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Li D, Li D, Wang Z, Li J, Shahzad KA, Wang Y, Tan F. Signaling pathways activated and regulated by stem cell-derived exosome therapy. Cell Biosci 2024; 14:105. [PMID: 39164778 PMCID: PMC11334359 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-024-01277-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Stem cell-derived exosomes exert comparable therapeutic effects to those of their parental stem cells without causing immunogenic, tumorigenic, and ethical disadvantages. Their therapeutic advantages are manifested in the management of a broad spectrum of diseases, and their dosing versatility are exemplified by systemic administration and local delivery. Furthermore, the activation and regulation of various signaling cascades have provided foundation for the claimed curative effects of exosomal therapy. Unlike other relevant reviews focusing on the upstream aspects (e.g., yield, isolation, modification), and downstream aspects (e.g. phenotypic changes, tissue response, cellular behavior) of stem cell-derived exosome therapy, this unique review endeavors to focus on various affected signaling pathways. After meticulous dissection of relevant literature from the past five years, we present this comprehensive, up-to-date, disease-specific, and pathway-oriented review. Exosomes sourced from various types of stem cells can regulate major signaling pathways (e.g., the PTEN/PI3K/Akt/mTOR, NF-κB, TGF-β, HIF-1α, Wnt, MAPK, JAK-STAT, Hippo, and Notch signaling cascades) and minor pathways during the treatment of numerous diseases encountered in orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, cardiothoracic surgery, plastic surgery, general surgery, and other specialties. We provide a novel perspective in future exosome research through bridging the gap between signaling pathways and surgical indications when designing further preclinical studies and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Li
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Danni Li
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Khawar Ali Shahzad
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Tan
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
- The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK.
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2
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Kim M, Choi H, Jang DJ, Kim HJ, Sub Y, Gee HY, Choi C. Exploring the clinical transition of engineered exosomes designed for intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins. Stem Cells Transl Med 2024; 13:637-647. [PMID: 38838263 PMCID: PMC11227971 DOI: 10.1093/stcltm/szae027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, have emerged as promising drug delivery systems owing to their unique advantages, such as biocompatibility, immune tolerability, and target specificity. Various engineering strategies have been implemented to harness these innate qualities, with a focus on enhancing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of exosomes via payload loading and surface engineering for active targeting. This concise review outlines the challenges in the development of exosomes as drug carriers and offers insights into strategies for their effective clinical translation. We also highlight preclinical studies that have successfully employed anti-inflammatory exosomes and suggest future directions for exosome therapeutics. These advancements underscore the potential for integrating exosome-based therapies into clinical practice, heralding promise for future medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hojun Choi
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
| | - Deok-Jin Jang
- ILIAS Biologics Inc., Daejeon 34014, Korea
- Department of Ecological Science, College of Ecology and Environment, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Korea
| | | | - Yujin Sub
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Yung Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Brain Korea 21 Project, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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3
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Jian G, Xie D, Kuang X, Zheng P, Liu H, Dong X. Identification and validation of miR-29b-3p and LIN7A as important diagnostic markers for bone non-union by WGCNA. J Cell Mol Med 2024; 28:e18522. [PMID: 38957040 PMCID: PMC11220363 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.18522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Bone non-union is a common fracture complication that can severely impact patient outcomes, yet its mechanism is not fully understood. This study used differential analysis and weighted co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify susceptibility modules and hub genes associated with fracture healing. Two datasets, GSE125289 and GSE213891, were downloaded from the GEO website, and differentially expressed miRNAs and genes were analysed and used to construct the WGCNA network. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the differentially expressed genes showed enrichment in cytokine and inflammatory factor secretion, phagocytosis, and trans-Golgi network regulation pathways. Using bioinformatic site prediction and crossover gene search, miR-29b-3p was identified as a regulator of LIN7A expression that may negatively affect fracture healing. Potential miRNA-mRNA interactions in the bone non-union mechanism were explored, and miRNA-29-3p and LIN7A were identified as biomarkers of skeletal non-union. The expression of miRNA-29b-3p and LIN7A was verified in blood samples from patients with fracture non-union using qRT-PCR and ELISA. Overall, this study identified characteristic modules and key genes associated with fracture non-union and provided insight into its molecular mechanisms. Downregulated miRNA-29b-3p was found to downregulate LIN7A protein expression, which may affect the healing process after fracture in patients with bone non-union. These findings may serve as a prognostic biomarker and potential therapeutic target for bone non-union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojian Jian
- Department of OrthopedicsChenggong Hospital of Xiamen University (the 73th Group Military Hospital of People's Liberation Army)XiamenFujianChina
| | - Desheng Xie
- Department of OrthopedicsChenggong Hospital of Xiamen University (the 73th Group Military Hospital of People's Liberation Army)XiamenFujianChina
| | - Ximu Kuang
- Department of OrthopedicsChenggong Hospital of Xiamen University (the 73th Group Military Hospital of People's Liberation Army)XiamenFujianChina
| | - Peihuang Zheng
- Department of OrthopedicsChenggong Hospital of Xiamen University (the 73th Group Military Hospital of People's Liberation Army)XiamenFujianChina
| | - Haoyuan Liu
- Department of OrthopedicsChenggong Hospital of Xiamen University (the 73th Group Military Hospital of People's Liberation Army)XiamenFujianChina
| | - Xuehong Dong
- Department of OrthopedicsChenggong Hospital of Xiamen University (the 73th Group Military Hospital of People's Liberation Army)XiamenFujianChina
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4
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Chen X, Yang N, Li B, Gao X, Wang Y, Wang Q, Liu X, Zhang Z, Zhang R. Visualization Analysis of Small Extracellular Vesicles in the Application of Bone-Related Diseases. Cells 2024; 13:904. [PMID: 38891036 PMCID: PMC11171653 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Small extracellular vesicles were shown to have similar functional roles to their parent cells without the defect of potential tumorigenicity, which made them a great candidate for regenerative medicine. The last twenty years have witnessed the rapid development of research on small extracellular vesicles. In this paper, we employed a scientometric synthesis method to conduct a retrospective analysis of small extracellular vesicles in the field of bone-related diseases. The overall background analysis consisted the visualization of the countries, institutions, journals, and authors involved in research. The current status of the research direction and future trends were presented through the analysis of references and keywords, which showed that engineering strategies, mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes, and cartilage damage were the most concerning topics, and scaffold, osteoarthritis, platelet-rich plasma, and senescence were the future trends. We also discussed the current problems and challenges in practical applications, including the in-sight mechanisms, the building of relevant animal models, and the problems in clinical trials. By using CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Bibliometrix, the presented data avoided subjective selectivity and tendency well, which made the conclusion more reliable and comprehensive. We hope that the findings can provide new perspectives for researchers to understand the evolution of this field over time and to search for novel research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjiani Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China; (X.C.); (N.Y.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.); (X.L.)
