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Su J, Lin C, Lin X, Hu S, Deng X, Xie L, Ye H, Zhou F, Wu S. Combining ulinastatin with TIENAM improves the outcome of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture in mice by reducing inflammation and regulating immune responses. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 141:112927. [PMID: 39163689 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/29/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
Despite the high mortality associated with sepsis, effective and targeted treatments remain scarce. The use of conventional antibiotics such as TIENAM (imipenem and cilastatin sodium for injection, TIE) is challenging because of the increasing bacterial resistance, which diminishes their efficacy and leads to adverse effects. Our previous studies demonstrated that ulinastatin (UTI) exerts a therapeutic impact on sepsis by reducing systemic inflammation and modulating immune responses. In this study, we examined the possibility of administering UTI and TIE after inducing sepsis in a mouse model using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We assessed the rates of survival, levels of inflammatory cytokines, the extent of tissue damage, populations of immune cells, microbiota in ascites, and important signaling pathways. The combination of UTI and TIE significantly improved survival rates and reduced inflammation and bacterial load in septic mice, indicating potent antimicrobial properties. Notably, the survival rates of UTI+TIE-treated mice increased from 10 % to 75 % within 168 h compared to those of mice that were subjected to CLP. The dual treatment successfully regulated the levels of inflammatory indicators (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) and immune cell numbers by reducing B cells, natural killer cells, and TNFR2+ Treg cells and increasing CD8+ T cells. Additionally, the combination of UTI and TIE alleviated tissue damage, reduced bacterial load in the peritoneal cavity, and suppressed the NF-κB signaling pathway. Our findings indicate that UTI and TIE combination therapy can significantly enhance sepsis outcomes by reducing inflammation and boosting the immune system. The results offer a promising therapeutic approach for future sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Su
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China.
| | - Congfan Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Xinrui Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Shan Hu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Xiaohui Deng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Lian Xie
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Hui Ye
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Fen Zhou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
| | - Shun Wu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Innate Immune Biology, Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province 350117, PR China
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2
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Ungaro RF, Xu J, Kucaba TA, Rao M, Bergmann CB, Brakenridge SC, Efron PA, Goodman MD, Gould RW, Hotchkiss RS, Liang M, Mazer MB, McGonagill PW, Moldawer LL, Remy KE, Turnbull IR, Caldwell CC, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. Development and optimization of a diluted whole blood ELISpot assay to test immune function. J Immunol Methods 2024; 533:113743. [PMID: 39147231 PMCID: PMC11398710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Sepsis remains a leading cause of death worldwide with no proven immunomodulatory therapies. Stratifying Patient Immune Endotypes in Sepsis ('SPIES') is a prospective, multicenter observational study testing the utility of ELISpot as a functional bioassay specifically measuring cytokine-producing cells after stimulation to identify the immunosuppressed endotype, predict clinical outcomes in septic patients, and test potential immune stimulants for clinical development. Most ELISpot protocols call for the isolation of PBMC prior to their inclusion in the assay. In contrast, we developed a diluted whole blood (DWB) ELISpot protocol that has been validated across multiple laboratories. Heparinized whole blood was collected from healthy donors and septic patients and tested under different stimulation conditions to evaluate the impact of blood dilution, stimulant concentration, blood storage, and length of stimulation on ex vivo IFNγ and TNFα production as measured by ELISpot. We demonstrate a dynamic range of whole blood dilutions that give a robust ex vivo cytokine response to stimuli. Additionally, a wide range of stimulant concentrations can be utilized to induce cytokine production. Further modifications demonstrate anticoagulated whole blood can be stored up to 24 h at room temperature without losing significant functionality. Finally, we show ex vivo stimulation can be as brief as 4 h allowing for a substantial decrease in processing time. The data demonstrate the feasibility of using ELISpot to measure the functional capacity of cells within DWB under a variety of stimulation conditions to inform clinicians on the extent of immune dysregulation in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo F Ungaro
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center and Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Julie Xu
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Tamara A Kucaba
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Mahil Rao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Christian B Bergmann
- University Hospital Ulm, Clinic for Trauma Surgery, Hand, Plastic, and Reconstructive Surgery Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, Ulm, Germany
| | - Scott C Brakenridge
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Philip A Efron
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center and Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Michael D Goodman
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Robert W Gould
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America
| | - Richard S Hotchkiss
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Muxuan Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Monty B Mazer
- Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Patrick W McGonagill
- Department of Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Lyle L Moldawer
- Sepsis and Critical Illness Research Center and Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, United States of America
| | - Kenneth E Remy
- Department of Pediatrics, UH Rainbow Babies and Children's Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States of America
| | - Isaiah R Turnbull
- Department of Anesthesiology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, United States of America; Immune Functional Diagnostics, LLC, St. Louis, MO, United States of America
| | - Charles C Caldwell
- Department of Surgery, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States of America
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America; Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN, United States of America.
