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Cao J, Yu X, Liu J, Fu J, Wang B, Wu C, Zhang S, Chen H, Wang Z, Xu Y, Sui T, Chang J, Cao X. Ruxolitinib improves the inflammatory microenvironment, restores glutamate homeostasis, and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2499-2512. [PMID: 38526286 PMCID: PMC11090442 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202419110-00030/figure1/v/2024-03-08T184507Z/r/image-tiff The inflammatory microenvironment and neurotoxicity can hinder neuronal regeneration and functional recovery after spinal cord injury. Ruxolitinib, a JAK-STAT inhibitor, exhibits effectiveness in autoimmune diseases, arthritis, and managing inflammatory cytokine storms. Although studies have shown the neuroprotective potential of ruxolitinib in neurological trauma, the exact mechanism by which it enhances functional recovery after spinal cord injury, particularly its effect on astrocytes, remains unclear. To address this gap, we established a mouse model of T10 spinal cord contusion and found that ruxolitinib effectively improved hindlimb motor function and reduced the area of spinal cord injury. Transcriptome sequencing analysis showed that ruxolitinib alleviated inflammation and immune response after spinal cord injury, restored EAAT2 expression, reduced glutamate levels, and alleviated excitatory toxicity. Furthermore, ruxolitinib inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 in the injured spinal cord and decreased the phosphorylation level of nuclear factor kappa-B and the expression of inflammatory factors interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Additionally, in glutamate-induced excitotoxicity astrocytes, ruxolitinib restored EAAT2 expression and increased glutamate uptake by inhibiting the activation of STAT3, thereby reducing glutamate-induced neurotoxicity, calcium influx, oxidative stress, and cell apoptosis, and increasing the complexity of dendritic branching. Collectively, these results indicate that ruxolitinib restores glutamate homeostasis by rescuing the expression of EAAT2 in astrocytes, reduces neurotoxicity, and effectively alleviates inflammatory and immune responses after spinal cord injury, thereby promoting functional recovery after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jingcheng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaju Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Binyu Wang
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Subei People’s Hospital of Jiangsu, Clinical Medical College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Chaoqin Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zi Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yinyang Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tao Sui
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jie Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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Zhang Q, Li Y, Liu Y, Wang X, Yang Y, Shi L. The cGAS/STING signaling pathway is involved in sevoflurane induced neuronal necroptosis via regulating microglia M1 polarization. Cell Signal 2024; 119:111195. [PMID: 38688381 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2024.111195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The specific mechanisms of sevoflurane-induced neurotoxicity are still undetermined. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of the cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS)-stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling pathway in sevoflurane-induced neuronal necroptosis. METHODS BV2 microglial cells were divided into a control group and a 4% sevoflurane exposure group. Western blotting was used to detect expression of the M1 polarization marker inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). RNA was collected for RNA sequencing analysis. After STING knockdown in microglia, western blotting was performed to examine expression of the pro-inflammatory markers CD16 and CD32. The tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level in media was detected using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. BV2 microglia conditioned media was collected to incubate HT22 neuronal cells, and their cell activity was measured using a CCK8 assay. Calcium was observed by fluorescence. Western blotting was performed to evaluate receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL) expression. Neuronal necroptosis rate were detected using flow cytometry. RESULTS Sevoflurane exposure promoted microglial M1 polarization. The cGAS/STING pathway was screened and identified by RNA sequencing analysis of sevoflurane-exposed microglia and the control group. Compared with the control group, STING knockdown in microglia rescued the amoeboid morphology, inhibited TNF-α release, and significantly decreased iNOS, CD16, and CD32 expression. Moreover, calcium ions and necroptosis within neurons were decreased, and RIPK1, RIPK3, and p-MLKL expression was markedly decreased in microglia media culture with STING knockdown. CONCLUSION These results suggest that sevoflurane can regulate microglial M1 polarization by activating the cGAS/STING signaling pathway and increasing immune factor release, thus accelerating the neuronal necroptosis induced by calcium overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050031, China
| | - Yanan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050051, China
| | - Yanqin Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050031, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050031, China
| | - Yonghui Yang
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050031, China.
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Children's Hospital of Hebei Province Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Hebei 050031, China.
