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Stewart CF, McGoldrick P, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Atreya CD, Maclean M. Microbial reduction of prebagged human plasma using 405 nm light and its effects on coagulation factors. AMB Express 2024; 14:66. [PMID: 38842656 PMCID: PMC11156813 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-024-01725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial contamination is the most prevalent infectious complication of blood transfusion in the developed world. To mitigate this, several ultraviolet light-based pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs), some of which require photo-chemicals, have been developed to minimize infection transmission. Relative to UV light, visible 405-nm light is safer and has shown potential to be developed as a PRT for the in situ treatment of ex vivo human plasma and platelet concentrates, without the need for photo-chemicals. This study investigates the effect of 405-nm light on human plasma, with focus on the compatibility of antimicrobial light doses with essential plasma clotting factors. To determine an effective antimicrobial dose that is compatible with plasma, prebagged human plasma (up to 300 mL) was seeded with common microbial contaminants and treated with increasing doses of 405-nm light (16 mW cm-2; ≤ 403 J cm-2). Post-exposure plasma protein integrity was investigated using an AOPP assay, in vitro coagulation tests, and ELISA-based measurement of fibrinogen and Protein S. Microbial contamination in 300 mL prebagged human plasma was significantly reduced (P ≤ 0.05) after exposure to ≤ 288 J cm-2, with microbial loads reduced by > 96.2%. This dose did not significantly affect the plasma protein quality parameters tested (P > 0.05). Increased doses (≥ 345 J cm-2) resulted in a 4.3% increase in clot times with no statistically significant change in protein activity or levels. Overall, this study has demonstrated that the effective microbicidal 405 light dose shows little to no negative effect on plasma quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin F Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Preston McGoldrick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Royal College Building, 204 George Street, Glasgow, UK.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.
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Robertson LJ, Havelaar AH, Keddy KH, Devleesschauwer B, Sripa B, Torgerson PR. The importance of estimating the burden of disease from foodborne transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011898. [PMID: 38329945 PMCID: PMC10852316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (ChD), caused by infection with the flagellated protozoan, Trypanosoma cruzi, has a complicated transmission cycle with many infection routes. These include vector-borne (via the triatomine (reduviid bug) vector defecating into a skin abrasion, usually following a blood meal), transplacental transmission, blood transfusion, organ transplant, laboratory accident, and foodborne transmission. Foodborne transmission may occur due to ingestion of meat or blood from infected animals or from ingestion of other foods (often fruit juice) contaminated by infected vectors or secretions from reservoir hosts. Despite the high disease burden associated with ChD, it was omitted from the original World Health Organization estimates of foodborne disease burden that were published in 2015. As these estimates are currently being updated, this review presents arguments for including ChD in new estimates of the global burden of foodborne disease. Preliminary calculations suggest a burden of at least 137,000 Disability Adjusted Life Years, but this does not take into account the greater symptom severity associated with foodborne transmission. Thus, we also provide information regarding the greater health burden in endemic areas associated with foodborne infection compared with vector-borne infection, with higher mortality and more severe symptoms. We therefore suggest that it is insufficient to use source attribution alone to determine the foodborne proportion of current burden estimates, as this may underestimate the higher disability and mortality associated with the foodborne infection route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J. Robertson
- Parasitology, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Arie H. Havelaar
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, Global Food Systems Institute, Animal Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | | - Brecht Devleesschauwer
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium; Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Banchob Sripa
- Tropical Disease Research Center, Department of Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Paul R. Torgerson
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Kaldhone PR, Azodi N, Markle HL, Dahiya N, Stewart C, Anderson J, MacGregor S, Maclean M, Nakhasi HL, Gannavaram S, Atreya C. The Preclinical Validation of 405 nm Light Parasiticidal Efficacy on Leishmania donovani in Ex Vivo Platelets in a Rag2 -/- Mouse Model. Microorganisms 2024; 12:280. [PMID: 38399684 PMCID: PMC10893240 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Violet-blue light of 405 nm in the visible spectrum at a dose of 270 J/cm2 alone has been shown to be an effective microbicidal tool for inactivating several bacteria, HIV-1, and Trypanosoma cruzi in ex vivo plasma and platelets. Unlike chemical- and ultraviolet (UV)-based pathogen inactivation methods for plasma and platelet safety, 405 nm light is shown to be less toxic to host cells at light doses that are microbicidal. In this report, we evaluated the parasiticidal activity of a 405 nm light treatment on platelets spiked with the Leishmania donovani parasite. Following the light treatment, parasite viability was observed to be near zero in both low- and high-titer-spiked platelets relative to controls. Furthermore, to test the residual infectivity after inactivation in vivo, the light-treated low-titer L. donovani-spiked platelets were evaluated in an immunodeficient Rag2-/- mouse model and monitored for 9 weeks. The parasiticidal efficacy of 405 nm light was evident from the lack of a presence of parasites in the mice spleens. Parasiticidal activity was confirmed to be mediated through 405 nm light-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS), as quantitatively measured by a 2',7'-Dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA)-based assay. Overall, these results confirm the complete inactivation of L. donovani spiked in ex vivo platelets by 405 nm light treatment and exemplify the utility of the Rag2-/- mouse infection model for the preclinical validation of the parasiticidal efficacy of 405 nm light and this light-based technology as a potential PRT for ex vivo platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin R. Kaldhone
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.R.K.); (N.D.)
