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Baske MM, Timmerman KC, Garmo LG, Freitas MN, McCollum KA, Ren TY. Fecal microbiota transplant on Escherichia-Shigella gut composition and its potential role in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder: A systematic review. J Affect Disord 2024; 354:309-317. [PMID: 38499070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut-brain-axis has a role in mental health disorders. In people with generalized anxiety disorder, GAD,1 normal flora Escherichia-Shigella, are significantly elevated. Fecal microbiota transplant, FMT,2 has been used to alter the gut composition in unhealthy individuals. There may be a role for FMT in the treatment of GAD to improve the gut-brain-axis. METHODS A systematic review of literature was conducted on articles published in PubMed, CINAHL Plus, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Wed of Science from 2000 to 2022 that analyzed FMT as a modality to alter the gut microbiome in which Escherichia-Shigella levels were quantified and reported. RESULTS Of 1916 studies identified, 14 fit criteria and were included. Recipients undergoing FMT procedures had at least one enteric diagnosis and increased percentages of Escherichia-Shigella pre-FMT. Five studies on recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, three irritable bowel syndrome, two ulcerative colitis, one ulcerative colitis and recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, one acute intestinal and chronic graft-vs-host disease, one pouchitis, and one slow transit constipation. 10 articles (71.4 %) showed decreased levels of Escherichia-Shigella post-FMT compared to pre-FMT. Four studies claimed the results were significant (40 %). LIMITATIONS Limitations include potential bias in study selection, study methods of analysis, and generalization of results. CONCLUSIONS The gut-brain-axis has a role in GAD. Those with GAD have significantly higher Escherichia-Shigella compared to those without GAD. FMT has the potential to decrease Escherichia-Shigella in patients with GAD to positively alter the gut-brain-axis as a potential for future GAD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan M Baske
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Kiara C Timmerman
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Lucas G Garmo
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Megan N Freitas
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Katherine A McCollum
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
| | - Tom Y Ren
- Central Michigan University College of Medicine, 1200 S. Franklin St., Mount Pleasant, MI 48859, United States of America.
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2
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Majumder A, Bano S. How the Western Diet Thwarts the Epigenetic Efforts of Gut Microbes in Ulcerative Colitis and Its Association with Colorectal Cancer. Biomolecules 2024; 14:633. [PMID: 38927037 PMCID: PMC11201633 DOI: 10.3390/biom14060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the colon, leading to ulcer development, loss of colon function, and bloody diarrhea. The human gut ecosystem consists of almost 2000 different species of bacteria, forming a bioreactor fueled by dietary micronutrients to produce bioreactive compounds, which are absorbed by our body and signal to distant organs. Studies have shown that the Western diet, with fewer short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), can alter the gut microbiome composition and cause the host's epigenetic reprogramming. Additionally, overproduction of H2S from the gut microbiome due to changes in diet patterns can further activate pro-inflammatory signaling pathways in UC. This review discusses how the Western diet affects the microbiome's function and alters the host's physiological homeostasis and susceptibility to UC. This article also covers the epidemiology, prognosis, pathophysiology, and current treatment strategies for UC, and how they are linked to colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avisek Majumder
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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3
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Tan DSY, Akelew Y, Snelson M, Nguyen J, O’Sullivan KM. Unravelling the Link between the Gut Microbiome and Autoimmune Kidney Diseases: A Potential New Therapeutic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4817. [PMID: 38732038 PMCID: PMC11084259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids (SCFA) have been associated with immune regulation and autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune kidney diseases arise from a loss of tolerance to antigens, often with unclear triggers. In this review, we explore the role of the gut microbiome and how disease, diet, and therapy can alter the gut microbiota consortium. Perturbations in the gut microbiota may systemically induce the translocation of microbiota-derived inflammatory molecules such as liposaccharide (LPS) and other toxins by penetrating the gut epithelial barrier. Once in the blood stream, these pro-inflammatory mediators activate immune cells, which release pro-inflammatory molecules, many of which are antigens in autoimmune diseases. The ratio of gut bacteria Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes is associated with worse outcomes in multiple autoimmune kidney diseases including lupus nephritis, MPO-ANCA vasculitis, and Goodpasture's syndrome. Therapies that enhance SCFA-producing bacteria in the gut have powerful therapeutic potential. Dietary fiber is fermented by gut bacteria which in turn release SCFAs that protect the gut barrier, as well as modulating immune responses towards a tolerogenic anti-inflammatory state. Herein, we describe where the current field of research is and the strategies to harness the gut microbiome as potential therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Shu Yee Tan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (D.S.Y.T.); (Y.A.)
