1
|
Hu Z, Li Y, Zhang L, Jiang Y, Long C, Yang Q, Yang M. Metabolic changes in fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: state of the art review. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1250884. [PMID: 38482018 PMCID: PMC10933078 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1250884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) are important components of the synovial membrane. They can contribute to joint damage through crosstalk with inflammatory cells and direct actions on tissue damage pathways in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Recent evidence suggests that, compared with FLS in normal synovial tissue, FLS in RA synovial tissue exhibits significant differences in metabolism. Recent metabolomic studies have demonstrated that metabolic changes, including those in glucose, lipid, and amino acid metabolism, exist before synovitis onset. These changes may be a result of increased biosynthesis and energy requirements during the early phases of the disease. Activated T cells and some cytokines contribute to the conversion of FLS into cells with metabolic abnormalities and pro-inflammatory phenotypes. This conversion may be one of the potential mechanisms behind altered FLS metabolism. Targeting metabolism can inhibit FLS proliferation, providing relief to patients with RA. In this review, we aimed to summarize the evidence of metabolic changes in FLS in RA, analyze the mechanisms of these metabolic alterations, and assess their effect on RA phenotype. Finally, we aimed to summarize the advances and challenges faced in targeting FLS metabolism as a promising therapeutic strategy for RA in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiyue Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Maoyi Yang
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang YC, Yang X, Xiao J, Wei SM, Su Y, Chen XQ, Huang T, Shan QW. Determination of the median lethal dose of zinc gluconate in mice and safety evaluation. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 25:15. [PMID: 38317260 PMCID: PMC10840281 DOI: 10.1186/s40360-024-00736-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zinc Gluconate (ZG) is a safe and effective supplement for zinc. However, there is limited research on the optimal dosage for intravenous injection and the safety evaluation of animal models for ZG. This study aims to determine the safe dose range of ZG for intravenous injection in C57BL/6J mice. METHODS A Dose titration experiment was conducted to determine the LD50 and 95% confidence interval (95%CI) of ZG in mice. Based on the LD50, four sub-lethal doses (SLD) of ZG were evaluated. Following three injections of each SLD and monitoring for seven days, serum zinc levels were measured, and pathological changes in the liver, kidney, and spleen tissues of mice were determined by histological staining. RESULTS The dose titration experiment determined the LD50 of ZG in mice to be 39.6 mg/kg, with a 95%CI of 31.8-49.3 mg/kg. There was a statistically significant difference in the overall serum zinc levels (H = 36.912, P < 0.001) following SLD administration. Pairwise comparisons showed that the serum zinc levels of the 1/2 LD50 and 3/4 LD50 groups were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.001); the serum zinc level of the 3/4 LD50 group was significantly higher than those of the 1/8 LD50 and 1/4 LD50 groups (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between the different SLDs of ZG and the serum zinc levels in mice (rs = 0.973, P < 0.001). H&E staining showed no significant histological abnormalities or lesions in the liver, kidney, and spleen tissues of mice in all experimental groups. CONCLUSION The appropriate dose range of ZG for intravenous injection in C57BL/6J mice was clarified, providing a reference for future experimental research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Cai Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Juan Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Su-Mei Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ying Su
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiu-Qi Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, 530021, Nanning, China
| | - Qing-Wen Shan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No. 6, Shuangyong Road, 530021, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zeng L, Yu G, Yang K, He Q, Hao W, Xiang W, Long Z, Chen H, Tang X, Sun L. Exploring the mechanism of Celastrol in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis based on systems pharmacology and multi-omics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1604. [PMID: 38238321 PMCID: PMC10796403 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48248-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
To explore the molecular network mechanism of Celastrol in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) based on a novel strategy (integrated systems pharmacology, proteomics, transcriptomics and single-cell transcriptomics). Firstly, the potential targets of Celastrol and RA genes were predicted through the database, and the Celastrol-RA targets were obtained by taking the intersection. Then, transcriptomic data and proteomic data of Celastrol treatment of RA were collected. Subsequently, Celastrol-RA targets, differentially expressed genes, and differentially expressed proteins were imported into Metascape for enrichment analysis, and related networks were constructed. Finally, the core targets of Celastrol-RA targets, differentially expressed genes, and differentially expressed proteins were mapped to synoviocytes of RA mice to find potential cell populations for Celastrol therapy. A total of 195 Celastrol-RA targets, 2068 differential genes, 294 differential proteins were obtained. The results of enrichment analysis showed that these targets, genes and proteins were mainly related to extracellular matrix organization, TGF-β signaling pathway, etc. The results of single cell sequencing showed that the main clusters of these targets, genes, and proteins could be mapped to RA synovial cells. For example, Mmp9 was mainly distributed in Hematopoietic cells, especially in Ptprn+fibroblast. The results of molecular docking also suggested that Celastrol could stably combine with molecules predicted by network pharmacology. In conclusion, this study used systems pharmacology, transcriptomics, proteomics, single-cell transcriptomics to reveal that Celastrol may regulate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by regulating key targets such as TNF and IL6, and then play an immune regulatory role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuting Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Ganpeng Yu
- People's Hospital of Ningxiang City, Ningxiang, China
| | - Kailin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wensa Hao
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wang Xiang
- Department of Rheumatology, The First People's Hospital Changde City, Changde, China
| | - Zhiyong Long
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Guangzhou Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojun Tang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
| | - Lingyun Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China.