| | - Nazli Azodi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (N.A.); (H.L.M.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Hannah L. Markle
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (N.A.); (H.L.M.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Neetu Dahiya
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.R.K.); (N.D.)
| | - Caitlin Stewart
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (C.S.); (J.A.); (S.M.); (M.M.)
| | - John Anderson
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (C.S.); (J.A.); (S.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Scott MacGregor
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (C.S.); (J.A.); (S.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Michelle Maclean
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK; (C.S.); (J.A.); (S.M.); (M.M.)
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, UK
| | - Hira L. Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (N.A.); (H.L.M.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (N.A.); (H.L.M.); (H.L.N.)
| | - Chintamani Atreya
- Division of Blood Components and Devices, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA; (P.R.K.); (N.D.)
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4
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Sun J, Dahiya N, Schmitt T, Stewart C, Anderson J, MacGregor S, Maclean M, Beger RD, Atreya CD. Metabolomics evaluation of the photochemical impact of violet-blue light (405 nm) on ex vivo platelet concentrates. Metabolomics 2023; 19:88. [PMID: 37855954 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02050-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microbicidal violet-blue light in the visible spectrum (405 nm) has been under evaluation for pathogen inactivation in ex vivo human plasma and platelets (PLTs) stored in plasma. Results to date have demonstrated that several blood-borne infectious disease-causing pathogens can be successfully reduced to significantly low levels in the light-treated plasma and PLTs. METHOD In order to evaluate whether the microbicidal 405 nm light is safe for the treatment of PLT concentrates for pathogen inactivation, LC/MS-based metabolomics analyses were performed to evaluate the overall impact of 405 nm violet-blue light treatment on ex vivo PLT concentrates suspended in plasma and on plasma itself, and to identify metabolome changes in intra-platelet and extra-cellular medium (i.e., plasma). RESULTS The metabolomics data identified that platelet activating factors (PAFs), agonists and prostaglandins, which can influence PLT basic functions such as integrity, activation, and aggregation potential were unaltered, suggesting that 405 nm light illumination is safe regarding PLT basic functions. Distinct increases in hydroxyl fatty acids and aldehydes, as well as decreases in antioxidant metabolites indicated that reactive oxygen species (ROS) were generated at high levels after only one hour of exposure to 405 nm light. Distinctly changed endogenous photosensitizer metabolites after 1 h of light exposure provided good evidence that 405 nm light was an effective microbicide acting through ROS mechanism and no external additive photosensitizers were required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchun Sun
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| | - Neetu Dahiya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Schmitt
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Caitlin Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilization Technologies, Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Richard D Beger
- Division of Systems Biology, National Center for Toxicological Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Huang S, Lin S, Qin H, Jiang H, Liu M. The Parameters Affecting Antimicrobial Efficiency of Antimicrobial Blue Light Therapy: A Review and Prospect. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041197. [PMID: 37189815 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial blue light (aBL) therapy is a novel non-antibiotic antimicrobial approach which works by generating reactive oxygen species. It has shown excellent antimicrobial ability to various microbial pathogens in many studies. However, due to the variability of aBL parameters (e.g., wavelength, dose), there are differences in the antimicrobial effect across different studies, which makes it difficult to form treatment plans for clinical and industrial application. In this review, we summarize research on aBL from the last six years to provide suggestions for clinical and industrial settings. Furthermore, we discuss the damage mechanism and protection mechanism of aBL therapy, and provide a prospect about valuable research fields related to aBL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Huang
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 2005th Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shangfei Lin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220th Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, 6th Xiangxing Road, Zhongshan 528403, China
| | - Haokuan Qin
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220th Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Jiang
- Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, 220th Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Muqing Liu
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, 2005th Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