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ning Yang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China; (X.C.); (N.Y.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Bailei Li
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China; (X.C.); (N.Y.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.); (X.L.)
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China; (X.C.); (N.Y.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yayu Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China; (X.C.); (N.Y.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.); (X.L.)
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China; (X.C.); (N.Y.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.); (X.L.)
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China; (X.C.); (N.Y.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.); (X.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, 705 Yatai Road, Jiaxing 314006, China
- Taizhou Innovation Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 318000, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China; (X.C.); (N.Y.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.); (X.L.)
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, 705 Yatai Road, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China; (X.C.); (N.Y.); (B.L.); (X.G.); (Y.W.); (Q.W.); (X.L.)
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Protein Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Enzymology, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, 705 Yatai Road, Jiaxing 314006, China
- Taizhou Innovation Center, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 318000, China
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5
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Chi PL, Cheng CC, Wang MT, Liao JB, Kuo SH, Lin KC, Shen MC, Huang WC. Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived exosomes attenuate vascular remodelling in pulmonary arterial hypertension by targeting HIF-1α and Runx2. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:203-214. [PMID: 38252891 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvad185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by extensive pulmonary arterial remodelling. Although mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived exosomes provide protective effects in PAH, MSCs exhibit limited senescence during in vitro expansion compared with the induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Moreover, the exact mechanism is not known. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we used murine iPSCs generated from mouse embryonic fibroblasts with triple factor (Oct4, Klf4, and Sox2) transduction to determine the efficacy and action mechanism of iPSC-derived exosomes (iPSC-Exo) in attenuating PAH in rats with monocrotaline (MCT)-induced pulmonary hypertension. Both early and late iPSC-Exo treatment effectively prevented the wall thickening and muscularization of pulmonary arterioles, improved the right ventricular systolic pressure, and alleviated the right ventricular hypertrophy in MCT-induced PAH rats. Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) derived from MCT-treated rats (MCT-PASMC) developed more proliferative and pro-migratory phenotypes, which were attenuated by the iPSC-Exo treatment. Moreover, the proliferation and migration of MCT-PASMC were reduced by iPSC-Exo with suppression of PCNA, cyclin D1, MMP-1, and MMP-10, which are mediated via the HIF-1α and P21-activated kinase 1/AKT/Runx2 pathways. CONCLUSION IPSC-Exo are effective at reversing pulmonary hypertension by reducing pulmonary vascular remodelling and may provide an iPSC-free therapy for the treatment of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ling Chi
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Chang Cheng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Tzu Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Bin Liao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hung Kuo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kun-Chang Lin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Min-Ci Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chun Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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6
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Lu W, Shi Y, Qian M. Notoginsenoside R1 promotes osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via ERα/GSK-3β/β-catenin signalling pathway. Int J Exp Pathol 2024; 105:4-12. [PMID: 37899670 PMCID: PMC10797438 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) are attractive therapeutic agents for bone tissue regeneration owing to their osteogenic differentiation potential. Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1) is a novel phytoestrogen with diverse pharmacological activities. Here, we probed whether NGR1 has an effect on the osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. EdU, CCK-8 and Transwell assays were used to measure proliferation and migration of hBMSCs after treatment with different doses of NGR1. hBMSCs were treated with osteogenic differentiation induction medium for osteogenesis. Alizarin red S (ARS) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining were used to measure mineralized nodule formation and ALP activity in hBMSCs, respectively. ICI 182780, an antagonist of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα) was used to inhibit ERα expression. The results showed that NGR1 enhanced hBMSC proliferation and migration. NGR1 increased ALP activity and mineralized nodule formation as well as promoting ALP, RUNX2 and OCN expression in hBMSCs. NGR1 enhanced ERα expression and promoted GSK-3β/β-catenin signal transduction in hBMSCs. ICI 182780 reversed NGR1-mediated activation of the GSK-3β/β-catenin signalling and promoted an effect on hBMSC behaviour. Thus NGR1 promotes proliferation, migration and osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs via the ERα/GSK-3β/β-catenin signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lu
- Department of TraumatologyChangshu No.2 People's HospitalJiangsuChina
| | - Yuanxin Shi
- Department of TraumatologyChangshu No.2 People's HospitalJiangsuChina
| | - Minglei Qian
- Department of TraumatologyChangshu No.2 People's HospitalJiangsuChina
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7
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Tan F, Li X, Wang Z, Li J, Shahzad K, Zheng J. Clinical applications of stem cell-derived exosomes. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:17. [PMID: 38212307 PMCID: PMC10784577 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01704-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Although stem cell-based therapy has demonstrated considerable potential to manage certain diseases more successfully than conventional surgery, it nevertheless comes with inescapable drawbacks that might limit its clinical translation. Compared to stem cells, stem cell-derived exosomes possess numerous advantages, such as non-immunogenicity, non-infusion toxicity, easy access, effortless preservation, and freedom from tumorigenic potential and ethical issues. Exosomes can inherit similar therapeutic effects from their parental cells such as embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells through vertical delivery of their pluripotency or multipotency. After a thorough search and meticulous dissection of relevant literature from the last five years, we present this comprehensive, up-to-date, specialty-specific and disease-oriented review to highlight the surgical application and potential of stem cell-derived exosomes. Exosomes derived from stem cells (e.g., embryonic, induced pluripotent, hematopoietic, mesenchymal, neural, and endothelial stem cells) are capable of treating numerous diseases encountered in orthopedic surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, general surgery, cardiothoracic surgery, urology, head and neck surgery, ophthalmology, and obstetrics and gynecology. The diverse therapeutic effects of stem cells-derived exosomes are a hierarchical translation through tissue-specific responses, and cell-specific molecular signaling pathways. In this review, we highlight stem cell-derived exosomes as a viable and potent alternative to stem cell-based therapy in managing various surgical conditions. We recommend that future research combines wisdoms from surgeons, nanomedicine practitioners, and stem cell researchers in this relevant and intriguing research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Tan
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
- The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
- The Royal College of Surgeons of England, London, UK.