| | - Yibeltal Akelew
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (D.S.Y.T.); (Y.A.)
| | - Matthew Snelson
- School of Biological Science, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Jenny Nguyen
- The Alfred Centre, School of Translational Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia
| | - Kim Maree O’Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; (D.S.Y.T.); (Y.A.)
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Nishiyama K, Kato Y, Nishimura A, Mi X, Nagata R, Mori Y, Azuma YT, Nishida M. Pharmacological Activation of TRPC6 Channel Prevents Colitis Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2401. [PMID: 38397074 PMCID: PMC10889536 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that transient receptor potential canonical (TRPC) 6 channel activity contributes to intracellular Zn2+ homeostasis in the heart. Zn2+ has also been implicated in the regulation of intestinal redox and microbial homeostasis. This study aims to investigate the role of TRPC6-mediated Zn2+ influx in the stress resistance of the intestine. The expression profile of TRPC1-C7 mRNAs in the actively inflamed mucosa from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients was analyzed using the GEO database. Systemic TRPC3 knockout (KO) and TRPC6 KO mice were treated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) to induce colitis. The Zn2+ concentration and the mRNA expression levels of oxidative/inflammatory markers in colon tissues were quantitatively analyzed, and gut microbiota profiles were compared. TRPC6 mRNA expression level was increased in IBD patients and DSS-treated mouse colon tissues. DSS-treated TRPC6 KO mice, but not TRPC3 KO mice, showed severe weight loss and increased disease activity index compared with DSS-treated WT mice. The mRNA abundances of antioxidant proteins were basically increased in the TRPC6 KO colon, with changes in gut microbiota profiles. Treatment with TRPC6 activator prevented the DSS-induced colitis progression accompanied by increasing Zn2+ concentration. We suggest that TRPC6-mediated Zn2+ influx activity plays a key role in stress resistance against IBD, providing a new strategy for treating colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.K.); (X.M.)
- Laboratory of Prophylactic Pharmacology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka 598-8531, Japan;
| | - Yuri Kato
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.K.); (X.M.)
| | - Akiyuki Nishimura
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan;
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Xinya Mi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.K.); (X.M.)
| | - Ryu Nagata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Yasuo Mori
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8530, Japan;
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Prophylactic Pharmacology, Osaka Metropolitan University Graduate School of Veterinary Science, Osaka 598-8531, Japan;
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan; (K.N.); (Y.K.); (X.M.)
