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Onorini D, Leonard CA, Phillips Campbell R, Prähauser B, Pesch T, Schoborg RV, Jerse AE, Tarigan B, Borel N. Neisseria gonorrhoeae Coinfection during Chlamydia muridarum Genital Latency Does Not Modulate Murine Vaginal Bacterial Shedding. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0450022. [PMID: 37039695 PMCID: PMC10269798 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04500-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae are the most frequently reported agents of bacterial sexually transmitted disease worldwide. Nonetheless, C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae coinfection remains understudied. C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae coinfections are more common than expected by chance, suggesting C. trachomatis/N. gonorrhoeae interaction, and N. gonorrhoeae infection may reactivate genital chlamydial shedding in women with latent (quiescent) chlamydial infection. We hypothesized that N. gonorrhoeae would reactivate latent genital Chlamydia muridarum infection in mice. Two groups of C. muridarum-infected mice were allowed to transition into genital latency. One group was then vaginally inoculated with N. gonorrhoeae; a third group received N. gonorrhoeae alone. C. muridarum and N. gonorrhoeae vaginal shedding was measured over time in the coinfected and singly infected groups. Viable C. muridarum was absent from vaginal swabs but detected in rectal swabs, confirming C. muridarum genital latency and consistent with the intestinal tract as a C. muridarum reservoir. C. muridarum inclusions were observed in large intestinal, but not genital, tissues during latency. Oviduct dilation was associated with C. muridarum infection, as expected. Contradicting our hypothesis, N. gonorrhoeae coinfection did not reactivate latent C. muridarum vaginal shedding. In addition, latent C. muridarum infection did not modulate recovery of vaginal viable N. gonorrhoeae. Evidence for N. gonorrhoeae-dependent increased C. muridarum infectivity has thus not been demonstrated in murine coinfection, and the ability of C. muridarum coinfection to potentiate N. gonorrhoeae infectivity may depend on actively replicating vaginal C. muridarum. The proportion of mice with increased vaginal neutrophils (PMNs) was higher in N. gonorrhoeae-infected than in C. muridarum-infected mice, as expected, while that of C. muridarum/N. gonorrhoeae-coinfected mice was intermediate to the singly infected groups, suggesting latent C. muridarum murine infection may limit PMN response to subsequent N. gonorrhoeae infection. IMPORTANCE Our work builds upon the limited understanding of C. muridarum/N. gonorrhoeae coinfection. Previously, N. gonorrhoeae infection of mice with acute (actively replicating) vaginal C. muridarum infection was shown to increase recovery of viable vaginal N. gonorrhoeae and vaginal PMNs, with no effect on C. muridarum vaginal shedding (R. A. Vonck et al., Infect Immun 79:1566-1577, 2011). It has also been shown that chlamydial infection of human and murine PMNs prevents normal PMN responses, including the response to N. gonorrhoeae (K. Rajeeve et al., Nat Microbiol 3:824-835, 2018). Our findings show no effect of latent genital C. muridarum infection on the recovery of viable N. gonorrhoeae, in contrast to the previously reported effect of acute C. muridarum infection, and suggesting that acute versus latent C. muridarum infection may have distinct effects on PMN function in mice. Together, these studies to date provide evidence that Chlamydia/N. gonorrhoeae synergistic interactions may depend on the presence of replicating Chlamydia in the genital tract, while chlamydial effects on vaginal PMNs may extend beyond acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Onorini
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cory Ann Leonard
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Regenia Phillips Campbell
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Infectious Disease, Inflammation and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Barbara Prähauser
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Theresa Pesch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert V. Schoborg
- Department of Medical Education, Center for Infectious Disease, Inflammation and Immunity, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ann E. Jerse
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernadetta Tarigan
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Borel
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Santamaría E, Maestro A, Vilchez S, González C. Study of nanoemulsions using carvacrol/MCT-(Oleic acid-potassium oleate)/ Tween 80 ®- water system by low energy method. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16967. [PMID: 37332948 PMCID: PMC10276228 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Carvacrol is studied in different fields due to its microbial and antioxidant properties. Its use is limited because of the water insolubility and its strong taste. To overcome these problems, carvacrol has been successfully loaded into nanoemulsions. The low-energy emulsification method Phase Inversion Composition (PIC) is used to prepare oil-in-water nanoemulsions in the carvacrol/medium chain triglycerides (MCT)-(oleic acid-potassium oleate/Tween 80 ®)-water system. Oleic acid acts as a co-surfactant when it is neutralized with KOH along the emulsification path changing the spontaneous curvature of the interface when increasing the HLB number from 1 for the oleic acid to 20 for the potassium oleate and, therefore, changing the HLB number of the surfactant mixture. The phases diagrams are studied in order to understand the behaviour of the system and to establish the composition