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Liang H, Liu S, Wang Y, Pan J, Zhang Y, Dong X. Multi-user upper limb rehabilitation training system integrating social interaction. COMPUTERS & GRAPHICS 2023; 111:103-110. [PMID: 36694846 PMCID: PMC9854142 DOI: 10.1016/j.cag.2023.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 causes persistent symptoms such as weakness and myasthenia in most patients. Due to the cross-infection of COVID-19, the traditional face-to-face rehabilitation services are risky for the elderly. To ensure that the elderly in urgent need of rehabilitation services receive training while minimizing the disturbance of the COVID-19 pandemic on their social activities. We have improved the existing virtual upper limb training system, and added a social factor to the system. Seniors with upper limb rehabilitation needs can use the system to compete or collaborate with others for training. In addition, a set of natural and scientific exclusive gestures have been designed under the direction of following the doctor's advice. The experiment is conducted jointly with the chief physicians of the geriatrics department in the authoritative class-A hospitals of Class III. Our experiment, which lasted for two months, showed that the virtual training system with social factors added had the best rehabilitation effect and enhanced the initiative of patients. The system has value for popularization during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liang
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Shiqing Liu
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- General Hospital of Pingmei Shenma Group, Pingdingshan, 467000, China
| | - Junjun Pan
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Yazhou Zhang
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
| | - Xiaohang Dong
- Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450000, China
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2
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Nguyen HT, Do VM, Phan TT, Nguyen Huynh DT. The Potential of Ameliorating COVID-19 and Sequelae From Andrographis paniculata via Bioinformatics. Bioinform Biol Insights 2023; 17:11779322221149622. [PMID: 36654765 PMCID: PMC9841859 DOI: 10.1177/11779322221149622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is alarmingly escalating and raises challenges in finding efficient compounds for treatment. Repurposing phytochemicals in herbs is an ideal and economical approach for screening potential herbal components against COVID-19. Andrographis paniculata, also known as Chuan Xin Lian, has traditionally been used as an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial herb for centuries and has recently been classified as a promising herbal remedy for adjuvant therapy in treating respiratory diseases. This study aimed to screen Chuan Xin Lian's bioactive components and elicit the potential pharmacological mechanisms and plausible pathways for treating COVID-19 using network pharmacology combined with molecular docking. The results found terpenoid (andrographolide) and flavonoid (luteolin, quercetin, kaempferol, and wogonin) derivatives had remarkable potential against COVID-19 and sequelae owing to their high degrees in the component-target-pathway network and strong binding capacities in docking scores. In addition, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway might be the most vital molecular pathway in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and long-term sequelae whereby therapeutic strategies can intervene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hien Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Public Health, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Van Mai Do
- Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Can Tho, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Thuy Phan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dung Tam Nguyen Huynh
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei,Dung Tam Nguyen Huynh, School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei.
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3
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Liao X, Guan Y, Liao Q, Ma Z, Zhang L, Dong J, Lai X, Zheng G, Yang S, Wang C, Liao Z, Song S, Yi H, Lu H. Long-term sequelae of different COVID-19 variants: The original strain versus the Omicron variant. Glob Health Med 2022; 4:322-326. [PMID: 36589219 PMCID: PMC9773225 DOI: 10.35772/ghm.2022.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Although Omicron appears to cause less severe acute illness than the original strain, the potential for large numbers of patients to experience long COVID is a major concern. Little is known about the recovery phase in cases of Omicron, highlighting the importance of dynamically monitor long COVID in those patients. Subjects of the current study were patients available for a three-month follow-up who were admitted from January 13 to May 22, 2020 (period of the original strain) and from January 1 to May 30, 2022 (period of Omicron). Twenty-eight-point-four percent of patients infected with the original strain had long-term symptoms of COVID-19 and 5.63% of those infected with the Omicron strain had such symptoms. The most common symptom was a cough (18.5%), followed by tightness in the chest (6.5%), in patients infected with the original strain. Fatigue (2.4%) and dyspnea (1.7%) were the most commonly reported symptoms in patients infected with the Omicron strain. The respiratory system is the primary target of SARSCoV-2. Supportive treatment is the basis for the treatment of respiratory symptoms in patients with COVID-19. Quality sleep and good nutrition may alleviate fatigue and mental issues. Further knowledge about a long-term syndrome due to Omicron needs to be discussed and assembled so that healthcare and workforce planners can rapidly obtain information to appropriately allocate resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Liao
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuan Guan
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qibin Liao
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhenghua Ma
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingke Dong
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaojuan Lai
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Guoqin Zheng
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Sumei Yang
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;,Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;,Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Zhonghui Liao
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;,Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
| | - Shuo Song
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongyang Yi