| | - Xuran Li
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaojiao Li
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Khawar Shahzad
- Department of ORL-HNS, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, and School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
- Plasma Medicine and Surgical Implants Center, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialin Zheng
- Center for Translational Neurodegeneration and Regenerative Therapy, Tongji Hospital affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Nanocatalytic Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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8
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Lv S, Wang G, Dai L, Wang T, Wang F. Cellular and Molecular Connections Between Bone Fracture Healing and Exosomes. Physiol Res 2023; 72:565-574. [PMID: 38015756 PMCID: PMC10751053 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.935143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Fracture healing is a multifaceted process that requires various phases and intercellular interactions. In recent years, investigations have been conducted to assess the feasibility of utilizing exosomes, small extracellular vesicles (EVs), to enhance and accelerate the healing process. Exosomes serve as a cargo transport platform, facilitating intercellular communication, promoting the presentation of antigens to dendritic cells, and stimulating angiogenesis. Exosomes have a special structure that gives them a special function, especially in the healing process of bone injuries. This article provides an overview of cellular and molecular processes associated with bone fracture healing, as well as a survey of existing exosome research in this context. We also discuss the potential use of exosomes in fracture healing, as well as the obstacles that must be overcome to make this a viable clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lv
- Department of Orthopedics, Sinopharm China Railway Engineering Corporation Central Hospital, Hefei, China.
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9
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Liu J, Sun Z, You Y, Zhang L, Hou D, Gu G, Chen Y, Jiao G. M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-486-5p influences the differentiation potential of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and osteoporosis. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:9499-9520. [PMID: 37751585 PMCID: PMC10564417 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An imbalance between osteogenesis and adipogenesis in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) can cause osteoporosis. Macrophage-derived exosomes (MD-Exos) and microRNAs (miRNAs) enriched in exosomes participate in the differentiation of BMMSCs. METHODS Bioinformatics methods were used to analyze differentially expressed miRNAs. We cocultured M2 macrophages and BMMSCs to examine the biological function of exosomal microRNA-486-5p (miR-486-5p) on BMMSCs differentiation. Gain-of-function experiments related to osteogenesis were designed to investigate the effects of exosomes carrying miR-486-5p on an ovariectomized (OVX) mice model and the direct impact of miR-486-5p on BMMSCs. A dual luciferase experiment was performed to demonstrate the target gene of miR-486-5p. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis identified high expression of miRNA-486 in M2 macrophage-derived exosomes (M2D-Exos). The in vitro results demonstrated that M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-486-5p enhanced osteogenic capacity but inhibited the adipogenesis of BMMSCs. The direct effect of miR-486-5p on BMMSCs showed the same effects. Animal experiments revealed that exosomal miR-486-5p rescued bone loss of OVX mice. SMAD2 was characterized as a target gene of miR-486-5p. Pathway analysis showed that M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-486-5p stimulated osteogenic differentiation via the TGF-β/SMAD2 signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, M2 macrophage-derived exosomal miR-486-5p influences the differentiation potential of BMMSCs through the miR-486-5p/SMAD2/TGF-β signalling pathway and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jincheng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
- The First Clinical College of Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhenqian Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
- The First Clinical College of Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yunhao You
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
- The First Clinical College of Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
- The First Clinical College of Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Dehui Hou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
- The First Clinical College of Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
- The First Clinical College of Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yunzhen Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Guangjun Jiao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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10
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Liu R, Wu S, Liu W, Wang L, Dong M, Niu W. microRNAs delivered by small extracellular vesicles in MSCs as an emerging tool for bone regeneration. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1249860. [PMID: 37720323 PMCID: PMC10501734 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1249860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone regeneration is a dynamic process that involves angiogenesis and the balance of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis. In bone tissue engineering, the transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is a promising approach to restore bone homeostasis. MSCs, particularly their small extracellular vesicles (sEVs), exert therapeutic effects due to their paracrine capability. Increasing evidence indicates that microRNAs (miRNAs) delivered by sEVs from MSCs (MSCs-sEVs) can alter gene expression in recipient cells and enhance bone regeneration. As an ideal delivery vehicle of miRNAs, MSCs-sEVs combine the high bioavailability and stability of sEVs with osteogenic ability of miRNAs, which can effectively overcome the challenge of low delivery efficiency in miRNA therapy. In this review, we focus on the recent advancements in the use of miRNAs delivered by MSCs-sEVs for bone regeneration and disorders. Additionally, we summarize the changes in miRNA expression in osteogenic-related MSCs-sEVs under different microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ming Dong
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Weidong Niu
- School of Stomatology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
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11
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An F, Wang X, Wang C, Liu Y, Sun B, Zhang J, Gao P, Yan C. Research progress on the role of lncRNA-miRNA networks in regulating adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in osteoporosis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1210627. [PMID: 37645421 PMCID: PMC10461560 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1210627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is characterized by a decrease in osteoblasts and an increase in adipocytes in the bone marrow compartment, alongside abnormal bone/fat differentiation, which ultimately results in imbalanced bone homeostasis. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into osteoblasts and adipocytes to maintain bone homeostasis. Several studies have shown that lncRNAs are competitive endogenous RNAs that form a lncRNA-miRNA network by targeting miRNA for the regulation of bone/fat differentiation in BMSCs; this mechanism is closely related to the corresponding treatment of OP and is important in the development of novel OP-targeted therapies. However, by reviewing the current literature, it became clear that there are limited summaries discussing the effects of the lncRNA-miRNA network on osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation in BMSCs. Therefore, this article provides a review of the current literature to explore the impact of the lncRNA-miRNA network on the osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs, with the aim of providing a new theoretical basis for the treatment of OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyu An
