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O'Brien BCV, Weber L, Hueffer K, Weltzin MM. SARS-CoV-2 spike ectodomain targets α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104707. [PMID: 37061001 PMCID: PMC10101490 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus entry into animal cells is initiated by attachment to target macromolecules located on host cells. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) trimeric spike glycoprotein targets host angiotensin converting enzyme 2 to gain cellular access. The SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein contains a neurotoxin-like region that has sequence similarities to the rabies virus and the HIV glycoproteins, as well as to snake neurotoxins, which interact with nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes via this region. Using a peptide of the neurotoxin-like region of SARS-CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein peptide [SCoV2P]), we identified that this area moderately inhibits α3β2, α3β4, and α4β2 subtypes, while potentiating and inhibiting α7 nAChRs. These nAChR subtypes are found in target tissues including the nose, lung, central nervous system, and immune cells. Importantly, SCoV2P potentiates and inhibits ACh-induced α7 nAChR responses by an allosteric mechanism, with nicotine enhancing these effects. Live-cell confocal microscopy was used to confirm that SCoV2P interacts with α7 nAChRs in transfected neuronal-like N2a and human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The SARS-CoV-2 ectodomain functionally potentiates and inhibits the α7 subtype with nanomolar potency. Our functional findings identify that the α7 nAChR is a target for the SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein, providing a new aspect to our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and host cell interactions, in addition to disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany C V O'Brien
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Lahra Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Karsten Hueffer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Maegan M Weltzin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA.
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Ortatatli M, Fatsa T, Mulazimoglu DD, Oren S, Artuk C, Hosbul T, Kulahlioglu N, Kenar L, Kenar L. Potential Role of Vitamin D, ACE2 and the Proteases as TMPRSS2 and Furin on SARS-CoV-2 Pathogenesis and COVID-19 Severity. Arch Med Res 2023; 54:223-230. [PMID: 36914430 PMCID: PMC9925418 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19, the 21st century pandemic disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has shown a wide clinical spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to deadly serious pneumonia. OBJECTIVE In our study, the relationship between the pathogenesis and clinical severity of COVID-19 and vitamin D, ACE2, Furin and TMPRSS2 was investigated. METHODS Serum 25(OH)D, 1,25(OH)2D and ACE2 protein were measured in 85 COVID-19 cases, divided into 5 groups, according to disease severity, from asymptomatic to severe and including a healthy control group. Expression levels of ACE2, VDR, TMPRSS2 and Furin mRNAs in PBMC were also measured. The relationship of the parameters within each group, the severity of the disease and the effect on the patients' fate were investigated. RESULTS Statistically significant differences were found between the severity of COVID-19 and all study parameters, except for serum 25(OH)D. A strong negative correlation was found between serum ACE2 protein, 1,25(OH)2D, and ACE2 mRNA, and disease severity, length of hospital stay and death/survival rate. Vitamin D deficiency increased the death risk by 5.6-fold (95% CI 0.75-41.47), and the levels of 1,25(OH)2D lower than 1 ng/mL increased the risk of death by 3.8-fold (95% CI 1.07-13.30). CONCLUSION This study suggests that vitamin D supplementation could be beneficial in the treatment and/or prevention of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mesut Ortatatli
- Department of Medical CBRN Defence, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Tugba Fatsa
- Molecular Application and Research Unit of R and D Laboratory, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Dogan Mulazimoglu
- Department of Chest Diseases, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sema Oren
- Molecular Application and Research Unit of R and D Laboratory, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Cumhur Artuk
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tugrul Hosbul
- Departmentof Medical Microbiology, Gulhane Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Kulahlioglu
- Department of Medical CBRN Defence, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Kenar
- Department of Medical CBRN Defence, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Levent Kenar
- Department of Medical CBRN Defence, University of Health Sciences, Etlik, Ankara, Turkey
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Gupta AK, Nethan ST, Mehrotra R. Tobacco use as a well-recognized cause of severe COVID-19 manifestations. Respir Med 2021; 176:106233. [PMID: 33253975 PMCID: PMC7674071 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2020.106233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) infection is caused by the novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affecting the lungs. All tobacco-related illnesses including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and coronary artery disease are known to reduce the lung capacity and impair the immune system of the body and can greatly influence the ability to fight the novel coronavirus. The purpose of this state-of-the-art literature review is to summarize the evidence of the association of tobacco use with the severity of the COVID-19 manifestations. METHOD Articles describing