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Malinowski D, Piotrowska K, Droździk M, Pawlik A. Solute Carrier Transporters in Synovial Membrane and Hoffa's Pad of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2024; 72:aite-2024-0014. [PMID: 38932672 DOI: 10.2478/aite-2024-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease that leads to joint destruction. A number of immune cells that affect joint tissues are involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. This leads to the synthesis of many pro-inflammatory mediators. The transport of drugs, as well as many cytokines involved in the development of inflammation in RA patients, is mediated by membrane transporters. Membrane transporters are proteins that mediate the transfer of substrates across biological membranes. But to date there are no studies examining the expression of solute carrier (SLC) transporters in joint tissues. The aim of the study was to evaluate the expression of individual SLC family transporters in the synovial membranes (SMs) and infrapatellar fat pad (Hoffa's pad) of RA patients. The study included 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 20 with osteoarthritis as the control group who were undergoing joint replacement surgery as a normal part of clinical care. In the SM and Hoffa's pad of RA patients the following 17 membrane transporters were defined at relevant expression levels for SLC transporter superfamily: SLC15A2, SLC16A3, SLC19A1, SLC2A9, SLC22A1, SLC22A3, SLC22A4, SLC22A5, SLC22A18, SLC33A1, SLC47A1, SLC51A, SLC7A5, SLC7A6, SLC01C1, SLC02B1, SLC04A1. The confirmed expression of these transporters in the SMs as well as Hoffa's pad of patients with RA and OA, and the differences in their expression between these groups, suggests the involvement of SLC transporters in both the maintenance of homeostasis under physiological conditions in the tissues of the joints, as well as in the inflammatory process in RA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Damian Malinowski
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Marek Droździk
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pawlik
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du M, Jiang Z, Wang C, Wei C, Li Q, Cong R, Wang W, Zhang G, Li L. Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Heat Tolerance in F 2 Progeny from the Hybridization between Two Congeneric Oyster Species. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:125. [PMID: 38203295 PMCID: PMC10778899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As the world's largest farmed marine animal, oysters have enormous economic and ecological value. However, mass summer mortality caused by high temperature poses a significant threat to the oyster industry. To investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying heat adaptation and improve the heat tolerance ability in the oyster, we conducted genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) analysis on the F2 generation derived from the hybridization of relatively heat-tolerant Crassostrea angulata ♀ and heat-sensitive Crassostrea gigas ♂, which are the dominant cultured species in southern and northern China, respectively. Acute heat stress experiment (semi-lethal temperature 42 °C) demonstrated that the F2 population showed differentiation in heat tolerance, leading to extremely differentiated individuals (approximately 20% of individuals die within the first four days with 10% survival after 14 days). Genome resequencing and GWAS of the two divergent groups had identified 18 significant SNPs associated with heat tolerance, with 26 candidate genes located near these SNPs. Eleven candidate genes that may associate with the thermal resistance were identified, which were classified into five categories: temperature sensor (Trpm2), transcriptional factor (Gata3), protein ubiquitination (Ube2h, Usp50, Uchl3), heat shock subfamily (Dnajc17, Dnaja1), and transporters (Slc16a9, Slc16a14, Slc16a9, Slc16a2). The expressional differentiation of the above genes between C. gigas and C. angulata under sublethal temperature (37 °C) further supports their crucial role in coping with high temperature. Our results will contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying heat tolerance, and provide genetic markers for heat-resistance breeding in the oyster industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Du
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.D.); (Z.J.); (C.W.); (C.W.); (Q.L.); (R.C.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Zhuxiang Jiang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.D.); (Z.J.); (C.W.); (C.W.); (Q.L.); (R.C.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Chaogang Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.D.); (Z.J.); (C.W.); (C.W.); (Q.L.); (R.C.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Chenchen Wei
