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He G, Zhang X, Zhuang X, Zeng Y, Chen X, Gan Y, Su Y, Zhang Y, Wen F. Diurnal Variation in Choroidal Parameters Among Healthy Subjects Using Wide-Field Swept-Source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2024; 13:16. [PMID: 38767903 PMCID: PMC11114611 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.13.5.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diurnal variation in choroidal parameters in a wide field area among healthy subjects and to identify correlations between choroidal luminal area and stromal area and various systemic factors. Methods In this cross-sectional study, 42 eyes from 21 healthy participants (mean age = 32.4 ± 8.8 years) were examined using wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (WF SS-OCTA, 24 mm × 20 mm). Measurements of choroidal parameters, including choroidal volume (CV), choroidal thickness (CT), choroidal vessel volume (CVV), and choroidal stromal volume (CSV), were taken at 8:00, 12:00, 18:00, and 22:00. Systemic factors, such as blood pressure and heart rate, were concurrently monitored. Results Our study observed significant diurnal variations in the mean total CV, CT, CVV, and CSV, with minimum measurements around 12:00 (P < 0.001) and peak values at 22:00 (P < 0.001). Furthermore, changes in CV in specific regions were more closely associated with fluctuations in CVV than CSV in the same regions. No significant diurnal variations were found in systolic (P = 0.137) or diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.236), whereas significant variations were observed in the heart rate (P = 0.001). Conclusions Our study reveals diurnal variations in choroidal parameters and their associations, emphasizing that changes in choroidal volume relate more to the luminal than the stromal area in vessel-rich regions. This enhances our understanding of choroidal-related ocular diseases. Translational Relevance Regions with higher choroidal vasculature observed greater choroidal volume changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiqin He
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiongze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuenan Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunkao Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuelin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongyue Su
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yining Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Kim YH, Yun C, Oh J. Integrity of the Hyperreflective Layer in the Inner Choroid in Eyes with Drusen. Ophthalmol Ther 2024; 13:529-540. [PMID: 38113024 PMCID: PMC10787704 DOI: 10.1007/s40123-023-00865-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to compare the integrity of the hyperreflective layer of the inner choroid in eyes with and without drusen. METHODS Swept-source optical coherence tomography images of patients with drusen and normal controls were reviewed. Using a line plot of ImageJ, choroidal reflectivity was measured at the subfovea, and the integrity of the hyperreflective layer of the inner choroid was determined. RESULTS In total, 63 eyes with drusen and 30 control eyes without drusen were included. The integrity of the hyperreflective layer of the inner choroid was preserved in 81.0% of eyes with drusen and 93.3% of normal controls. The proportion of eyes with the hyperreflective layer did not differ between eyes with and without drusen. Of the 63 subjects with drusen, this hyperreflective layer was observed in all 28 eyes (100%) with pachydrusen but only in 68.6% of the 35 eyes with soft drusen, and its prevalence was significantly different (P = 0.001). CONCLUSION The prevalence of the hyperreflective layer between the choriocapillaris and medium or large choroidal vessels in eyes with soft drusen differed from that in eyes with pachydrusen. These findings support the suggestion that changes within the choroidal stroma may be involved in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Cheolmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Korea
| | - Jaeryung Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, 73 Goryeodae-ro Sungbuk-ku, Seoul, 02841, Korea.
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Ahn SM, Song MS, Togloom A, Oh J. Quantification of choroidal hyperreflective layer: A swept-source optical coherence tomography study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294476. [PMID: 38019820 PMCID: PMC10686441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate variation in reflectivity of choroidal layers in normal eyes. METHODS From the swept-source optical coherence tomography database, we retrospectively included eyes with a normal fundus. Choroidal reflectivity was measured on the horizontal and vertical B-scan optical coherence tomography images. The optical barrier of the choroid was defined as the first hill in the middle of the reflectance graph from the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane complex to the chorioscleral junction. RESULTS The optical barrier of the choroid was identified in 91 eyes of 91 individuals. The amplitude of peak reflectivity of the optical barrier of the choroid at macular center (142.85 ± 15.04) was greater than those in superior (136.12 ± 14.08) or inferior macula (135.30 ± 16.13) (P = 0.028, P = 0.008, respectively). Latency between the peak of the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane complex and the optical barrier of the choroid at macular center (48.11 ± 13.78 μm) was shorter than those in nasal macula (55.58 ± 19.21 μm) (P = 0.021). The amplitude of the peak reflectivity of the optical barrier of the choroid in the center negatively correlated with the latency between the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane complex and the optical barrier of the choroid (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION An optical barrier exists in the inner choroid of the normal eye. Its depth depends on the location within the macula. Further studies are mandatory to evaluate variations in the barrier in the eyes with chorioretinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Min Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung-Sun Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ariunaa Togloom
