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Vardaman D, Ali MA, Bolding C, Tidwell H, Stephens H, Tyrrell DJ. Development of a Spectral Flow Cytometry Analysis Pipeline for High-Dimensional Immune Cell Characterization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.19.599633. [PMID: 38948780 PMCID: PMC11213029 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.19.599633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Flow cytometry is a widely used technique for immune cell analysis, offering insights into cell composition and function. Spectral flow cytometry allows for high-dimensional analysis of immune cells, overcoming limitations of conventional flow cytometry. However, analyzing data from large antibody panels can be challenging using traditional bi-axial gating strategies. Here, we present a novel analysis pipeline designed to improve analysis of spectral flow cytometry. We employ this method to identify rare T cell populations in aging. We isolated splenocytes from young (2-3 months) and aged (18-19 months) female mice then stained these with a panel of 20 fluorescently labeled antibodies. Spectral flow cytometry was performed, followed by data processing and analysis using Python within a Jupyter Notebook environment to perform batch correction, unsupervised clustering, dimensionality reduction, and differential expression analysis. Our analysis of 3,776,804 T cells from 11 spleens revealed 34 distinct T cell clusters identified by surface marker expression. We observed significant differences between young and aged mice, with certain clusters enriched in one age group over the other. Naïve, effector memory, and central memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cell subsets exhibited age-associated changes in abundance and marker expression. Additionally, γδ T cell clusters showed differential abundance between age groups. By leveraging high-dimensional analysis methods borrowed from single-cell RNA sequencing analysis, we identified age-related differences in T cell subsets, providing insights into the immune aging process. This approach offers a robust, free, and easily implemented analysis pipeline for spectral flow cytometry data that may facilitate the discovery of novel therapeutic targets for age-related immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald Vardaman
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
| | - Md Akkas Ali
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
- Biochemistry and Structural Biology Theme, Graduate Biomedical Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
| | - Chase Bolding
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
| | - Harrison Tidwell
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
| | - Holly Stephens
- Department of Nutrition Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
- Immunology Theme, Graduate Biomedical Sciences, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
| | - Daniel J. Tyrrell
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35205 USA
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Jiménez C, Garrote-de-Barros A, López-Portugués C, Hernández-Sánchez M, Díez P. Characterization of Human B Cell Hematological Malignancies Using Protein-Based Approaches. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4644. [PMID: 38731863 PMCID: PMC11083628 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The maturation of B cells is a complex, multi-step process. During B cell differentiation, errors can occur, leading to the emergence of aberrant versions of B cells that, finally, constitute a malignant tumor. These B cell malignancies are classified into three main groups: leukemias, myelomas, and lymphomas, the latter being the most heterogeneous type. Since their discovery, multiple biological studies have been performed to characterize these diseases, aiming to define their specific features and determine potential biomarkers for diagnosis, stratification, and prognosis. The rise of advanced -omics approaches has significantly contributed to this end. Notably, proteomics strategies appear as promising tools to comprehensively profile the final molecular effector of these cells. In this narrative review, we first introduce the main B cell malignancies together with the most relevant proteomics approaches. Then, we describe the core studies conducted in the field and their main findings and, finally, we evaluate the advantages and drawbacks of flow cytometry, mass cytometry, and mass spectrometry for the profiling of human B cell disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Jiménez
- Hematology Department, University Hospital of Salamanca (HUS/IBSAL), CIBERONC and Cancer Research Institute of Salamanca-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Alba Garrote-de-Barros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-d.-B.); (M.H.-S.)
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H12O-CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Portugués
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Hernández-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pharmacy School, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.G.-d.-B.); (M.H.-S.)
