba leaf extract is effective against the EUS-causing A. invadans. We found that treatment with methanolic leaf extract, at concentrations between 50-100 ppm (T4-T6), protects the H. fossilis fingerlings against A. invadans infection. These optimum concentrations induced anti-stress and antioxidative response in fish, marked by a significant decrease in cortisol and elevated levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) levels in treated animals, as compared with the controls. We further demonstrated that the A. invadans-protective effect of methanolic leaf extract was caused by its immunomodulatory effect and is linked to the enhanced survival of fingerlings. The analysis of non-specific and specific immune factors confirms that methanolic leaf extract-induced HSP70, HSP90 and IgM levels mediate the survival of H. fossilis fingerlings against A. invadans infection. Taken together, our study provides evidence that the generation of anti-stress and antioxidative responses, as well as humoral immunity, may play a role in protecting H. fossilis fingerlings against A. invadans infection. It is probable that E. alba methanolic leaf extract treatment might become part of a holistic strategy to control EUS in fish species.
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Kumar V, Roy S, Behera BK, Das BK. Heat Shock Proteins (Hsps) in Cellular Homeostasis: A Promising Tool for Health Management in Crustacean Aquaculture. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1777. [PMID: 36362932 PMCID: PMC9699388 DOI: 10.3390/life12111777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a family of ubiquitously expressed stress proteins and extrinsic chaperones that are required for viability and cell growth in all living organisms. These proteins are highly conserved and produced in all cellular organisms when exposed to stress. Hsps play a significant role in protein synthesis and homeostasis, as well as in the maintenance of overall health in crustaceans against various internal and external environmental stresses. Recent reports have suggested that enhancing in vivo Hsp levels via non-lethal heat shock, exogenous Hsps, or plant-based compounds, could be a promising strategy used to develop protective immunity in crustaceans against both abiotic and biotic stresses. Hence, Hsps as the agent of being an immune booster and increasing disease resistance will present a significant advancement in reducing stressful conditions in the aquaculture system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bijay Kumar Behera
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- Aquatic Environmental Biotechnology and Nanotechnology (AEBN) Division, ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute (CIFRI), Barrackpore 700120, India
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