- Zhongshan Fudan Joint Innovation Center, 6th Xiangxing Road, Zhongshan 528403, China
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6
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Zhang W, Su P, Ma J, Gong M, Ma L, Wang J. A singlet state oxygen generation model based on the Monte Carlo method of visible antibacterial blue light inactivation. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 239:112628. [PMID: 36610348 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2022.112628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Visible antibacterial blue light (VABL) has received much attention recently as a nondestructive inactivation approach. However, due to the sparse distribution of bacteria, the light energy evaluation method used in existing studies is inaccurate. Thus, the sensitivity of microorganisms to VABL in different experiments cannot be compared. In this paper, a Monte Carlo-based photon transport model with the optimized scattering phase function was constructed. The model calculated the spatial light energy distribution and the temporal distribution of cumulative singlet state oxygen (CSO) under various cell and medium parameters. The simulation results show that when the cells are sparsely distributed, <30% of light energy from the light source is absorbed by microbes and participates in photochemical reactions. The CSO produced increases with cell density and cell size. Little light energy is available, and thus, the concentration of CSO produced is insufficient to inactivate microbes at deeper depths. As the light intensity and inactivation time increased, the production of singlet state oxygen tended to level off. The model proposed here can quantify the generation of singlet state oxygen and provide a more accurate light energy guide for the VABL inactivation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Zhang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ping Su
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jianshe Ma
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Mali Gong
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China; Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liya Ma
- Shenzhen Baoan Women and Children's Hospital, Jinan University, Shenzhen 518100, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Water Conservancy, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650000, China
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7
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Messina G, Bosco R, Amodeo D, Nante N, De Palma I, Petri C, Cevenini G. Safer school with near-UV technology: novel applications for environmental hygiene. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2023; 21:157-165. [PMID: 36718267 PMCID: PMC9877489 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-023-00850-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Systems capable of disinfecting air and surfaces could reduce the risk of infectious diseases transmission. Aim: to evaluate the effectiveness of near-UV LED ceiling lamps, with a wavelength of 405 nm, in improving environmental hygiene. Between November and December 2020, we conducted an experimental study having a pre-post design in a kindergarten room in Siena where 4 ceiling lamps with 405 nm LED technology were installed. Twice per day, sampling was performed before (T0) and after treatment with near-UV (T1). We used between 8 and 12 pairs of contact plates to sample at various random spots each day. Air samplings were also performed. The plates were incubated at 22 and 36 °C. Significance was set at 95% (p < 0.05). The mean level of Colony Forming Unit (CFU) at T(0) was 249 (95% CI 193.1 - 305.0) at 36 °C and 535.2 (374.3 - 696.1) at 22 °C. The reduction was significant at T(1): by 65% at 36 °C and, 72% at 22 °C. Also, for air contamination: 95.3% (98.4-92.3). A dose threshold of about 5 J/cm2 was identified to have an 80% CFU abatement and remains nearly constant. The advantage of being able to use this technology in the presence of people is very important in the context of controlling environmental contamination. Graphical abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- G. Messina
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - R. Bosco
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - D. Amodeo
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - N. Nante
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Post Graduate School of Public Health, Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - I. De Palma
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - C. Petri
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - G. Cevenini