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China;,Address correspondence to:Hongzhou Lu, Institute for Hepatology, Bio-therapeutic Center, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital; The Second Hospital Affiliated with the School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 29 Bulan Road, Long Gang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518112, China. E-mail:
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Bazdyrev E, Panova M, Brachs M, Smolyarchuk E, Tsygankova D, Gofman L, Abdyusheva Y, Novikov F. Efficacy and safety of Treamid in the rehabilitation of patients after COVID-19 pneumonia: a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. J Transl Med 2022; 20:506. [PMID: 36329513 PMCID: PMC9632561 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03660-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many patients who recovered from COVID are still suffering from pulmonary dysfunction that can be persistent even for months after infection. Therefore, treatment to prevent irreversible impairment of lung function is needed. Treamid (bisamide derivative of dicarboxylic acid, BDDA) was shown to have anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects in animal models of pulmonary fibrosis. This study was designed to assess the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of Treamid in the rehabilitation of patients after COVID pneumonia. The aim was to establish whether Treamid could be effective in ameliorating post-COVID sequelae. Methods The phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was done at 8 medical centers in Russia. Patients with a diagnosis of COVID in the past medical history (with the first symptoms of COVID appear no earlier than 2 months before screening) and having fibrotic changes in the lungs, decreased lung function (percentage of predicted FVC and/or DLCO < 80%), and moderate or severe dyspnea according to mMRC scale were enrolled and randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio (stratified by the initial degree of lung damage, age, and concomitant chronic diseases) by use of interactive responsive technology to peroral administration of Treamid 50 mg or placebo once a day for 4 weeks. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients who achieved clinically significant improvement in FVC and/or DLCO (defined as a relative increase in FVC of ≥ 10% or a relative increase in FVC in the range of ≥ 5 to < 10% plus a relative increase in DLCO of ≥ 15%) at week 4 compared with baseline. Secondary endpoints included changes from baseline in dyspnea scoring evaluated by the modified Borg and mMRC scales, pulmonary function (FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC ratio, DLCO, TLC, FRC), 6-min walk distance, the overall score of the KBILD questionnaire, and the proportion of patients with a reduction in the degree of lung damage assessed by CT scores. This trial was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier: NCT04527354). The study was fully funded by PHARMENTERPRISES LLC. Results 12 out of 29 patients (41%) in Treamid group achieved clinically significant improvement in FVC and/or DLCO compared to 5 out of 30 patients (17%) in placebo group (p = 0.036). There was a significant decrease of dyspnea according to modified Borg scale observed in the Treamid group (− 0.9 ± 0.7 vs. − 0.4 ± 0.8, p = 0.018). No significant differences in the adverse events were noted. Exploratory analysis of the female population indicated superiority of Treamid over placebo by decreasing dyspnea and the extent of lung damage as well as increasing TLC. Conclusions 4 weeks oral administration of 50 mg Treamid was associated with clinically significant improvement in the post-COVID patients, evident by an increase in FVC and/or DLCO as well as decreasing dyspnea. Treamid was well tolerated and can be safely administered to patients discharged after COVID. Treamid was more effective in women visible by superior improvement of COVID sequalae after 4 weeks treatment. Considering that female gender is a risk factor associated with the development of post-COVID symptoms, Treamid might offer a pharmacological treatment for long-term sequalae after COVID and supports further investigation in future clinical trials in post-COVID patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12967-022-03660-9.
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Forgham H, Kakinen A, Qiao R, Davis TP. Keeping up with the COVID's-Could siRNA-based antivirals be a part of the answer? EXPLORATION (BEIJING, CHINA) 2022; 2:20220012. [PMID: 35941991 PMCID: PMC9349879 DOI: 10.1002/exp.20220012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly contagious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This deadly infection has resulted in more than 5.2 million deaths worldwide. The global rollout of COVID-19 vaccines has without doubt saved countless lives by reducing the severity of symptoms for patients. However, as the virus continues to evolve, there is a risk that the vaccines and antiviral designed to target the infection will no longer be therapeutically viable. Furthermore, there remain fears over both the short and long-term side effects of repeat exposure to currently available vaccines. In this review, we discuss the pros and cons of the vaccine rollout and promote the idea of a COVID medicinal toolbox made up of different antiviral treatment modalities, and present some of the latest therapeutic strategies that are being explored in this respect to try to combat the COVID-19 virus and other COVID viruses that are predicted to follow. Lastly, we review current literature on the use of siRNA therapeutics as a way to remain adaptable and in tune with the ever-evolving mutation rate of the COVID-19 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Forgham
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Aleksandr Kakinen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFEUniversity of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | - Ruirui Qiao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and NanotechnologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Qi P, Huang M, Li T. Screening the Potential Biomarkers of COVID-19-Related Thrombosis Through Bioinformatics Analysis. Front Genet 2022; 13:889348. [PMID: 35692833 PMCID: PMC9174658 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.889348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A high proportion of critically ill patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) experience thrombosis, and there is a strong correlation between anticoagulant therapy and the COVID-19 survival rate, indicating that common COVID-19 and thrombosis targets have potential therapeutic value for severe COVID-19.Gene expression profiling data were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), and common differentially expressed genes (co-DEGs) were identified. The potential biological functions of these co-DEGs were explored by functional enrichment analysis, and protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of the co-DEGs. Finally, hub genes in the co-DEG network were identified, and correlation analysis was performed.We identified 8320 upregulated genes and 7651 downregulated genes from blood samples of COVID-19 patients and 368 upregulated genes and 240 downregulated genes from blood samples of thrombosis patients. The enriched cellular component terms were mainly related to cytosolic ribosomes and ribosomal subunits. The enriched molecular function terms were mainly related to structural constituents of ribosomes and electron transfer activity. Construction of the PPI network and identification of hub genes ultimately confirmed that RPS7, IGF1R, DICER1, ERH, MCTS1, and TNPO1 were jointly upregulated hub genes, and FLNA and PXN were jointly downregulated hub genes.The identification of novel potential biomarkers provides new options for treating COVID-19-related thrombosis and reducing the rate of severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Qi