- Teaching Experiment Training Center, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaxia Wang
- School of Tradional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chunmei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bai Sun
- School of Tradional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Peng Gao
- School of Basic Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chunlu Yan
- School of Tradional Chinese and Western Medicine, Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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12
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Man K, Eisenstein NM, Hoey DA, Cox SC. Bioengineering extracellular vesicles: smart nanomaterials for bone regeneration. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:137. [PMID: 37106449 PMCID: PMC10134574 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-01895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as key regulators of bone development, homeostasis and repair. EV-based therapies have the potential to circumnavigate key issues hindering the translation of cell-based therapies including functional tissue engraftment, uncontrolled differentiation and immunogenicity issues. Due to EVs' innate biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and high physiochemical stability, these naturally-derived nanoparticles have garnered growing interest as potential acellular nanoscale therapeutics for a variety of diseases. Our increasing knowledge of the roles these cell-derived nanoparticles play, has made them an exciting focus in the development of novel pro-regenerative therapies for bone repair. Although these nano-sized vesicles have shown promise, their clinical translation is hindered due to several challenges in the EV supply chain, ultimately impacting therapeutic efficacy and yield. From the biochemical and biophysical stimulation of parental cells to the transition to scalable manufacture or maximising vesicles therapeutic response in vivo, a multitude of techniques have been employed to improve the clinical efficacy of EVs. This review explores state of the art bioengineering strategies to promote the therapeutic utility of vesicles beyond their native capacity, thus maximising the clinical potential of these pro-regenerative nanoscale therapeutics for bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Man
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Neil M Eisenstein
- Research and Clinical Innovation, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, ICT Centre, Vincent Drive, Birmingham, B15 2SQ, UK
- Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Birmingham, Heritage Building, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK
| | - David A Hoey
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, D02 R590, Ireland
- Dept. of Mechanical, Manufacturing, and Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College, Dublin 2, D02 DK07, Dublin, Ireland
- Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research Centre, Trinity College Dublin & RCSI, Dublin 2, D02 VN51, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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13
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Man K, Brunet MY, Lees R, Peacock B, Cox SC. Epigenetic Reprogramming via Synergistic Hypomethylation and Hypoxia Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles for Bone Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087564. [PMID: 37108726 PMCID: PMC10142722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are a promising cell population for regenerative medicine applications, where paracrine signalling through the extracellular vesicles (EVs) regulates bone tissue homeostasis and development. MSCs are known to reside in low oxygen tension, which promotes osteogenic differentiation via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α activation. Epigenetic reprogramming has emerged as a promising bioengineering strategy to enhance MSC differentiation. Particularly, the process of hypomethylation may enhance osteogenesis through gene activation. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of inducing hypomethylation and hypoxia on improving the therapeutic efficacy of EVs derived from human bone marrow MSCs (hBMSCs). The effects of the hypoxia mimetic agent deferoxamine (DFO) and the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5-azacytidine (AZT) on hBMSC viability was assessed by quantifying the DNA content. The epigenetic functionality was evaluated by assessing histone acetylation and histone methylation. hBMSC mineralisation was determined by quantifying alkaline phosphate activity, collagen production and calcium deposition. EVs were procured from AZT, DFO or AZT/DFO-treated hBMSCs over a two-week period, with EV size and concentration defined using transmission electron microscopy, nanoflow cytometry and dynamic light scattering. The effects of AZT-EVs, DFO-EVs or AZT/DFO-EVs on the epigenetic functionality and mineralisation of hBMSCs were evaluated. Moreover, the effects of hBMSC-EVs on human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) angiogenesis was assessed by quantifying pro-angiogenic cytokine release. DFO and AZT caused a time-dose dependent reduction in hBMSC viability. Pre-treatment with AZT, DFO or AZT/DFO augmented the epigenetic functionality of the MSCs through increases in histone acetylation and hypomethylation. AZT, DFO and AZT/DFO pre-treatment significantly enhanced extracellular matrix collagen production and mineralisation in hBMSCs. EVs derived from AZT/DFO-preconditioned hBMSCs (AZT/DFO-EVs) enhanced the hBMSC proliferation, histone acetylation and hypomethylation when compared to EVs derived from AZT-treated, DFO-treated and untreated hBMSCs. Importantly, AZT/DFO-EVs significantly increased osteogenic differentiation and mineralisation of a secondary hBMSC population. Furthermore, AZT/DFO-EVs enhanced the pro-angiogenic cytokine release of HUVECs. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the considerable utility of synergistically inducing hypomethylation and hypoxia to improve the therapeutic efficacy of the MSC-EVs as a cell-free approach for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny Man
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Mathieu Y Brunet
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | | | | | - Sophie C Cox
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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14