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.D.); (Z.J.); (C.W.); (C.W.); (Q.L.); (R.C.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Qingyuan Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.D.); (Z.J.); (C.W.); (C.W.); (Q.L.); (R.C.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Rihao Cong
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.D.); (Z.J.); (C.W.); (C.W.); (Q.L.); (R.C.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.D.); (Z.J.); (C.W.); (C.W.); (Q.L.); (R.C.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Guofan Zhang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.D.); (Z.J.); (C.W.); (C.W.); (Q.L.); (R.C.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Li Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; (M.D.); (Z.J.); (C.W.); (C.W.); (Q.L.); (R.C.); (W.W.); (G.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Ecological Mariculture, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266100, China
- Key Laboratory of Breeding Biotechnology and Sustainable Aquaculture, Institute of Hydrobiology, Wuhan 430072, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Khired ZA, Kattan SW, Alzahrani AK, Milebary AJ, Hussein MH, Qusti SY, Alshammari EM, Toraih EA, Fawzy MS. Analysis of MIR27A (rs11671784) Variant Association with Systemic Lupus Erythematous. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030701. [PMID: 36983856 PMCID: PMC10058767 DOI: 10.3390/life13030701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple microRNAs (miRs) are associated with systemic autoimmune disease susceptibility/phenotype, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). With this work, we aimed to unravel the association of the miR-27a gene (MIR27A) rs11671784G/A variant with SLE risk/severity. One-hundred sixty-three adult patients with SLE and matched controls were included. A TaqMan allelic discrimination assay was applied for MIR27A genotyping. Logistic regression models were run to test the association with SLE susceptibility/risk. Genotyping of 326 participants revealed that the heterozygote form was the most common genotype among the study cohort, accounting for 72% of the population (n = 234), while A/A and G/G represented 15% (n = 49) and 13% (n = 43), respectively. Similarly, the most prevalent genotype among cases was the A/G genotype, which was present in approximately 93.3% of cases (n = 152). In contrast, only eight and three patients had A/A and G/G genotypes, respectively. The MIR27A rs11671784 variant conferred protection against the development of SLE in several genetic models, including heterozygous (G/A vs. A/A; OR = 0.10, 95% CI = 0.05–0.23), dominant (G/A + G/G vs. AA; OR = 0.15, 95% CI = 0.07–0.34), and overdominant (G/A vs. A/A + G/G; OR = 0.07, 95% CI = 0.04–0.14) models. However, the G/G genotype was associated with increased SLE risk in the recessive model (G/G vs. A/A+ G/G; OR = 17.34, 95% CI = 5.24–57.38). Furthermore, the variant showed significant associations with musculoskeletal and mucocutaneous manifestations in the patient cohort (p = 0.035 and 0.009, respectively) and platelet and white blood cell counts (p = 0.034 and 0.049, respectively). In conclusion, the MIR27A rs11671784 variant showed a potentially significant association with SLE susceptibility/risk in the studied population. Larger-scale studies on multiethnic populations are recommended to verify the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zenat Ahmed Khired
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shahad W. Kattan
- Department of Medical Laboratory, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Yanbu 46423, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Khuzaim Alzahrani
- Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Northern Border University, Arar 91431, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad J. Milebary
- Department of Medical Laboratory, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad H. Hussein
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Safaa Y. Qusti
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eida M. Alshammari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 2440, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A. Toraih
- Division of Endocrine and Oncologic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Histology and Cell Biology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (M.S.F.); Tel.: +1-346-907-4237 (E.A.T.); +966-583241944 (M.S.F.)
| | - Manal S. Fawzy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Northern Border University, Arar 1321, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: (E.A.T.); (M.S.F.); Tel.: +1-346-907-4237 (E.A.T.); +966-583241944 (M.S.F.)
| |
Collapse
|