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3
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Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yuan S, Zhang J. The potential immunological mechanisms of sepsis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434688. [PMID: 39040114 PMCID: PMC11260823 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is described as a life-threatening organ dysfunction and a heterogeneous syndrome that is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in intensive care settings. Severe sepsis could incite an uncontrollable surge of inflammatory cytokines, and the host immune system's immunosuppression could respond to counter excessive inflammatory responses, characterized by the accumulated anti-inflammatory cytokines, impaired function of immune cells, over-proliferation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, depletion of immune effector cells by different means of death, etc. In this review, we delve into the underlying pathological mechanisms of sepsis, emphasizing both the hyperinflammatory phase and the associated immunosuppression. We offer an in-depth exploration of the critical mechanisms underlying sepsis, spanning from individual immune cells to a holistic organ perspective, and further down to the epigenetic and metabolic reprogramming. Furthermore, we outline the strengths of artificial intelligence in analyzing extensive datasets pertaining to septic patients, showcasing how classifiers trained on various clinical data sources can identify distinct sepsis phenotypes and thus to guide personalized therapy strategies for the management of sepsis. Additionally, we provide a comprehensive summary of recent, reliable biomarkers for hyperinflammatory and immunosuppressive states, facilitating more precise and expedited diagnosis of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shiying Yuan
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiancheng Zhang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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4
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Yan L, Chen Y, Yang Y, Han Y, Tong C. Heat shock protein 90α reduces CD8 + T cell exhaustion in acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide. Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:283. [PMID: 38871699 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-02046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T-cell exhaustion is a promising prognostic indicator of sepsis-induced acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Patients with sepsis-related ARDS had reduced levels of HSP90AA1. However, whether the changes in CD8+ T cells were related to HSP90α, encoded by the HSP90AA1 gene, was unclear. This study aimed to examine the regulatory mechanism of HSP90α and its impact on CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). In this study, by conducting a mouse model of ALI, we found that one week after LPS-induced ALI, CD8+ T cells showed exhaustion characteristics. At this time, proliferation and cytokine release in CD8+ T cells were reduced. The inhibitory costimulatory factors PD-1 and Tim-3, on the other hand, were enhanced. Meanwhile, the expression of HSP90α and STAT1 decreased significantly. The in vitro studies showed that HSP90α stimulation or inhibition affected the CD8+ T-cell exhaustion phenotype. Interference with STAT1 reduced the expression of HSP90α and impaired its regulation of CD8+ T cells. The Co-Immunoprecipitation results indicated that HSP90α can directly or indirectly bind to TOX to regulate TOX expression and downstream signal transduction. In summary, by inhibiting TOX-mediated exhaustion signaling pathways, HSP90α inhibited CD8+ T-cell exhaustion in ALI. The participation of STAT1 in the regulation of HSP90α was required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yumei Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chaoyang Tong
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China.