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Garvey M, Meade E, Rowan NJ. Effectiveness of front line and emerging fungal disease prevention and control interventions and opportunities to address appropriate eco-sustainable solutions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158284. [PMID: 36029815 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungal pathogens contribute to significant disease burden globally; however, the fact that fungi are eukaryotes has greatly complicated their role in fungal-mediated infections and alleviation. Antifungal drugs are often toxic to host cells and there is increasing evidence of adaptive resistance in animals and humans. Existing fungal diagnostic and treatment regimens have limitations that has contributed to the alarming high mortality rates and prolonged morbidity seen in immunocompromised cohorts caused by opportunistic invasive infections as evidenced during HIV and COVID-19 pandemics. There is a need to develop real-time monitoring and diagnostic methods for fungal pathogens and to create a greater awareness as to the contribution of fungal pathogens in disease causation. Greater information is required on the appropriate selection and dose of antifungal drugs including factors governing resistance where there is commensurate need to discover more appropriate and effective solutions. Popular azole fungal drugs are widely detected in surface water and sediment due to incomplete removal in wastewater treatment plants where they are resistant to microbial degradation and may cause toxic effects on aquatic organisms such as algae and fish. UV has limited effectiveness in destruction of anti-fungal drugs where there is increased interest in the combination approaches such as novel use of pulsed-plasma gas-discharge technologies for environmental waste management. There is growing interest in developing alternative and complementary green eco-biocides and disinfection innovation. Fungi present challenges for cleaning, disinfection and sterilization of reusable medical devices such as endoscopes where they (example, Aspergillus and Candida species) can be protected when harboured in build-up biofilm from lethal processing. Information on the efficacy of established disinfection and sterilization technologies to address fungal pathogens including bottleneck areas that present high risk to patients is lacking. There is a need to address risk mitigation and modelling to inform efficacy of appropriate intervention technologies that must consider all contributing factors where there is potential to adopt digital technologies to enable real-time analysis of big data, such as use of artificial intelligence and machine learning. International consensus on standardised protocols for developing and reporting on appropriate alternative eco-solutions must be reached, particularly in order to address fungi with increasing drug resistance where research and innovation can be enabled using a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Garvey
- Department of Life Science, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland; Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Elaine Meade
- Department of Life Science, Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland; Centre for Precision Engineering, Materials and Manufacturing Research (PEM), Atlantic Technological University, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Neil J Rowan
- Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland; Centre for Decontamination, Sterilization and Biosecurity, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland; Empower Eco Sustainability Hub, Technological University of the Shannon Midlands Midwest, Athlone, Ireland.
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9
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Visible 405 nm Violet-Blue Light Successfully Inactivates HIV-1 in Human Plasma. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070778. [PMID: 35890023 PMCID: PMC9320750 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advances in ensuring the safety of the blood supply, there is continued risk of transfusion transmitted infections (TTIs) from newly emerging or re-emerging infections. Globally, several pathogen reduction technologies (PRTs) for blood safety have been in development as an alternative to traditional treatment methods. Despite broad spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, some of the approved ultraviolet (UV) light-based PRTs, understandably due to UV light-associated toxicities, fall short in preserving the full functional spectrum of the treated blood components. As a safer alternative to the UV-based microbicidal technologies, investigations into the use of violet-blue light in the region of 405 nm have been on the rise as these wavelengths do not impair the treated product at doses that demonstrate microbicidal activity. Recently, we have demonstrated that a 405 nm violet-blue light dose of 270 J/cm2 was sufficient for reducing bacteria and the parasite in plasma and platelets suspended in plasma while preserving the quality of the treated blood product stored for transfusion. Drawn from the previous experience, here we evaluated the virucidal potential of 405 nm violet-blue light dose of 270 J/cm2 on an important blood-borne enveloped virus, the human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1), in human plasma. Both test plasma (HIV-1 spiked and treated with various doses of 405 nm light) and control plasma (HIV-1 spiked, but not treated with the light) samples were cultured with HIV-1 permissive H9 cell line for up to 21 days to estimate the viral titers. Quantitative HIV-1 p24 antigen (HIV-1 p24) levels reflective of HIV-1 titers were measured for each light dose to assess virus infectivity. Our results demonstrate that a 405 nm light dose of 270 J/cm2 is also capable of 4–5 log HIV-1 reduction in plasma under the conditions tested. Overall, this study provides the first proof-of-concept that 405 nm violet-blue light successfully inactivates HIV-1 present in human plasma, thereby demonstrating its potential towards being an effective PRT for this blood component safety.