the association of tobacco use with the severity of COVID-19 manifestations were searched on PubMed, MEDLINE, and Google. This review covers the relevant studies on the subject published from January 1, 2020 to September 10, 2020. RESULTS Tobacco use in all forms, whether smoking or chewing, is significantly associated with severe COVID-19 outcomes. Pre-existing comorbidities in tobacco users such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, respiratory diseases and hypertension were found to further aggravate the disease manifestations making the treatment of such COVID-19 patients more challenging due to their rapid clinical deterioration. CONCLUSIONS Current review indicates that nicotine exposure is linked to cardiopulmonary vulnerability to COVID-19 and tobacco use can be a potential risk factor for not only getting the viral infection but also its severe manifestations. The current pandemic provides a teachable moment to break the cycle of nicotine addiction and accelerate national tobacco control programs to achieve a tobacco-free world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Kumar Gupta
- Formerly Division of Preventive Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Department of Health Research, Govt. of India, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Suzanne Tanya Nethan
- Division of Clinical Oncology, ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Department of Health Research, Govt. of India, Noida, 201301, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- ICMR-India Cancer Research Consortium, Department of Health Research, New Delhi, 11000, India,ASTRA, Adjunct Professor of Global Health, University of York, York, Great Britain, UK,Corresponding author. ICMR-India Cancer Research Consortium, Department of Health Research, New Delhi, 11000, India
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Hassan SS, Ghosh S, Attrish D, Choudhury PP, Aljabali AAA, Uhal BD, Lundstrom K, Rezaei N, Uversky VN, Seyran M, Pizzol D, Adadi P, Soares A, El-Aziz TMA, Kandimalla R, Tambuwala MM, Azad GK, Sherchan SP, Baetas-da-Cruz W, Takayama K, Serrano-Aroca Á, Chauhan G, Palu G, Brufsky AM. Possible Transmission Flow of SARS-CoV-2 Based on ACE2 Features. Molecules 2020; 25:E5906. [PMID: 33322198 PMCID: PMC7763092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the cellular receptor for the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that is engendering the severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 binds to the three sub-domains viz. amino acids (aa) 22-42, aa 79-84, and aa 330-393 of ACE2 on human cells to initiate entry. It was reported earlier that the receptor utilization capacity of ACE2 proteins from different species, such as cats, chimpanzees, dogs, and cattle, are different. A comprehensive analysis of ACE2 receptors of nineteen species was carried out in this study, and the findings propose a possible SARS-CoV-2 transmission flow across these nineteen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sk. Sarif Hassan
- Department of Mathematics, Pingla Thana Mahavidyalaya, Maligram 721140, India;
| | - Shinjini Ghosh
- Department of Biophysics, Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, University of Calcutta, Kolkata 700009, India;
| | - Diksha Attrish
- Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Centre for Biomedical Research (ACBR), University of Delhi (North Campus), Delhi 110007, India;
| | - Pabitra Pal Choudhury
- Applied Statistics Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata 700108, West Bengal, India;
| | - Alaa A. A. Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University-Faculty of Pharmacy, Irbid 566, Jordan;
| | - Bruce D. Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
| | | | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1416753955, Iran;
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), SE-123 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Murat Seyran
- Doctoral studies in natural and technical sciences (SPL 44), University of Vienna, 1010 Wien, Austria;
| | - Damiano Pizzol
- Italian Agency for Development Cooperation—Khartoum, Sudan Street 33, Al Amarat, Khartoum 825109, Sudan;
| | - Parise Adadi
- Department of Food Science, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand;
| | - Antonio Soares
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 77030, USA; (A.S.); (T.M.A.E.-A.)
| | - Tarek Mohamed Abd El-Aziz
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Dr, San Antonio, TX 77030, USA; (A.S.); (T.M.A.E.-A.)
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, El-Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Ramesh Kandimalla
- Applied Biology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India;
- Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana 500022, India
| | - Murtaza M. Tambuwala
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, Ulster University, Coleraine BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, UK;
| | | | - Samendra P. Sherchan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Wagner Baetas-da-Cruz
- Translational Laboratory in Molecular Physiology, Centre for Experimental Surgery, College of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Rio de Janeiro 21941901, Brazil;
| | - Kazuo Takayama
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan;
| | - Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Translational Research Centre San Alberto Magno, Catholic University of Valencia San Vicente Mártir, c/Guillem de Castro 94, 46001 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, Monterrey 64849, Nuevo León, Mexico;
| | - Giorgio Palu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Via Gabelli 63, 35121 Padova, Italy;
| | - Adam M. Brufsky
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA;
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