- Department of Emergency, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mengjie Huang
- Department of Nephrology, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tanshi Li
- Department of Emergency, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Tanshi Li,
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Ren X, Zhou J, Guo J, Hao C, Zheng M, Zhang R, Huang Q, Yao X, Li R, Jin Y. Reinfection in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Glob Health Res Policy 2022; 7:12. [PMID: 35488305 PMCID: PMC9051013 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-022-00245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the continuation of the COVID-19 pandemic, some COVID-19 patients have become reinfected with the virus. Viral gene sequencing has found that some of these patients were reinfected by the different and others by same strains. This has raised concerns about the effectiveness of immunity after infection and the reliability of vaccines. To this end, we conducted a systematic review to assess the characteristics of patients with reinfection and possible causes. METHODS A systematic search was conducted across eight databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, The Cochrane Library, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and SinoMed from December 1, 2019 to September 1, 2021. The quality of included studies were assessed using JBI critical appraisal tools and Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. RESULTS This study included 50 studies from 20 countries. There were 118 cases of reinfection. Twenty-five patients were reported to have at least one complication. The shortest duration between the first infection and reinfection was 19 days and the longest was 293 days. During the first infection and reinfection, cough (51.6% and 43.9%) and fever (50% and 30.3%) were the most common symptoms respectively. Nine patients recovered, seven patients died, and five patients were hospitalized, but 97 patients' prognosis were unknown. B.1 is the most common variant strain at the first infection. B.1.1.7, B.1.128 and B.1.351 were the most common variant strains at reinfection. Thirty-three patients were infected by different strains and 9 patients were reported as being infected with the same strain. CONCLUSIONS Our research shows that it is possible for rehabilitated patients to be reinfected by SARS-COV-2. To date, the causes and risk factors of COVID-19 reinfection are not fully understood. For patients with reinfection, the diagnosis and management should be consistent with the treatment of the first infection. The public, including rehabilitated patients, should be fully vaccinated, wear masks in public places, and pay attention to maintaining social distance to avoid reinfection with the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangying Ren
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Nursing, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Acupuncture Rehabilitation, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunmei Hao
- The First Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Mengxue Zheng
- The First Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurotumor Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Qiao Huang
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaomei Yao
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON Canada
- Center for Clinical Practice Guideline Conduction and Evaluation, Children’s Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiling Li
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan China
| | - Yinghui Jin
- Center for Evidence-Based and Translational Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Pezzaioli LC, Gatta E, Bambini F, Facondo P, Gava M, Cavadini M, Buoso C, Di Lodovico E, Rotondi M, Ferlin A, Cappelli C. Endocrine system after 2 years of COVID-19 vaccines: A narrative review of the literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1027047. [PMID: 36440218 PMCID: PMC9685624 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1027047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to describe the current knowledge on the potential endocrine adverse effects post-COVID-19 vaccines. METHODS A PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Scopus research was performed. Case reports, case series, original studies, and reviews written in English and published online up to 31 July 2022 were selected and reviewed. The final reference list was defined based on the relevance of each paper to the scope of this review. RESULTS The available data showed that endocrine side effects are generally rare and with favorable outcome, being thyroid disorders the most common. Conversely, data on type 1 diabetes mellitus are rare; adrenal and pituitary events are even anecdotal. Finally, the available clinical studies suggest no impact on female reproductive system and on male and couple fertility. CONCLUSION Overall, these data show that, after 2 years of COVID-19 vaccines, the endocrine system is not heavily threatened.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Chiara Pezzaioli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Gatta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesca Bambini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Facondo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Gava
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Cavadini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Caterina Buoso
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Di Lodovico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Mario Rotondi
- Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri IRCCS, Unit of Internal Medicine and Endocrinology, Laboratory for Endocrine Disruptors, Pavia, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alberto Ferlin
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Andrology and Reproductive Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Carlo Cappelli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- *Correspondence: Carlo Cappelli,
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