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Gerami MH, Khorram R, Rasoolzadegan S, Mardpour S, Nakhaei P, Hashemi S, Al-Naqeeb BZT, Aminian A, Samimi S. Emerging role of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and MSCs-derived exosomes in bone- and joint-associated musculoskeletal disorders: a new frontier. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:86. [PMID: 36803566 PMCID: PMC9939872 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are membranous vesicles with a 30 to 150 nm diameter secreted by mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) and other cells, such as immune cells and cancer cells. Exosomes convey proteins, bioactive lipids, and genetic components to recipient cells, such as microRNAs (miRNAs). Consequently, they have been implicated in regulating intercellular communication mediators under physiological and pathological circumstances. Exosomes therapy as a cell-free approach bypasses many concerns regarding the therapeutic application of stem/stromal cells, including undesirable proliferation, heterogeneity, and immunogenic effects. Indeed, exosomes have become a promising strategy to treat human diseases, particularly bone- and joint-associated musculoskeletal disorders, because of their characteristics, such as potentiated stability in circulation, biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and toxicity. In this light, a diversity of studies have indicated that inhibiting inflammation, inducing angiogenesis, provoking osteoblast and chondrocyte proliferation and migration, and negative regulation of matrix-degrading enzymes result in bone and cartilage recovery upon administration of MSCs-derived exosomes. Notwithstanding, insufficient quantity of isolated exosomes, lack of reliable potency test, and exosomes heterogeneity hurdle their application in clinics. Herein, we will deliver an outline respecting the advantages of MSCs-derived exosomes-based therapy in common bone- and joint-associated musculoskeletal disorders. Moreover, we will have a glimpse the underlying mechanism behind the MSCs-elicited therapeutic merits in these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Hadi Gerami
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Roya Khorram
- grid.412571.40000 0000 8819 4698Bone and Joint Diseases Research Center, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soheil Rasoolzadegan
- grid.411600.2Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Mardpour
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Department of Radiology, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooria Nakhaei
- grid.411705.60000 0001 0166 0922Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Vali-Asr Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soheyla Hashemi
- grid.411036.10000 0001 1498 685XObstetrician, Gynaecology & Infertility Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Amir Aminian
- Bone and Joint Reconstruction Research Center, Shafa Orthopedic Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sahar Samimi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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15
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Breulmann FL, Hatt LP, Schmitz B, Wehrle E, Richards RG, Della Bella E, Stoddart MJ. Prognostic and therapeutic potential of microRNAs for fracture healing processes and non-union fractures: A systematic review. Clin Transl Med 2023; 13:e1161. [PMID: 36629031 PMCID: PMC9832434 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Approximately 10% of all bone fractures result in delayed fracture healing or non-union; thus, the identification of biomarkers and prognostic factors is of great clinical interest. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be involved in the regulation of the bone healing process and may serve as functional markers for fracture healing. AIMS AND METHODS This systematic review aimed to identify common miRNAs involved in fracture healing or non-union fractures using a qualitative approach. A systematic literature search was performed with the keywords 'miRNA and fracture healing' and 'miRNA and non-union fracture'. Any original article investigating miRNAs in fracture healing or non-union fractures was screened. Eventually, 82 studies were included in the qualitative analysis for 'miRNA and fracture healing', while 19 were selected for the 'miRNA and fracture non-union' category. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Out of 151 miRNAs, miR-21, miR-140 and miR-214 were the most investigated miRNAs in fracture healing in general. miR-31-5p, miR-221 and miR-451-5p were identified to be regulated specifically in non-union fractures. Large heterogeneity was detected between studies investigating the role of miRNAs in fracture healing or non-union in terms of patient population, sample types and models used. Nonetheless, our approach identified some miRNAs with the potential to serve as biomarkers for non-union fractures, including miR-31-5p, miR-221 and miR-451-5p. We provide a discussion of involved pathways and suggest on alignment of future research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Lioba Breulmann
- AO Research Institute DavosDavos PlatzSwitzerland
- Department of Orthopedic Sports MedicineKlinikum Rechts der IsarTechnical University of MunichMunichGermany
| | - Luan Phelipe Hatt
- AO Research Institute DavosDavos PlatzSwitzerland
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Boris Schmitz
- Department of Rehabilitation SciencesFaculty of HealthUniversity of Witten/HerdeckeWittenGermany
- DRV Clinic KönigsfeldCenter for Medical RehabilitationEnnepetalGermany
| | - Esther Wehrle
- AO Research Institute DavosDavos PlatzSwitzerland
- Institute for BiomechanicsETH ZürichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Robert Geoff Richards
- AO Research Institute DavosDavos PlatzSwitzerland
- Faculty of MedicineMedical Center‐Albert‐Ludwigs‐University of FreiburgAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
| | | | - Martin James Stoddart
- AO Research Institute DavosDavos PlatzSwitzerland
- Faculty of MedicineMedical Center‐Albert‐Ludwigs‐University of FreiburgAlbert‐Ludwigs‐University of FreiburgFreiburgGermany
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16
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Kong H, Liu P, Li H, Zeng X, Xu P, Yao X, Liu S, Cheng CK, Xu J. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles: The Novel Therapeutic Option for Regenerative Dentistry. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2023; 19:46-58. [PMID: 35132538 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10342-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Dental mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by unlimited self-renewal ability and high multidirectional differentiation potential. Since dental MSCs can be easily isolated and exhibit a high capability to differentiate into odontogenic cells, they are considered as attractive therapeutic agents in regenerative dentistry. Recently, MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) have attracted widespread attention as carriers for cell-free therapy due to their potential functions. Many studies have shown that MSC-EVs can mediate microenvironment at tissue damage site, and coordinate the regeneration process. Additionally, MSC-EVs can mediate intercellular communication, thus affecting the phenotypes and functions of recipient cells. In this review, we mainly summarized the types of MSCs that could be potentially applied in regenerative dentistry, the possible molecular cargos of MSC-EVs, and the major effects of MSC-EVs on the therapeutic induction of osteogenic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Kong
- Department of Dentistry, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiqi Liu
- Department of Dentistry, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Second School of Clinical Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongwen Li
- Department of Dentistry, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Shenzhen Longgang Institute of Stomatology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiantao Zeng
- Department of Dentistry, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiwu Xu
- Department of Dentistry, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinhui Yao
- Department of Dentistry, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Senqing Liu
- Department of Dentistry, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chak Kwong Cheng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Dentistry, Longgang E.N.T. Hospital & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China. .,Shenzhen Longgang Institute of Stomatology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.