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Liu X, Li Z, Tong J, Wu F, Jin H, Liu K. Characterization of the Expressions and m6A Methylation Modification Patterns of mRNAs and lncRNAs in a Spinal Cord Injury Rat Model. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04297-z. [PMID: 38907070 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04297-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious central nervous system disease with no effective treatment strategy presently due to its complex pathogenic mechanism. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation modification plays an important role in diverse physiological and pathological processes. However, our understanding of the potential mechanisms of messenger RNA (mRNA) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) m6A methylation in SCI is currently limited. Here, comprehensive m6A profiles and gene expression patterns of mRNAs and lncRNAs in spinal cord tissues after SCI were identified using microarray analysis of immunoprecipitated methylated RNAs. A total of 3745 mRNAs (2343 hypermethylated and 1402 hypomethylated) and 738 lncRNAs (488 hypermethylated and 250 hypomethylated) were differentially methylated with m6A modifications in the SCI and sham rats. Functional analysis revealed that differentially m6A-modified mRNAs were mainly involved in immune inflammatory response, nervous system development, and focal adhesion pathway. In contrast, differentially m6A-modified lncRNAs were mainly related to antigen processing and presentation, the apoptotic process, and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway. In addition, combined analysis of m6A methylation and RNA expression results revealed that 1636 hypermethylated mRNAs and 262 hypermethylated lncRNAs were up-regulated, and 1571 hypomethylated mRNAs and 204 lncRNAs were down-regulated. Furthermore, we validated the altered levels of m6A methylation and RNA expression of five mRNAs (CD68, Gpnmb, Lilrb4, Lamp5, and Snap25) and five lncRNAs (XR_360518, uc.393 + , NR_131064, uc.280 - , and XR_597251) using MeRIP-qPCR and qRT-PCR. This study expands our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying m6A modification in SCI and provides novel insights to promote functional recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Shenzhen Eye Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen Eye Institute, Shenzhen, 518040, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiling Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Juncheng Tong
- Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Fan Wu
- Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Hui Jin
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518112, Guangdong, China.
- Research Centre, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Kaiqing Liu
- Shenzhen Luohu Hospital Group, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518000, China.
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Hellenbrand DJ, Quinn CM, Piper ZJ, Elder RT, Mishra RR, Marti TL, Omuro PM, Roddick RM, Lee JS, Murphy WL, Hanna AS. The secondary injury cascade after spinal cord injury: an analysis of local cytokine/chemokine regulation. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1308-1317. [PMID: 37905880 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.385849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202406000-00035/inline-graphic1/v/2023-10-30T152229Z/r/image-tiff
After spinal cord injury, there is an extensive infiltration of immune cells, which exacerbates the injury and leads to further neural degeneration. Therefore, a major aim of current research involves targeting the immune response as a treatment for spinal cord injury. Although much research has been performed analyzing the complex inflammatory process following spinal cord injury, there remain major discrepancies within previous literature regarding the timeline of local cytokine regulation. The objectives of this study were to establish an overview of the timeline of cytokine regulation for 2 weeks after spinal cord injury, identify sexual dimorphisms in terms of cytokine levels, and determine local cytokines that significantly change based on the severity of spinal cord injury. Rats were inflicted with either a mild contusion, moderate contusion, severe contusion, or complete transection, 7 mm of spinal cord centered on the injury was harvested at varying times post-injury, and tissue homogenates were analyzed with a Cytokine/Chemokine 27-Plex assay. Results demonstrated pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-6 were all upregulated after spinal cord injury, but returned to uninjured levels within approximately 24 hours post-injury, while chemokines including monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 remained upregulated for days post-injury. In contrast, several anti-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors including interleukin-10 and vascular endothelial growth factor were downregulated by 7 days post-injury. After spinal cord injury, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, which specifically affects astrocytes involved in glial scar development, increased more than all other cytokines tested, reaching 26.9-fold higher than uninjured rats. After a mild injury, 11 cytokines demonstrated sexual dimorphisms; however, after a severe contusion only leptin levels were different between female and male rats. In conclusion, pro-inflammatory cytokines initiate the inflammatory process and return to baseline within hours post-injury, chemokines continue to recruit immune cells for days post-injury, while anti-inflammatory cytokines are downregulated by a week post-injury, and sexual dimorphisms observed after mild injury subsided with more severe injuries. Results from this work define critical chemokines that influence immune cell infiltration and important cytokines involved in glial scar development after spinal cord injury, which are essential for researchers developing treatments targeting secondary damage after spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Hellenbrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Charles M Quinn
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zachariah J Piper
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ryan T Elder
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raveena R Mishra
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Taylor L Marti
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Phoebe M Omuro
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Rylie M Roddick
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - William L Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
- Forward BIO Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Amgad S Hanna