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeryung Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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Qiao Y, Cheng D, Zhu X, Ruan K, Ye Y, Yu J, Zhang Z, Gao W, Wu M, Shen M, Shen L. Characteristics of the Peripapillary Structure and Vasculature in Patients With Myopic Anisometropia. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:16. [PMID: 37850949 PMCID: PMC10593134 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.10.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the interocular differences of the peripapillary structural and vascular parameters and that of association with axial length (AL) in participants with myopic anisometropia using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Methods This prospective cross-sectional study included 90 eyes of 45 participants. Each participant's eyes were divided into the more and less myopic eye respectively according to spherical equivalent. The β- and γ-parapapillary atrophy (PPA) areas, Bruch's membrane opening distance, border length, and border tissue angle were measured manually. Peripapillary choroidal vascularity index and choroidal thickness (CT) values in superior, nasal, inferior, and temporal were calculated using a custom-built algorithm based on MATLAB. Results The interocular difference in AL and spherical equivalent was 0.62 ± 0.26 mm and -1.50 (-2.13, -1.25) diopters (D), respectively. The interocular difference in spherical equivalent was highly correlated with that of the AL. The β- and γ-PPA areas were significantly greater in more myopic eyes. The mean and inferior peripapillary choroidal vascularity index and all regions of peripapillary CT were significantly lower in the more myopic eyes. The interocular difference in AL was significantly positively correlated with the interocular differences in γ-PPA area and border length and negatively correlated with the interocular differences in temporal choroidal vascularity index and mean, inferior, and temporal peripapillary CT. There was an independent correlation between the interocular differences in AL and the interocular differences in γ-PPA area, inferior, and temporal peripapillary CT. Conclusions Significant differences between both groups were detected in most peripapillary parameters, especially in peripapillary CT. The γ-PPA area, border length, and peripapillary CT were significantly correlated with the elongation of AL. Translational Relevance The current study characterized and analyzed the peripapillary parameters in myopic anisometropia, which helped to monitor myopic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Qiao
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dan Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xueying Zhu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Kaiming Ruan
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yufeng Ye
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiafeng Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhengxi Zhang
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Weiqian Gao
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Minhui Wu
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meixiao Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- National Clinical Research Center for Ocular Diseases, Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Di Pippo M, Santia C, Rullo D, Ciancimino C, Grassi F, Abdolrahimzadeh S. The Choroidal Vascularity Index Versus Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography in the Evaluation of the Choroid with a Focus on Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Tomography 2023; 9:1456-1470. [PMID: 37624109 PMCID: PMC10458084 DOI: 10.3390/tomography9040116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid is the most vascularized structure of the eye and it is fundamental for the trophism of the outer retina. Its proper functioning and homeostasis represent key points in maintaining normal retinal physiology. Choroidal alterations may be implicated in the development and progression of numerous pathologies; therefore, in-depth studies using imaging techniques can be of crucial relevance to understanding the pathophysiology of retinal-choroidal diseases. The advent of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT) has enabled the non-invasive study of the choroid in vivo and the most recent development, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), allows for the high-resolution visualization of the choriocapillaris and the choroid in regard to vascularization. The choroidal vascularity index (CVI) is a new parameter calculated on SDOCT scans and is defined as the ratio of the luminal area to the total choroidal area. In this review, a study of the choroid using OCTA and CVI will be evaluated in depth and the pros and cons of these two methods will be analyzed, with a particular focus on age-related macular degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Solmaz Abdolrahimzadeh
- Ophthalmology Unit, Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sense Organs (NESMOS) Department, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University of Rome Sapienza, St. Andrea Hospital, 00189 Rome, Italy; (M.D.P.); (C.C.)
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Cong YY, Fan B, Zhang ZY, Li GY. Implantable sustained-release drug delivery systems: a revolution for ocular therapeutics. Int Ophthalmol 2023:10.1007/s10792-023-02637-x. [PMID: 36715956 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-023-02637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to the inimitable anatomical structure of the eyeball and various physiological barriers, conventional ocular local administration is often complicated by apparent shortcomings, such as limited bioavailability and short drug retention. Thus, developing methods for sustainable, safe and efficient drug delivery to ocular target sites has long been an urgent need. This study briefly summarizes the barriers to ocular drug administration and various ocular drug delivery routes and highlights recent progress in ocular implantable sustained-release drug delivery systems (DDSs) to provide literature evidence for developing novel ocular implants for sustained drug delivery. METHODS We conducted a comprehensive search of studies on ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs in PubMed and Web of Science using the following keywords: ocular, implantable and drug delivery system. More than 400 papers were extracted. Publications focused on sustained and controlled drug release were primarily considered. Experimental articles involving DDSs that cannot be implanted into the eye through surgeries and cannot be inserted into ocular tissues in solid form were excluded. Approximately 143 publications were reviewed to summarize the most current information on the subject. RESULTS In recent years, numerous ocular sustained-release DDSs using lipids, nanoparticles and hydrogels as carriers have emerged. With unique properties and systematic design, ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs are able to continuously maintain drug release, effectively sustain the therapeutic concentration in target tissues, and substantially enhance the therapeutic efficacy. Nevertheless, few ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs have been available in clinical use. CONCLUSIONS Ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs have become a new focus in the field of ocular drug development through unique designs and improvements in the materials of drug carriers, administration methods and dosage forms. With more ocular implantable sustained-release DDSs being commercialized, ocular therapeutics may be revolutionized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Yi Cong
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Zi-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China
| | - Guang-Yu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, China.
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