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17
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Xu L, Li G, Wang K, Xue T, Sun Q, Tang H, Cao X, Hu Z, Zhang S, Shi F. Exosomes from Microvascular Endothelial Cells under Mechanical Unloading Inhibit Osteogenic Differentiation via miR-92b-3p/ELK4 Axis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12122030. [PMID: 36556251 PMCID: PMC9785449 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12122030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical unloading-related bone loss adversely harms astronauts' health. Nevertheless, the specific molecular basis underlying the phenomenon has not been completely elucidated. Although the bone microvasculature contributes significantly to bone homeostasis, the pathophysiological role of microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs) in bone loss induced by mechanical unloading is not apparent. Here, we discovered that MC3T3-E1 cells could take up exosomes produced by MVECs under clinorotation-unloading conditions (Clino Exos), which then prevented MC3T3-E1 cells from differentiating into mature osteoblasts. Moreover, miR-92b-3p was found to be highly expressed in both unloaded MVECs and derived exosomes. Further experiments demonstrated that miR-92b-3p was transferred into MC3T3-E1 cells by exosomes, resulting in the suppression of osteogenic differentiation, and that encapsulating miR-92b-3p inhibitor into the Clino Exos blocked their inhibitory effects. Furthermore, miR-92b-3p targeted ELK4 and the expression of ELK4 was lessened when cocultured with Clino Exos. The inhibitor-92b-3p-promoted osteoblast differentiation was partially reduced by siRNA-ELK4. Exosomal miR-92b-3p secreted from MVECs under mechanical unloading has been shown for the first time to partially attenuate the function of osteoblasts through downregulation of ELK4, suggesting a potential strategy to protect against the mechanical unloading-induced bone loss and disuse osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shu Zhang
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (F.S.); Tel.: +86-29-8471-1231 (S.Z.)
| | - Fei Shi
- Correspondence: (S.Z.); (F.S.); Tel.: +86-29-8471-1231 (S.Z.)
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18
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E3 Ubiquitin Ligases: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Skeletal Pathology and Degeneration. Stem Cells Int 2022; 2022:6948367. [PMID: 36203882 PMCID: PMC9532118 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6948367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitination-proteasome system (UPS) is crucial in regulating a variety of cellular processes including proliferation, differentiation, and survival. Ubiquitin protein ligase E3 is the most critical molecule in the UPS system. Dysregulation of the UPS system is associated with many conditions. Over the past few decades, there have been an increasing number of studies focusing on the UPS system and how it affects bone metabolism. Multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases have been found to mediate osteogenesis or osteolysis through a variety of pathways. In this review, we describe the mechanisms of UPS, especially E3 ubiquitin ligases on bone metabolism. To date, many E3 ubiquitin ligases have been found to regulate osteogenesis or osteoclast differentiation. We review the classification of these E3 enzymes and the mechanisms that influence upstream and downstream molecules and transduction pathways. Finally, this paper reviews the discovery of the relevant UPS inhibitors, drug molecules, and noncoding RNAs so far and prospects the future research and treatment.
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19
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Xu K, Chu Y, Liu Q, Fan W, He H, Huang F. NEDD4 E3 Ligases: Functions and Mechanisms in Bone and Tooth. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179937. [PMID: 36077334 PMCID: PMC9455957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitination is a precisely controlled enzymatic cascade reaction belonging to the post-translational modification of proteins. In this process, E3 ligases catalyze the binding of ubiquitin (Ub) to protein substrates and define specificity. The neuronally expressed developmentally down-regulated 4 (NEDD4) subfamily, belonging to the homology to E6APC terminus (HECT) class of E3 ligases, has recently emerged as an essential determinant of multiple cellular processes in different tissues, including bone and tooth. Here, we place special emphasis on the regulatory role of the NEDD4 subfamily in the molecular and cell biology of osteogenesis. We elucidate in detail the specific roles, downstream substrates, and upstream regulatory mechanisms of the NEDD4 subfamily. Further, we provide an overview of the involvement of E3 ligases and deubiquitinases in the development, repair, and regeneration of another mineralized tissue—tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510008, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510008, China
| | - Yanhao Chu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510008, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510008, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510008, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510008, China
| | - Wenguo Fan
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510008, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510008, China
| | - Hongwen He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510008, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (F.H.)
| | - Fang Huang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510008, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou 510008, China
- Correspondence: (H.H.); (F.H.)
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20
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Educating EVs to Improve Bone Regeneration: Getting Closer to the Clinic. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031865. [PMID: 35163787 PMCID: PMC8836395 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of bone-related disorders is continuously growing as the aging of the population in developing countries continues to increase. Although therapeutic interventions for bone regeneration exist, their effectiveness is questioned, especially under certain circumstances, such as critical size defects. This gap of curative options has led to the search for new and more effective therapeutic approaches for bone regeneration; among them, the possibility of using extracellular vesicles (EVs) is gaining ground. EVs are secreted, biocompatible, nano-sized vesicles that play a pivotal role as messengers between donor and target cells, mediated by their specific cargo. Evidence shows that bone-relevant cells secrete osteoanabolic EVs, whose functionality can be further improved by several strategies. This, together with the low immunogenicity of EVs and their storage advantages, make them attractive candidates for clinical prospects in bone regeneration. However, before EVs reach clinical translation, a number of concerns should be addressed. Unraveling the EVs’ mode of action in bone regeneration is one of them; the molecular mediators driving their osteoanabolic effects in acceptor cells are now beginning to be uncovered. Increasing the functional and bone targeting abilities of EVs are also matters of intense research. Here, we summarize the cell sources offering osteoanabolic EVs, and the current knowledge about the molecular cargos that mediate bone regeneration. Moreover, we discuss strategies under development to improve the osteoanabolic and bone-targeting potential of EVs.