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10
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Greer A. Violet-blue Light Induces "Natural" Photodynamic Plasma Disinfection with Endogenous Sensitizers. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:513-515. [PMID: 35020199 DOI: 10.1111/php.13591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Naturally, endogenous porphyrins can provide sensitized disinfection power, and to photobiologists' delight, violet-blue light has potential virtues. But progress is needed before violet-blue light treatment can used for microbe treatment of blood samples, and yet safeguard against plasma protein photooxidation. A report by Maclean et al. in this issue of Photochemistry & Photobiology on microbe reduction of blood samples showing negligible competing protein photooxidation may bring that goal a step closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Greer
- Department of Chemistry, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, New York, 11210, United States.,Program in Chemistry, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York, 10016, United States
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11
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Leanse LG, Dos Anjos C, Mushtaq S, Dai T. Antimicrobial blue light: A 'Magic Bullet' for the 21st century and beyond? Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114057. [PMID: 34800566 PMCID: PMC8728809 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, antimicrobial blue light (aBL) at 400 - 470 nm wavelength has demonstrated immense promise as an alternative approach for the treatment of multidrug-resistant infections. Since our last review was published in 2017, there have been numerous studies that have investigated aBL in terms of its, efficacy, safety, mechanism, and propensity for resistance development. In addition, researchers have looked at combinatorial approaches that exploit aBL and other traditional and non-traditional therapeutics. To that end, this review aims to update the findings from numerous studies that capitalize on the antimicrobial effects of aBL, with a focus on: efficacy of aBL against different microbes, identifying endogenous chromophores and targets of aBL, Resistance development to aBL, Safety of aBL against host cells, and Synergism of aBL with other agents. We will also discuss our perspective on the future of aBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon G Leanse
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Carolina Dos Anjos
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sana Mushtaq
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Pharmacy, COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad campus, Pakistan
| | - Tianhong Dai
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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12
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Stewart CF, Tomb RM, Ralston HJ, Armstrong J, Anderson JG, MacGregor SJ, Atreya CD, Maclean M. Violet-blue 405-nm Light-based Photoinactivation for Pathogen Reduction of Human Plasma Provides Broad Antibacterial Efficacy Without Visible Degradation of Plasma Proteins. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:504-512. [PMID: 34935147 DOI: 10.1111/php.13584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In transfusion medicine, bacterial contamination can occur in ex vivo stored blood plasma, and there are continued efforts to improve blood safety and reduce the risk of transfusion-transmitted infections. Visible 405-nm violet-blue light has demonstrated potential for in situ pathogen reduction in ex vivo stored plasma and platelet concentrates. This study investigates the broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy and compatibility potential of 405-nm light for treatment of blood plasma. Human plasma seeded with bacteria at a range of densities (101 -103 , 104 -106 , 107 -108 CFU mL-1 ) was exposed to 360 J cm-2 405-nm light (1 h at 0.1 W cm-2 ), with this fixed dose selected based on the initial analysis of inactivation kinetics. One-dimensional protein mobility analysis and measurement of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) was conducted to evaluate compatibility of the antimicrobial dose with plasma proteins and, identify upper levels at which protein degradation can be detected. Broad-spectrum antibacterial efficacy was observed with a fixed treatment of 360 J cm-2 , with 98.9-100% inactivation achieved across all seeding densities for all organisms, except E. coli, which achieved 95.1-100% inactivation. At this dose (360 J cm-2 ), no signs of protein degradation occurred. Overall, 405-nm light shows promise for broad-spectrum bacterial inactivation in blood plasma, while preserving plasma protein integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin F Stewart
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Rachael M Tomb
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Heather J Ralston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jack Armstrong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - John G Anderson
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Scott J MacGregor
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Chintamani D Atreya
- Office of Blood Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Michelle Maclean
- The Robertson Trust Laboratory for Electronic Sterilisation Technologies (ROLEST), Department of Electronic & Electrical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
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13
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Wang D, Nambu T, Tanimoto H, Iwata N, Yoshikawa K, Okinaga T, Yamamoto K. Interdental Plaque Microbial Community Changes under In Vitro Violet LED Irradiation. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111348. [PMID: 34827286 PMCID: PMC8614803 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral microbiome dysbiosis has important links to human health and disease. Although photodynamic therapy influences microbiome diversity, the specific effect of violet light irradiation remains largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the effect of violet light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation on interdental plaque microbiota. Interdental plaque was collected from 12 human subjects, exposed to violet LED irradiation, and cultured in a specialized growth medium. Next-generation sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA genes revealed that α-diversity decreased, whereas β-diversity exhibited a continuous change with violet LED irradiation doses. In addition, we identified several operational taxonomic units that exhibited significant shifts during violet LED irradiation. Specifically, violet LED irradiation led to a significant reduction in the relative abundance of Fusobacterium species, but a significant increase in several species of oral bacteria, such as Veillonella and Campylobacter. Our study provides an overview of oral plaque microbiota changes under violet LED irradiation, and highlights the potential of this method for adjusting the balance of the oral microbiome without inducing antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan;
| | - Takayuki Nambu
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (T.O.)
| | - Hiroaki Tanimoto
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (H.T.); (N.I.); (K.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Naohiro Iwata
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (H.T.); (N.I.); (K.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Kazushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (H.T.); (N.I.); (K.Y.); (K.Y.)
| | - Toshinori Okinaga
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan
- Correspondence: (T.N.); (T.O.)
| | - Kazuyo Yamamoto
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1, Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan; (H.T.); (N.I.); (K.Y.); (K.Y.)
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