- Department of Translational Hematology, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12), Hematological Malignancies Clinical Research Unit H12O-CNIO, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Díez
- Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain;
- Health Research Institute of the Principality of Asturias (ISPA), 33011 Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Functional Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, University of Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Schäfer A, D'Almeida SM, Dorier J, Guex N, Villard J, Garcia M. Comparative assessment of cytometry by time-of-flight and full spectral flow cytometry based on a 33-color antibody panel. J Immunol Methods 2024; 527:113641. [PMID: 38365120 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Mass cytometry and full spectrum flow cytometry have recently emerged as new promising single cell proteomic analysis tools that can be exploited to decipher the extensive diversity of immune cell repertoires and their implication in human diseases. In this study, we evaluated the performance of mass cytometry against full spectrum flow cytometry using an identical 33-color antibody panel on four healthy individuals. Our data revealed an overall high concordance in the quantification of major immune cell populations between the two platforms using a semi-automated clustering approach. We further showed a strong correlation of cluster assignment when comparing manual and automated clustering. Both comparisons revealed minor disagreements in the quantification and assignment of rare cell subpopulations. Our study showed that both single cell proteomic technologies generate highly overlapping results and substantiate that the choice of technology is not a primary factor for successful biological assessment of cell profiles but must be considered in a broader design framework of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Schäfer
- Transplantation Immunology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Histocompatibility, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sènan Mickael D'Almeida
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Julien Dorier
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Bioinformatics Competence Center, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Guex
- Bioinformatics Competence Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland; Bioinformatics Competence Center, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Villard
- Transplantation Immunology Unit and National Reference Laboratory for Histocompatibility, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Miguel Garcia
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Stavrakaki E, van den Bossche WBL, Vogelezang LB, Teodosio C, Mustafa DM, van Dongen JJM, Dirven CMF, Balvers RK, Lamfers ML. An autologous ex vivo model for exploring patient-specific responses to viro-immunotherapy in glioblastoma. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2024; 4:100716. [PMID: 38430913 PMCID: PMC10985229 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2024.100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) clinical trials have demonstrated remarkable efficacy in subsets of patients with glioblastoma (GBM). However, the lack of tools to predict this response hinders the advancement of a more personalized application of OV therapy. In this study, we characterize an ex vivo co-culture system designed to examine the immune response to OV infection of patient-derived GBM neurospheres in the presence of autologous peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Co-culture conditions were optimized to retain viability and functionality of both tumor cells and PBMCs, effectively recapitulating the well-recognized immunosuppressive effects of GBM. Following OV infection, we observed elevated secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor α, CXCL9, and CXCL10, and marked changes in immune cell activation markers. Importantly, OV treatment induced unique patient-specific immune responses. In summary, our co-culture platform presents an avenue for personalized screening of viro-immunotherapies in GBM, offering promise as a potential tool for future patient stratification in OV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eftychia Stavrakaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Lisette B Vogelezang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Teodosio
- Cancer Research Center (IBMCC; University of Salamanca - CSIC), Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Dana M Mustafa
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jacques J M van Dongen
- Cancer Research Center (IBMCC; University of Salamanca - CSIC), Cytometry Service, NUCLEUS, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain; Department of Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Clemens M F Dirven
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rutger K Balvers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martine L Lamfers