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21
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Qi Y, Tang Y, Yin L, Ding K, Zhao C, Yan W, Yao Y. miR-129-5p restores cardiac function in rats with chronic heart failure by targeting the E3 ubiquitin ligase Smurf1 and promoting PTEN expression. Bioengineered 2022; 13:2371-2386. [PMID: 35034538 PMCID: PMC8974089 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.2024335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic heart failure (CHF) is a prevalent health concern with complex pathogenesis. This current study set out to estimate the function of the miR-129-5p/Smurf1/PTEN axis on cardiac function injury in CHF. The model of CHF in rats was established. The cardiac function indexes, myocardial tissue damage, and oxidative stress-related factors in CHF rats were evaluated after the interference of Smurf1/miR-129-5p/PTEN. The targeting relationships between miR-129-5p and Smurf1 and between PTEN and Smurf1 were verified. It was found that that after modeling, cardiac functions were impaired, heart/left ventricular/lung weight and the myocardial structure was destroyed, and the degree of fibrosis of myocardial tissue was increased. After Smurf1 knockdown, the cardiac function, myocardial structure, and oxidative stress were improved, and the fibrosis in myocardial tissue was decreased. Smurf1 was a target of miR-129-5p. miR-129-5p could annul the protective effect of Smurf1 silencing on CHF rats. Smurf1 inhibited PTEN expression by promoting PTEN ubiquitination, while miR-129-5p enhanced PTEN expression by inhibiting Smurf1. Meanwhile, overexpression of PTEN annulled the cardiac dysfunction in CHF rats induced by Smurf1. In conclusion, miR-129-5p targeted Smurf1 and repressed the ubiquitination of PTEN, and promoted PTEN expression, thus improving the cardiac function of CHF rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Yin
- Department of Cardiology, Gongli Hospital of Shanghai Pudong New Area, Shanghai, China
| | - Keke Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cuimei Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenwen Yan
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi'an Yao
- Department of Cardiology, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University, Shanghai, China
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22
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Groven RVM, van Koll J, Poeze M, Blokhuis TJ, van Griensven M. miRNAs Related to Different Processes of Fracture Healing: An Integrative Overview. Front Surg 2021; 8:786564. [PMID: 34869574 PMCID: PMC8639603 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.786564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fracture healing is a complex, dynamic process that is directed by cellular communication and requires multiple cell types, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and immune cells. Physiological fracture healing can be divided into several phases that consist of different processes, such as angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone resorption/remodelling. This is needed to guarantee proper bone regeneration after fracture. Communication and molecular regulation between different cell types and within cells is therefore key in successfully orchestrating these processes to ensure adequate bone healing. Among others, microRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in cellular communication. microRNAs are small, non-coding RNA molecules of ~22 nucleotides long that can greatly influence gene expression by post-transcriptional regulation. Over the course of the past decade, more insights have been gained in the field of miRNAs and their role in cellular signalling in both inter- and intracellular pathways. The interplay between miRNAs and their mRNA targets, and the effect thereof on different processes and aspects within fracture healing, have shown to be interesting research topics with possible future diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Considering bone regeneration, research moreover focusses on specific microRNAs and their involvement in individual pathways. However, it is required to combine these data to gain more understanding on the effects of miRNAs in the dynamic process of fracture healing, and to enhance their translational application in research, as well as in the clinic. Therefore, this review aims to provide an integrative overview on miRNAs in fracture healing, related to several key aspects in the fracture healing cascade. A special focus will be put on hypoxia, angiogenesis, bone resorption, osteoclastogenesis, mineralization, osteogenesis, osteoblastogenesis, osteocytogenesis, and chondrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rald V M Groven
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands.,Division of Traumasurgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Johan van Koll
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn Poeze
- Division of Traumasurgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Taco J Blokhuis
- Division of Traumasurgery, Department of Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Griensven
- Department of Cell Biology-Inspired Tissue Engineering, MERLN Institute for Technology-Inspired Regenerative Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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23
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Zhou H, Zheng D, Wang H, Wu Y, Peng X, Li Q, Li T, Liu L. The protective effects of pericyte-derived microvesicles on vascular endothelial functions via CTGF delivery in sepsis. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:115. [PMID: 34784912 PMCID: PMC8594111 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-021-00795-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well known that sepsis is a prevalent severe disease caused by infection and the treatment strategies are limited. Recently pericyte-derived microvesicles (PMVs) were confirmed to be therapeutic in many diseases, whether PMVs can protect vascular endothelial cell (VEC) injury is unknown. METHODS Pericytes were extracted from the retina of newly weaned rats, and PMVs were collected after starvation and characterized by flow-cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. First, the effect of PMVs on pulmonary vascular function in septic rats was measured via intravenous administration with HE staining, immunofluorescence, and Elisa analysis. Then, PMVs were co-incubated with VECs in the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and observed the protective effect of PMVs on VECs. Next, the proteomic analysis and further Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis were performed to analyze the therapeutic mechanism of PMVs, and the angiogenesis-related protein CTGF was highly expressed in PMVs. Finally, by CTGF upregulation and downregulation in PMV, the role of PMV-carried CTGF was investigated. RESULTS PMVs restored the proliferation and angiogenesis ability of pulmonary VECs, and alleviated pulmonary vascular leakage in septic rats and LPS-stimulated VECs. Further study showed that PMVs delivered CTGF to VECs, and subsequently activated ERK1/2, and increased the phosphorylation of STAT3, thereby improving the function of VECs. The further study found CD44 mediated the absorption and internalization of PMVs to VECs, the anti-CD44 antibody inhibited the protective effect of PMVs. CONCLUSIONS PMVs may delivery CTGF to VECs, and promote the proliferation and angiogenesis ability by activating the CTGF-ERK1/2-STAT3 axis, thereby protecting pulmonary vascular function in sepsis. The therapeutic effect of PMVs was highly related to CD44-mediated absorption. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Danyang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, 430064 China
| | - Hongchen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Yue Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Xiaoyong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Qinghui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Tao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