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences (NIPS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan;
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- SOKENDAI (Department of Physiological Sciences, School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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Muraleedharan A, Ray SK. Epigallocatechin-3-Gallate and Genistein for Decreasing Gut Dysbiosis, Inhibiting Inflammasomes, and Aiding Autophagy in Alzheimer's Disease. Brain Sci 2024; 14:96. [PMID: 38275516 PMCID: PMC10813550 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
There are approximately 24 million cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD) worldwide, and the number of cases is expected to increase four-fold by 2050. AD is a neurodegenerative disease that leads to severe dementia in most patients. There are several neuropathological signs of AD, such as deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques, formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuronal loss, activation of inflammasomes, and declining autophagy. Several of these hallmarks are linked to the gut microbiome. The gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains microbial diversity, which is important in regulating several functions in the brain via the gut-brain axis (GBA). The disruption of the balance in the gut microbiota is known as gut dysbiosis. Recent studies strongly support that targeting gut dysbiosis with selective bioflavonoids is a highly plausible solution to attenuate activation of inflammasomes (contributing to neuroinflammation) and resume autophagy (a cellular mechanism for lysosomal degradation of the damaged components and recycling of building blocks) to stop AD pathogenesis. This review is focused on two bioflavonoids, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and genistein (GS), as a possible new paradigm of treatment for maintaining healthy gut microbiota in AD due to their implications in modulating crucial AD signaling pathways. The combination of EGCG and GS has a higher potential than either agent alone to attenuate the signaling pathways implicated in AD pathogenesis. The effects of EGCG and GS on altering gut microbiota and GBA were also explored, along with conclusions from various delivery methods to increase the bioavailability of these bioflavonoids in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahalya Muraleedharan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA;
| | - Swapan K. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC 29209, USA
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Mullish BH, Tohumcu E, Porcari S, Fiorani M, Di Tommaso N, Gasbarrini A, Cammarota G, Ponziani FR, Ianiro G. The role of faecal microbiota transplantation in chronic noncommunicable disorders. J Autoimmun 2023; 141:103034. [PMID: 37087392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a key role in influencing several pathways and functions involved in human health, including metabolism, protection against infection, and immune regulation. Perturbation of the gut microbiome is recognised as a pathogenic factor in several gastrointestinal and extraintestinal disorders, and is increasingly considered as a therapeutic target in these conditions. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the transfer of the microbiota from healthy screened stool donors into the gut of affected patients, and is a well-established and highly effective treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Despite the mechanisms of efficacy of FMT not being fully understood, it has been investigated in several chronic noncommunicable disorders, with variable results. This review aims to give an overview of mechanisms of efficacy of FMT in chronic noncommunicable disorders, and to paint the current landscape of its investigation in these medical conditions, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), chronic liver disorders, and also extraintestinal autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin H Mullish
- Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Hospital Campus, Imperial College London, London, UK; Departments of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Ege Tohumcu
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Porcari
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Fiorani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Natalia Di Tommaso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cammarota
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Romana Ponziani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Gastroenterology Unit, Digestive Disease Center, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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Yuan S, Wang KS, Meng H, Hou XT, Xue JC, Liu BH, Cheng WW, Li J, Zhang HM, Nan JX, Zhang QG. The gut microbes in inflammatory bowel disease: Future novel target option for pharmacotherapy. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:114893. [PMID: 37352702 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbes constitute the main microbiota in the human body, which can regulate biological processes such as immunity, cell proliferation, and differentiation, hence playing a specific function in intestinal diseases. In recent years, gut microbes have become a research hotspot in the pharmaceutical field. Because of their enormous number, diversity, and functional complexity, gut microbes have essential functions in the development of many digestive diseases. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic non-specific inflammatory disease with a complex etiology, the exact cause and pathogenesis are unclear. There are no medicines that can cure IBD, and more research on therapeutic drugs is urgently needed. It has been reported that gut microbes play a critical role in pathogenesis, and there is a tight and complex association between gut microbes and IBD. The dysregulation of gut microbes may be a predisposing factor for IBD, and at the same time, IBD may exacerbate gut microbes' disorders, but the mechanism of interaction between the two is still not well defined. The study of the relationship between gut microbes and IBD is not only important to elucidate the pathogenesis but also has a positive effect on the treatment based on the regimen of regulating gut microbes. This review describes the latest research progress on the functions of gut microbes and their relationship with IBD, which can provide reference and assistance for further research. It may provide a theoretical basis for the application of probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, and other therapeutic methods to regulate gut microbes in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Ke-Si Wang
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Huan Meng
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Xiao-Ting Hou
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Jia-Chen Xue
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China; Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, 116001, China
| | - Bao-Hong Liu
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Wen-Wen Cheng
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Hua-Min Zhang
- Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China
| | - Ji-Xing Nan
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Qing-Gao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province 133002, China; Chronic diseases research center, Dalian University College of Medicine, Dalian, Liaoning, 116622, China.
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