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Wisconsin-Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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Liu J, Qi L, Bao S, Yan F, Chen J, Yu S, Dong C. The acute spinal cord injury microenvironment and its impact on the homing of mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Neurol 2024; 373:114682. [PMID: 38199509 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a highly debilitating condition that inflicts devastating harm on the lives of affected individuals, underscoring the urgent need for effective treatments. By activating inflammatory cells and releasing inflammatory factors, the secondary injury response creates an inflammatory microenvironment that ultimately determines whether neurons will undergo necrosis or regeneration. In recent years, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have garnered increasing attention for their therapeutic potential in SCI. MSCs not only possess multipotent differentiation capabilities but also have homing abilities, making them valuable as carriers and mediators of therapeutic agents. The inflammatory microenvironment induced by SCI recruits MSCs to the site of injury through the release of various cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and enzymes. However, this mechanism has not been previously reported. Thus, a comprehensive exploration of the molecular mechanisms and cellular behaviors underlying the interplay between the inflammatory microenvironment and MSC homing is crucial. Such insights have the potential to provide a better understanding of how to harness the therapeutic potential of MSCs in treating inflammatory diseases and facilitating injury repair. This review aims to delve into the formation of the inflammatory microenvironment and how it influences the homing of MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyi Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Longju Qi
- Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shengzhe Bao
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Fangsu Yan
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jiaxi Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Shumin Yu
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Chuanming Dong
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Nantong University, Nantong, China; Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Xuan Y, Peng K, Zhu R, Kang Y, Yin Z. Hmox1 is Identified as a Ferroptosis Hub Gene and Associated with the M1 Type Microglia/Macrophage Polarization in Spinal Cord Injury: Bioinformatics and Experimental Validation. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:7151-7165. [PMID: 37532969 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03543-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis and immune cell infiltration are important pathological events in spinal cord injury (SCI), but links between ferroptosis and immune microenvironment after SCI were rare reported. In our study, 77 FRDEGs were screened at 7 days after SCI. GO analysis of FRDEGs showed that aging (GO:0007568; P-value = 1.11E-05) was the most remarkable enriched for biological process, protein binding (GO:0005515; adjusted P-value = 4.44E-06) was the most significantly enriched for molecular function, cytosol (GO:0005829; adjusted P-value = 1.51E-04) was the most prominent enriched for cellular component. Meanwhile, Ferroptosis was significantly enriched both in KEGG (rno04216; adjusted P-value = 0.001) and GSEA (NES = 1.35; adjusted P-value = 0.004) analysis. Next, Hmox1 (Log2Fold change = 6.52; adjusted P-value = 0.004) was identified as one of hub genes in SCI-induced ferroptosis. In the results of immune cell infiltration analysis, proportion of microglia/macrophage was significantly increased after SCI, and Hmox1 was found to positively correlate to the M1 type microglia/macrophage abundance. Finally, effects of Hmox1 on ferroptosis and M1 type polarization were validated in vivo and in vitro. Summarily, we found that Hmox1 was the hub gene in SCI-induced ferroptosis and associated with the M1 type polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The second people's hospital of Hefei, 246 Heping Road, Hefei, 230011, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Kai Peng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
- The Key Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Chaohu Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 64 Chaohu Northern Road, Hefei, 238001, China
| | - Yu Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Zongsheng Yin
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Anhui Medical University, 218 Jixi Road, Hefei, 230022, China.
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Chu J. Exploration of the molecular mechanism of intercellular communication in paediatric neuroblastoma by single-cell sequencing. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20406. [PMID: 37990103 PMCID: PMC10663476 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47796-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is an embryonic tumour that originates in the sympathetic nervous system and occurs most often in infants and children under 2 years of age. Moreover, it is the most common extracranial solid tumour in children. Increasing studies suggest that intercellular communication within the tumour microenvironment is closely related to tumour development. This study aimed to construct a prognosis-related intercellular communication-associated genes model by single-cell sequencing and transcriptome sequencing to predict the prognosis of patients with NB for precise management. Single-cell data from patients with NB were downloaded from the gene expression omnibus database for comprehensive analysis. Furthermore, prognosis-related genes were screened in the TARGET database based on epithelial cell marker genes through a combination of Cox regression and Lasso regression analyses, using GSE62564 and GSE85047 for external validation. The patients' risk scores were calculated, followed by immune infiltration analysis, drug sensitivity analysis, and enrichment analysis of risk scores, which were conducted for the prognostic model. I used the Lasso regression feature selection algorithm to screen characteristic genes in NB and developed a 21-gene prognostic model. The risk scores were highly correlated with multiple immune cells and common anti-tumour drugs. Furthermore, the risk score was identified as an independent prognostic factor for NB. In this study, I constructed and validated a prognostic signature based on epithelial marker genes, which may provide useful information on the development and prognosis of NB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chu
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Provincial Children's Hospital, 39 Wangjiang East Road, Hefei, 230051, Anhui, China.
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