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5
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Kannan SK, Kim CY, Heidarian M, Berton RR, Jensen IJ, Griffith TS, Badovinac VP. Mouse Models of Sepsis. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e997. [PMID: 38439603 PMCID: PMC10917121 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Human sepsis is a complex disease that manifests with a diverse range of phenotypes and inherent variability among individuals, making it hard to develop a comprehensive animal model. Despite this difficulty, numerous models have been developed that capture many key aspects of human sepsis. The robustness of these models is vital for conducting pre-clinical studies to test and develop potential therapeutics. In this article, we describe four different models of murine sepsis that can be used to address different scientific questions relevant to the pathology and immune response during and after a septic event. Basic Protocol 1 details a non-synchronous cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model of sepsis, where mice are subjected to polymicrobial exposure through surgery at different time points within 2 weeks. This variation in sepsis onset establishes each mouse at a different state of inflammation and cytokine levels that mimics the variability observed in humans when they present in the clinic. This model is ideal for studying the long-term impact of sepsis on the host. Basic Protocol 2 is also a type of polymicrobial sepsis, where injection of a specific amount of cecal slurry from a donor mouse into the peritoneum of recipient mice establishes immediate inflammation and sepsis without any need for surgery. Basic Protocol 3 describes infecting mice with a defined gram-positive or -negative bacterial strain to model a subset of sepsis observed in humans infected with a single pathogen. Basic Protocol 4 describes administering LPS to induce sterile endotoxemia. This form of sepsis is observed in humans exposed to bacterial toxins from the environment. © 2024 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Non-synchronous cecal ligation and puncture Basic Protocol 2: Cecal slurry model of murine sepsis Basic Protocol 3: Monomicrobial model of murine sepsis Basic Protocol 4: LPS model of murine sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan-Kumar Kannan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Caleb Y. Kim
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Roger R. Berton
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
| | - Isaac J. Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Thomas S. Griffith
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, USA
- Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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6
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Silva EE, Moioffer SJ, Hassert M, Berton RR, Smith MG, van de Wall S, Meyerholz DK, Griffith TS, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Defining Parameters That Modulate Susceptibility and Protection to Respiratory Murine Coronavirus MHV1 Infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2024; 212:563-575. [PMID: 38149923 PMCID: PMC10872354 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 experience variable disease susceptibility, and patients with comorbidities such as sepsis are often hospitalized for COVID-19 complications. However, the extent to which initial infectious inoculum dose determines disease outcomes and whether this can be used for immunological priming in a genetically susceptible host has not been completely defined. We used an established SARS-like murine model in which responses to primary and/or secondary challenges with murine hepatitis virus type 1 (MHV-1) were analyzed. We compared the response to infection in genetically susceptible C3H/HeJ mice, genetically resistant C57BL/6J mice, and genetically diverse, variably susceptible outbred Swiss Webster mice. Although defined as genetically susceptible to MHV-1, C3H/HeJ mice displayed decreasing dose-dependent pathological changes in disease severity and lung infiltrate/edema, as well as lymphopenia. Importantly, an asymptomatic dose (500 PFU) was identified that yielded no measurable morbidity/mortality postinfection in C3H/HeJ mice. Polymicrobial sepsis induced via cecal ligation and puncture converted asymptomatic infections in C3H/HeJ and C57BL/6J mice to more pronounced disease, modeling the impact of sepsis as a comorbidity to β-coronavirus infection. We then used low-dose infection as an immunological priming event in C3H/HeJ mice, which provided neutralizing Ab-dependent, but not circulating CD4/CD8 T cell-dependent, protection against a high-dose MHV-1 early rechallenge. Together, these data define how infection dose, immunological status, and comorbidities modulate outcomes of primary and secondary β-coronavirus infections in hosts with variable susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvia E Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Roger R Berton
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Matthew G Smith
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | | | | | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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7
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Cao M, Wang G, Xie J. Immune dysregulation in sepsis: experiences, lessons and perspectives. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:465. [PMID: 38114466 PMCID: PMC10730904 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction syndrome caused by dysregulated host responses to infection. Not only does sepsis pose a serious hazard to human health, but it also imposes a substantial economic burden on the healthcare system. The cornerstones of current treatment for sepsis remain source control, fluid resuscitation, and rapid administration of antibiotics, etc. To date, no drugs have been approved for treating sepsis, and most clinical trials of potential therapies have failed to reduce mortality. The immune response caused by the pathogen is complex, resulting in a dysregulated innate and adaptive immune response that, if not promptly controlled, can lead to excessive inflammation, immunosuppression, and failure to re-establish immune homeostasis. The impaired immune response in patients with sepsis and the potential immunotherapy to modulate the immune response causing excessive inflammation or enhancing immunity suggest the importance of demonstrating individualized therapy. Here, we review the immune dysfunction caused by sepsis, where immune cell production, effector cell function, and survival are directly affected during sepsis. In addition, we discuss potential immunotherapy in septic patients and highlight the need for precise treatment according to clinical and immune stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guozheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7BE, UK
- Coagulation, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Jianfeng Xie
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
