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Fieldsend TW, Catenazzi A, Krysko KL, Shepack A, Collins TM. Salmonella enterica Infection of Synanthropic Non-native Geckos in Southern Florida. ECOHEALTH 2023; 20:227-230. [PMID: 38104295 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-023-01666-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Wild geckos are a significant source of human salmonellosis. We swabbed the cloacas of 37 non-native synanthropic geckos (Gekko gecko, n = 16; Phelsuma grandis, n = 21) from southern Florida, USA, and assayed swab DNA extracts using quantitative polymerase chain reaction of the invA gene. Salmonella enterica was detected in both species with a pooled prevalence of 13.5% (5/37; 95% CI 5.3-27.1%), indicating the potential for zoonotic transmission. Implications for human health in the region are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Fieldsend
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA.
- School of Basic and Medical Biosciences, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Newcomen St, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Alessandro Catenazzi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Kenneth L Krysko
- Division of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexander Shepack
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Timothy M Collins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Yan S, Jiang Z, Zhang W, Liu Z, Dong X, Li D, Liu Z, Li C, Liu X, Zhu L. Genomes-based MLST, cgMLST, wgMLST and SNP analysis of Salmonella Typhimurium from animals and humans. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2023; 96:101973. [PMID: 36989679 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2023.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is an important food-borne and zoonotic pathogen that causes salmonellosis. With the development of whole genome sequencing (WGS), genome-based typing has been widely applied to bacteriology. In this study, we investigated genotyping and phylogenetic clusters of S. Typhimurium isolates from humans and animals in different provinces (including Beijing, Shandong, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Henan, and Shanghai) of China during 2009-2018 using multi locus sequence typing (MLST), core genome MLST (cgMLST), whole genome MLST (wgMLST) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) based on WGS. 29 S. Typhimurium isolates from chicken (n = 22), sick pigeon (n = 2), patients (n = 4) and sick swine (n = 1) were tested. MLST analysis showed S. Typhimurium strains were divided into four STs, namely ST19 (n = 14), ST34 (n = 12), ST128 (n = 2) and ST1544 (n = 1). cgMLST and wgMLST divided 29 strains into 27 cgSTs and 29 wgST, respectively. Phylogenetic clustering showed that all isolates were divided into 4 clusters and 4 singletons. SNP analysis was used to examine MLST, cgMLST, wgMLST analysis. Finally, comparisons of MLST, cgMLST, wgMLST, and SNP were analyzed and the results showed their precision increased in order. In summary, genomic typing and phylogenetic relationships of 29 S. Typhimurium strains from different sources in China were analyzed. These findings were beneficial to investigate molecular pathogenesis, bacterial diversity, and traceability analysis of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigan Yan
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Zhaoxu Jiang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Wencheng Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Zhenhai Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Xiaorui Dong
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Donghui Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Zijun Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Chengyu Li
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Xu Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China
| | - Liping Zhu
- School of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, PR China.
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Geographical distribution and space-time clustering of human illnesses with major Salmonella serotypes in Florida, USA, 2017-2018. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e175. [PMID: 36315003 PMCID: PMC9980922 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal salmonellosis is the leading reported foodborne illness in Florida. Although the diversity of Salmonella serotypes circulating in Florida has been identified, the geographical characteristics of the major serotypes are poorly described. Here we examined the geospatial patterns of 803 whole-genome sequenced Salmonella isolates within seven major serotypes (Enteritidis, Newport, Javiana, Sandiego, Braenderup, Typhimurium and I 4,[5],12:i:-) with the metadata obtained from Florida Department of Health during 2017-2018. Geographically, the distribution of incidence rates varied distinctively between serotypes. Illnesses with Enteritidis and Newport serotypes were widespread in Florida. The incidence rate for Javiana was relatively higher in the north compared to the south. Typhimurium was concentrated in the northwest, while I 4,[5],12:i:-, the monophasic variant of Typhimurium was limited to the south. We also evaluated space-time clustering of isolates at the zip code level using scan statistic models. Space-time clusters were detected for each major serotype during 2017-2018. The multinomial scan statistic found the risk of illness with Javiana was higher in the north and southwest in the fall of 2017 compared to other major serotypes. This serotype-specific clustering analysis will assist in further unpacking the associations between distinct reservoirs and illnesses with major serotypes in Florida.