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Center, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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Zhang W, Sen A, Pena JK, Reitsma A, Alexander OC, Tajima T, Martinez OM, Krams SM. Application of Mass Cytometry Platforms to Solid Organ Transplantation. Transplantation 2024:00007890-990000000-00687. [PMID: 38467594 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000004925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Transplantation serves as the cornerstone of treatment for patients with end-stage organ disease. The prevalence of complications, such as allograft rejection, infection, and malignancies, underscores the need to dissect the complex interactions of the immune system at the single-cell level. In this review, we discuss studies using mass cytometry or cytometry by time-of-flight, a cutting-edge technology enabling the characterization of immune populations and cell-to-cell interactions in granular detail. We review the application of mass cytometry in human and experimental animal studies in the context of transplantation, uncovering invaluable contributions of the tool to understanding rejection and other transplant-related complications. We discuss recent innovations that have the potential to streamline and standardize mass cytometry workflows for application to multisite clinical trials. Additionally, we introduce imaging mass cytometry, a technique that couples the power of mass cytometry with spatial context, thereby mapping cellular interactions within tissue microenvironments. The synergistic integration of mass cytometry and imaging mass cytometry data with other omics data sets and high-dimensional data platforms to further define immune dynamics is discussed. In conclusion, mass cytometry technologies, when integrated with other tools and data, shed light on the intricate landscape of the immune response in transplantation. This approach holds significant potential for enhancing patient outcomes by advancing our understanding and facilitating the development of new diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenming Zhang
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Ayantika Sen
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Andrea Reitsma
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Oliver C Alexander
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
- Meharry Medical College, School of Medicine, Nashville, TN
| | - Tetsuya Tajima
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Sheri M Krams
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
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Zhu XY, Klomjit N, Pawar AS, Puranik AS, Yang ZZ, Lutgens E, Eirin A, Lerman A, Textor SC, Lerman LO. Altered immune cell phenotypes within chronically ischemic human kidneys distal to occlusive renal artery disease. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2024; 326:F257-F264. [PMID: 38031731 PMCID: PMC11198973 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00234.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal artery stenosis (RAS) is a major cause of ischemic kidney disease, which is largely mediated by inflammation. Mapping the immune cell composition in ischemic kidneys might provide useful insight into the disease pathogenesis and uncover therapeutic targets. We used mass cytometry (CyTOF) to explore the single-cell composition in a unique data set of human kidneys nephrectomized due to chronic occlusive vascular disease (RAS, n = 3), relatively healthy donor kidneys (n = 6), and unaffected sections of kidneys with renal cell carcinoma (RCC, n = 3). Renal fibrosis and certain macrophage populations were also evaluated in renal sections. Cytobank analysis showed in RAS kidneys decreased cell populations expressing epithelial markers (CD45-/CD13+) and increased CD45+ inflammatory cells, whereas scattered tubular-progenitor-like cells (CD45-/CD133+/CD24+) increased compared with kidney donors. Macrophages switched to proinflammatory phenotypes in RAS, and the numbers of IL-10-producing dendritic cells (DC) were also lower. Compared with kidney donors, RAS kidneys had decreased overall DC populations but increased plasmacytoid DC. Furthermore, senescent active T cells (CD45+/CD28+/CD57+), aged neutrophils (CD45+/CD15+/CD24+/CD11c+), and regulatory B cells (CD45+/CD14-/CD24+/CD44+) were increased in RAS. RCC kidneys showed a distribution of cell phenotypes comparable with RAS but less pronounced, accompanied by an increase in CD34+, CD370+, CD103+, and CD11c+/CD103+ cells. Histologically, RAS kidneys showed significantly increased fibrosis and decreased CD163+/CD141+ cells. The single-cell platform CyTOF enables the detection of significant changes in renal cells, especially in subsets of immune cells in ischemic human kidneys. Endogenous pro-repair cell types in RAS warrant future study for potential immune therapy.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The single-cell platform mass cytometry (CyTOF) enables detection of significant changes in one million of renal cells, especially in subsets of immune cells in ischemic human kidneys distal to renal artery stenosis (RAS). We found that pro-repair cell types such as scattered tubular-progenitor-like cells, aged neutrophils, and regulatory B cells show a compensatory increase in RAS. Immune cell phenotype changes may reflect ongoing inflammation and impaired immune defense capability in the kidneys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yang Zhu
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Nattawat Klomjit
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Aditya S Pawar
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Amrutesh S Puranik
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Zhi-Zhang Yang
- Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Alfonso Eirin
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Amir Lerman
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Stephen C Textor
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology & Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States