| | - Liangming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Shock and Transfusion Department, Army Medical Center of PLA, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University, No.10th Daping Changjiang Road, Chongqing, 400038 China
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24
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Zhou XP, Li QW, Shu ZZ, Liu Y. TP53-mediated miR-2861 promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by targeting Smad7. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:283-293. [PMID: 34709507 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bone defect seriously affects the quality of life. Meanwhile, osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs could regulate the progression of bone defect. Transcription factors are known to regulate the osteogenic differentiation in BMSCs. The study aimed to investigate the detailed mechanism by which TP53 regulates the osteogenic differentiation. To study bone defect in vitro, BMSCs were isolated from spinal cord injury rats. CCK-8 assay was applied to test the cell viability. The mineralized nodules in BMSCs was tested by alizarin red staining. Meanwhile, TUNEL staining and flow cytometry were performed to test the cell apoptosis. mRNA expression was tested by qRT-PCR. Starbase and dual-luciferase reporter assay were used to predict the downstream mRNA of miR-2861. Moreover, western blot was applied to detect the protein expressions (TP53 and Smad7). BMSCs were successfully isolated from rats. The expressions of miR-2861 were significantly upregulated in osteogenic medium, compared with growth medium. MiR-2861 inhibitor significantly decreased the levels of OCN, ALP, BSP, and Runx2 in BMSCs. In addition, miR-2861 inhibitor notably inhibited the mineralized nodules, viability, and induced the apoptosis of BMSCs. Smad7 was identified to be the downstream target of miR-2861, and knockdown of Smad7 notably reversed miR-2861 inhibitor-induced inhibition of osteogenic differentiation and promotion of apoptosis in BMSCs. Moreover, miR-2861 was transcriptionally regulated by TP53 in BMSCs. TP53-meidiated miR-2861 promotes osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs by targeting Smad7. Thereby, our research might provide new methods for bone defect treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Pei Zhou
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, No. 427, Section 3 of Furong Middle Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Qi-Wei Li
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, No. 427, Section 3 of Furong Middle Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Zi-Zhen Shu
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, No. 427, Section 3 of Furong Middle Road, Changsha, 410007, Hunan Province, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Second Xiangaya Hospital, Central South University, No. 139 Renmin Road, Furong District, Changsha, 410011, Hunan Province, China.
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25
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Role of Exosomal MicroRNAs and Their Crosstalk with Oxidative Stress in the Pathogenesis of Osteoporosis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6301433. [PMID: 34336108 PMCID: PMC8315851 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6301433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis (OP) is an aging-related disease involving permanent bone tissue atrophy. Most patients with OP show high levels of oxidative stress (OS), which destroys the microstructure of bone tissue and promotes disease progression. Exosomes (exos) help in the delivery of microRNAs (miRNAs) and allow intercellular communication. In OP, exosomal miRNAs modulate several physiological processes, including the OS response. In the present review, we aim to describe how exosomal miRNAs and OS contribute to OP. We first summarize the relationship of OS with OP and then detail the features of exos along with the functions of exo-related miRNAs. Further, we explore the interplay between exosomal miRNAs and OS in OP and summarize the functional role of exos in OP. Finally, we identify the advantages of exo-based miRNA delivery in treatment strategies for OP. Our review seeks to improve the current understanding of the mechanism underlying OP pathogenesis and lay the foundation for the development of novel theranostic approaches for OP.
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26
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Liu Y, Bao S, Guo W, Liu W. Bone mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes alleviate high phosphorus-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells through the NONHSAT 084969.2/NF-κB axis. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:16749-16762. [PMID: 34170851 PMCID: PMC8266359 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell derived exosomes (BMSC-Exos) suppress high phosphorus (Pi)-induced calcification of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). However, the mechanism had remained unclear. This study aimed to investigate the mechanism by which BMSC-Exos inhibit vascular calcification (VC). We found that BMSC-Exos reduced high Pi-induced Runx2, osteocalcin and BMP2 expression and inhibited the calcium deposition. Gene expression of human VSMCs stimulated by Pi or Pi plus BMSC-Exos (Pi + Exo) was systematically examined by microarray technology. NONHSAT 084969.2 and transcription factor p65 expression was significantly lower in the Pi + Exo group compared with the Pi group. This finding indicated that NONHSAT 084969.2 and the nuclear factor-κB pathway might play an important role in VC inhibition by BMSC-Exos. By silencing NONHSAT 084969.2 with small interfering RNA, Runx2, BMP2, and osteocalcin expression was decreased significantly. The calcified nodule content and alkaline phosphatase activity were reduced after NONHSAT 084969.2 inhibition and p65, p50, and IκB kinase-α expression was decreased significantly. These results indicated that BMSC-Exos inhibited Pi-induced transdifferentiation and calcification of VSMCs by regulating the NONHSAT 084969.2/nuclear factor-κB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Shumin Bao
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weikang Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenhu Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Kidney Diseases, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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27
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Yang Z, Zhang W, Ren X, Tu C, Li Z. Exosomes: A Friend or Foe for Osteoporotic Fracture? Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:679914. [PMID: 34234743 PMCID: PMC8256167 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.679914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The clinical need for effective osteoporotic fracture therapy and prevention remains urgent. The occurrence and healing of osteoporotic fracture are closely associated with the continuous processes of bone modeling, remodeling, and regeneration. Accumulating evidence has indicated a prominent role of exosomes in mediating multiple pathophysiological processes, which are essential for information and materials exchange and exerting pleiotropic effects on neighboring or distant bone-related cells. Therefore, the exosomes are considered as important candidates both in the occurrence and healing of osteoporotic fracture by accelerating or suppressing related processes. In this review, we collectively focused on recent findings on the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of exosomes in osteoporotic fracture by regulating osteoblastogenesis, osteoclastogenesis, and angiogenesis, providing us with novel therapeutic strategies for osteoporotic fracture in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaolei Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Tu, ; Zhihong Li,
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Tumor Models and Individualized Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Chao Tu, ; Zhihong Li,
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