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8
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Silva EE, Skon-Hegg C, Badovinac VP, Griffith TS. The Calm after the Storm: Implications of Sepsis Immunoparalysis on Host Immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2023; 211:711-719. [PMID: 37603859 PMCID: PMC10449360 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2300171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
The immunological hallmarks of sepsis include the inflammation-mediated cytokine storm, apoptosis-driven lymphopenia, and prolonged immunoparalysis. Although early clinical efforts were focused on increasing the survival of patients through the first phase, studies are now shifting attention to the long-term effects of sepsis on immune fitness in survivors. In particular, the most pertinent task is deciphering how the immune system becomes suppressed, leading to increased incidence of secondary infections. In this review, we introduce the contribution of numerical changes and functional reprogramming within innate (NK cells, dendritic cells) and adaptive (T cells, B cells) immune cells on the chronic immune dysregulation in the septic murine and human host. We briefly discuss how prior immunological experience in murine models impacts sepsis severity, immune dysfunction, and clinical relevance. Finally, we dive into how comorbidities, specifically autoimmunity and cancer, can influence host susceptibility to sepsis and the associated immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvia E Silva
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Cara Skon-Hegg
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Thomas S Griffith
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
- Minneapolis VA Health Care System, Minneapolis, MN
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9
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Heidarian M, Jensen IJ, Kannan SK, Pewe LL, Hassert M, Park S, Xue HH, Harty JT, Badovinac VP. Sublethal whole-body irradiation induces permanent loss and dysfunction in pathogen-specific circulating memory CD8 T cell populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302785120. [PMID: 37364124 PMCID: PMC10318958 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302785120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of nuclear energy sources inevitably raises the risk of accidental or deliberate radiation exposure and associated immune dysfunction. However, the extent to which radiation exposure impacts memory CD8 T cells, potent mediators of immunity to recurring intracellular infections and malignancies, remains understudied. Using P14 CD8 T cell chimeric mice (P14 chimeras) with an lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection model, we observed that sublethal (5Gy) whole-body irradiation (WBI) induced a rapid decline in the number of naive (TN) and P14 circulating memory CD8 T cells (TCIRCM), with the former being more susceptible to radiation-induced numeric loss. While TN cell numbers rapidly recovered, as previously described, the number of P14 TCIRCM cells remained low at least 9 mo after radiation exposure. Additionally, the remaining P14 TCIRCM in irradiated hosts exhibited an inefficient transition to a central memory (CD62L+) phenotype compared to nonirradiated P14 chimeras. WBI also resulted in long-lasting T cell intrinsic deficits in memory CD8 T cells, including diminished cytokine and chemokine production along with impaired secondary expansion upon cognate Ag reencounter. Irradiated P14 chimeras displayed significantly higher bacterial burden after challenge with Listeria monocytogenes expressing the LCMV GP33-41 epitope relative to nonirradiated controls, likely due to radiation-induced numerical and functional impairments. Taken together, our findings suggest that sublethal radiation exposure caused a long-term numerical, impaired differentiation, and functional dysregulation in preexisting TCIRCM, rendering previously protected hosts susceptible to reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Isaac J. Jensen
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY10032
| | - Shravan Kumar Kannan
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - Lecia L. Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - Mariah Hassert
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - SungRye Park
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ07110
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ07110
| | - John T. Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
| | - Vladimir P. Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA52246
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10
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Chen J, Shi Z, Yang X, Zhang X, Wang D, Qian S, Sun W, Wang C, Li Q, Wang Z, Song Y, Qing G. Broad-Spectrum Clearance of Lipopolysaccharides from Blood Based on a Hemocompatible Dihistidine Polymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37377344 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c05341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Blood infection can release toxic bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) into bloodstream, trigger a series of inflammatory reactions, and eventually lead to multiple organ dysfunction, irreversible shock, and even death, which seriously threatens human life and health. Herein, a functional block copolymer with excellent hemocompatibility is proposed to enable broad-spectrum clearance of LPSs from whole blood blindly before pathogen identification, facilitating timely rescue from sepsis. A dipeptide ligand of histidine-histidine (HH) was designed as the LPS binding unit, and poly[(trimethylamine N-oxide)-co-(histidine-histidine)], a functional block copolymer combining the LPS ligand of HH and a zwitterionic antifouling unit of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), was then designed by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The functional polymer achieved effective clearance of LPSs from solutions and whole blood in a broad-spectrum manner and had good antifouling and anti-interference properties and hemocompatibility. The proposed functional dihistidine polymer provides a novel strategy for achieving broad-spectrum clearance of LPSs, with potential applications in clinical blood purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhenqiang Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xijing Yang
- Animal Experiment Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Shengxu Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Wenjing Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Cunli Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Qiongya Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhengjian Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Yanling Song
- College of Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Guangyan Qing
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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