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Havelaar AH, Brhane M, Ahmed IA, Kedir J, Chen D, Deblais L, French N, Gebreyes WA, Hassen JY, Li X, Manary MJ, Mekuria Z, Ibrahim AM, Mummed B, Ojeda A, Rajashekara G, Roba KT, Saleem C, Singh N, Usmane IA, Yang Y, Yimer G, McKune S. Unravelling the reservoirs for colonisation of infants with Campylobacter spp. in rural Ethiopia: protocol for a longitudinal study during a global pandemic and political tensions. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e061311. [PMID: 36198455 PMCID: PMC9535169 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Undernutrition is an underlying cause of mortality in children under five (CU5) years of age. Animal-source foods have been shown to decrease malnutrition in CU5. Livestock are important reservoirs for Campylobacter bacteria, which are recognised as risk factors for child malnutrition. Increasing livestock production may be beneficial for improving nutrition of children but these benefits may be negated by increased exposure to Campylobacter and research is needed to evaluate the complex pathways of Campylobacter exposure and infection applicable to low-income and middle-income countries. We aim to identify reservoirs of infection with Campylobacter spp. of infants in rural Eastern Ethiopia and evaluate interactions with child health (environmental enteric dysfunction and stunting) in the context of their sociodemographic environment. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This longitudinal study involves 115 infants who are followed from birth to 12 months of age and are selected randomly from 10 kebeles of Haramaya woreda, East Hararghe zone, Oromia region, Ethiopia. Questionnaire-based information is obtained on demographics, livelihoods, wealth, health, nutrition and women empowerment; animal ownership/management and diseases; and water, sanitation and hygiene. Faecal samples are collected from infants, mothers, siblings and livestock, drinking water and soil. These samples are analysed by a range of phenotypic and genotypic microbiological methods to characterise the genetic structure of the Campylobacter population in each of these reservoirs, which will support inference about the main sources of exposure for infants. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethical approval was obtained from the University of Florida Internal Review Board (IRB201903141), the Haramaya University Institutional Health Research Ethics Committee (COHMS/1010/3796/20) and the Ethiopia National Research Ethics Review Committee (SM/14.1/1059/20). Written informed consent is obtained from all participating households. Research findings will be disseminated to stakeholders through conferences and peer-reviewed journals and through the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Dehao Chen
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Nigel French
- Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Wondwossen A Gebreyes
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Xiaolong Li
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mark J Manary
- Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Zelealem Mekuria
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Amanda Ojeda
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | | | - Cyrus Saleem
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nitya Singh
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Yang Yang
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Getnet Yimer
- Ohio State Global One Health LLC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Sarah McKune
- University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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Hawwas HAEH, Aboueisha AKM, Fadel HM, El-Mahallawy HS. Salmonella serovars in sheep and goats and their probable zoonotic potential to humans in Suez Canal Area, Egypt. Acta Vet Scand 2022; 64:17. [PMID: 35906669 PMCID: PMC9336019 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-022-00637-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Salmonella is one of the most common and economically important zoonotic pathogens. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Salmonella serovars in sheep and goats and their probable zoonotic risk to humans in Suez Canal area in Egypt. A total of 320 fecal samples from sheep (n = 120), goats (n = 100), and humans (n = 100) were collected and examined for the presence of Salmonella based on cultural and biochemical characteristics, and serological analysis. Moreover, the virulence of the identified Salmonella isolates was assessed by molecular screening for invA, stn, spvC, and sopB virulence genes using PCR. Results Overall, the occurrence of Salmonella in sheep feces (23.3%) was higher than that in goat feces (7%) and human stool (13%) in the study area. The identified isolates belonged to 12 serotypes; ten, five, and eight from sheep, goats, and humans, respectively. The most frequently identified serotypes were S. Typhimurium from sheep feces, and S. Enteritidis from both goat feces and human stool, with four serotypes; S. Typhimurium, S. Enteritidis, S. Dublin and S. Saintpaul, were mutually shared between all of them. Demographic data revealed that diarrheic sheep (85.7%) and goats (25%) had a higher risk for Salmonella fecal carriage than non-diarrheic ones (19.5% and 6.25%, respectively). The prevalence of Salmonella infection in humans in contact with sheep and goats (28%) was significantly higher than its prevalence in people having a history of contact with animals other than sheep and goats (10%) and those having no history of animal contact (7.3%) (χ2 = 6.728, P ˂ 0.05). The stn, spvC, and sopB genes were detected in 98.1% of the isolates, with a significant, very strong positive correlation for their mutual presence (P < 0.05). Approximately 40.7% of isolates that carried the invA gene had a non-significant, very weak positive correlation with other virulence genes. The most common genotypic virulence profile for all isolates was stn, spvC, and sopB; however, invA, stn, spvC, and sopB was the frequent virulotype for S. Typhimurium, S. Tsevie, S. Apeyeme, and S. Infantis. Conclusions The present study highlights the role of apparently healthy and diarrheic sheep and goats as reservoirs and sources of human infection with virulent Salmonella serovars in the Suez Canal area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Abd El-Halim Hawwas
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 4.5 Kilo Ring Road St., Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Abdel-Karim Mahmoud Aboueisha
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 4.5 Kilo Ring Road St., Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Mohamed Fadel
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 4.5 Kilo Ring Road St., Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Heba Sayed El-Mahallawy
- Department of Hygiene, Zoonoses and Animal Behaviour, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, 4.5 Kilo Ring Road St., Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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Molecular Characterization of Quinolone Resistance Determinants in Non-Typhoidal Salmonella Strains Isolated in Tehran, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-120766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Quinolone resistant Salmonella serotypes have been reported in recent years and have become increasingly widespread worldwide. Objectives: We evaluated the molecular mechanism of quinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains isolated from clinical samples in Tehran, Iran. Methods: The present study included the Salmonella isolates originated from hospitalized individuals and outpatients in Tehran, Iran. Serotyping of nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella isolates was done by slide agglutination method. Then, the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of topoisomerase gene gyrA and the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) determinants were detected using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was also employed to determine the possible mutation in the gyrA gene of those strains. Mutant strains were detected by enzymatic digestion, and their PCR products were sequenced immediately. Results: Amongst 141 isolates, 60% showed nalidixic acid resistance, whereas none of them were ciprofloxacin-resistant. The commonly prevalent serotypes were S. Enteritidis and S. Infantis. Of 85 nalidixic acid-resistant strains, 17 (20%) isolates harbored the qnrS gene. However, PCR analysis of the quinolone-resistant strains did not detect qnrA and qnrB genes. PCR-RFLP and sequencing analysis of the QRDRs of the gyrA gene indicated that 16 (18.8%) isolates had mutant patterns, and the most common point mutation was serine to phenylalanine at position 83. Conclusions: Our results demonstrated that point mutations in gyrA and the existence of plasmid-mediated gene qnrS were important mechanisms of quinolone resistance in non-typhoidal Salmonella strains isolated from human origin. Other alternative mechanisms of resistance, such as alterations in the expression of efflux pumps, should be studied to provide greater insight into the molecular mechanism of quinolone-resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella isolates.
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