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Foster JB, Koptyra MP, Bagley SJ. Recent Developments in Blood Biomarkers in Neuro-oncology. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2023; 23:857-867. [PMID: 37943477 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-023-01321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Given the invasive and high-risk nature of brain surgery, the need for non-invasive biomarkers obtained from the peripheral blood is greatest in tumors of the central nervous system (CNS). In this comprehensive review, we highlight recent advances in blood biomarker development for adult and pediatric brain tumors. RECENT FINDINGS We summarize recent blood biomarker development for CNS tumors across multiple key analytes, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells, cell-free DNA, cell-free RNA, proteomics, circulating tumor cells, and tumor-educated platelets. We also discuss methods for enhancing blood biomarker detection through transient opening of the blood-brain barrier. Although blood-based biomarkers are not yet used in routine neuro-oncology practice, this field is advancing rapidly and holds great promise for improved and non-invasive management of patients with brain tumors. Prospective and adequately powered studies are needed to confirm the clinical utility of any blood biomarker prior to widespread clinical implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica B Foster
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mateusz P Koptyra
- Center for Data-Driven Discovery in Biomedicine (D3b), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephen J Bagley
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 10th Floor Perelman Center, 3400 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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Delgado AH, Fluxa R, Perez-Andres M, Diks AM, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, Barkoff AM, Blanco E, Torres-Valle A, Berkowska MA, Grigore G, van Dongen J.J.M, Orfao A. Automated EuroFlow approach for standardized in-depth dissection of human circulating B-cells and plasma cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268686. [PMID: 37915569 PMCID: PMC10616957 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiparameter flow cytometry (FC) immunophenotyping is a key tool for detailed identification and characterization of human blood leucocytes, including B-lymphocytes and plasma cells (PC). However, currently used conventional data analysis strategies require extensive expertise, are time consuming, and show limited reproducibility. Objective Here, we designed, constructed and validated an automated database-guided gating and identification (AGI) approach for fast and standardized in-depth dissection of B-lymphocyte and PC populations in human blood. Methods For this purpose, 213 FC standard (FCS) datafiles corresponding to umbilical cord and peripheral blood samples from healthy and patient volunteers, stained with the 14-color 18-antibody EuroFlow BIgH-IMM panel, were used. Results The BIgH-IMM antibody panel allowed identification of 117 different B-lymphocyte and PC subsets. Samples from 36 healthy donors were stained and 14 of the datafiles that fulfilled strict inclusion criteria were analysed by an expert flow cytometrist to build the EuroFlow BIgH-IMM database. Data contained in the datafiles was then merged into a reference database that was uploaded in the Infinicyt software (Cytognos, Salamanca, Spain). Subsequently, we compared the results of manual gating (MG) with the performance of two classification algorithms -hierarchical algorithm vs two-step algorithm- for AGI of the cell populations present in 5 randomly selected FCS datafiles. The hierarchical AGI algorithm showed higher correlation values vs conventional MG (r2 of 0.94 vs. 0.88 for the two-step AGI algorithm) and was further validated in a set of 177 FCS datafiles against conventional expert-based MG. For virtually all identifiable cell populations a highly significant correlation was observed between the two approaches (r2>0.81 for 79% of all B-cell populations identified), with a significantly lower median time of analysis per sample (6 vs. 40 min, p=0.001) for the AGI tool vs. MG, respectively and both intra-sample (median CV of 1.7% vs. 10.4% by MG, p<0.001) and inter-expert (median CV of 3.9% vs. 17.3% by MG by 2 experts, p<0.001) variability. Conclusion Our results show that compared to conventional FC data analysis strategies, the here proposed AGI tool is a faster, more robust, reproducible, and standardized approach for in-depth analysis of B-lymphocyte and PC subsets circulating in human blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H. Delgado
- Cytognos SL, Salamanca, Spain
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Martin Perez-Andres
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Annieck M. Diks
- Department of Immunology (IMMU), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Elena Blanco
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Alba Torres-Valle
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Magdalena A. Berkowska
- Department of Immunology (IMMU), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - J .J .M. van Dongen
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Immunology (IMMU), Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Alberto Orfao
- Translational and Clinical Research Program, Centro de Investigación del Cáncer (CIC) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del Cancer (IBMCC), CSIC-University of Salamanca (USAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL) and Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre Consortium of Oncology (CIBERONC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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