range where nanoemulsions can be obtained. Nanoemulsions are formed when the emulsification path crosses a region of direct or planar structure without excess of oil. Experimental design is performed in order to study the influence of composition variables as carvacrol/MCT ratio and (oleic-oleate)/Tween 80 ® ratio (OL-OT/T80 ratio) on the diameter of the nanoemulsions and their stability. It has been observed the importance of the HLB number of the surfactants mixture in order to obtain small-sized stable nanoemulsions. Surface response graphic shows that (OL-OT)/T80 ratio is a significant parameter in the mean diameter of the nanoemulsions. A minimum diameter is obtained for a (OL-OT)/T80 ratio 45/55 due to the fact that ratio is near the preferred HLB of the oil mixture and the emulsification path contains a wide liquid crystal monophasic region with all the oil incorporated in the structure. Diameters of 19 nm for carvacrol/MCT ratio of 30/70 or diameters of 30 nm for ratios of 45/55 with high stability values presented a good potential to be incorporated into edible films in the future. Regarding nanoemulsions stability an optimum value is also observed for a carvacrol/MCT ratio. The addition of another carrier oil as olive oil instead of MCT showed an improvement of the nanoemulsions stability against Ostwald ripening, probably due to the smaller solubility of olive oil. The use of olive oil does not significantly change the diameter of the nanoemulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Santamaría
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franques, 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Alicia Maestro
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franques, 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
| | - Susana Vilchez
- Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IQAC-CSIC) and Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carme González
- Chemical Engineering and Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, Marti i Franques, 1, Barcelona, 08028, Spain
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Raie DS, Tsonas I, Canales M, Mourdikoudis S, Simeonidis K, Makridis A, Karfaridis D, Ali S, Vourlias G, Wilson P, Bozec L, Ciric L, Kim Thanh NT. Enhanced detoxification of Cr 6+ by Shewanella oneidensis via adsorption on spherical and flower-like manganese ferrite nanostructures. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:2897-2910. [PMID: 37260478 PMCID: PMC10228370 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00691j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Maximizing the safe removal of hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from waste streams is an increasing demand due to the environmental, economic and health benefits. The integrated adsorption and bio-reduction method can be applied for the elimination of the highly toxic Cr6+ and its detoxification. This work describes a synthetic method for achieving the best chemical composition of spherical and flower-like manganese ferrite (MnxFe3-xO4) nanostructures (NS) for Cr6+ adsorption. We selected NS with the highest adsorption performance to study its efficiency in the extracellular reduction of Cr6+ into a trivalent state (Cr3+) by Shewanella oneidensis (S. oneidensis) MR-1. MnxFe3-xO4 NS were prepared by a polyol solvothermal synthesis process. They were characterised by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The elemental composition of MnxFe3-xO4 was evaluated by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Our results reveal that the oxidation state of the manganese precursor significantly affects the Cr6+ adsorption efficiency of MnxFe3-xO4 NS. The best adsorption capacity for Cr6+ is 16.8 ± 1.6 mg Cr6+/g by the spherical Mn0.22+Fe2.83+O4 nanoparticles at pH 7, which is 1.4 times higher than that of Mn0.8Fe2.2O4 nanoflowers. This was attributed to the relative excess of divalent manganese in Mn0.22+Fe2.83+O4 based on our XPS analysis. The lethal concentration of Cr6+ for S. oneidensis MR-1 was 60 mg L-1 (determined by flow cytometry). The addition of Mn0.22+Fe2.83+O4 nanoparticles to S. oneidensis MR-1 enhanced the bio-reduction of Cr6+ 2.66 times compared to the presence of the bacteria alone. This work provides a cost-effective method for the removal of Cr6+ with a minimum amount of sludge production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana S Raie
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK http://www.ntk-thanh.co.uk
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories 21 Albemarle Street London W1S 4BS UK
| | - Ioannis Tsonas
- UCL Electronic and Electrical Engineering, UCL Gower Street London WC1E 7JE UK
| | - Melisa Canales
- Healthy Infrastructure Research Group, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, UCL Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK http://www.ntk-thanh.co.uk
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories 21 Albemarle Street London W1S 4BS UK
| | | | - Antonis Makridis
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Dimitrios Karfaridis
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Shanom Ali
- Environmental Research Laboratory, ClinicalMicrobiology and Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Georgios Vourlias
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki 54124 Thessaloniki Greece
| | - Peter Wilson
- Environmental Research Laboratory, ClinicalMicrobiology and Virology, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust London UK
| | - Laurent Bozec
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lena Ciric
- Healthy Infrastructure Research Group, Department of Civil, Environmental & Geomatic Engineering, UCL Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Nguyen Thi Kim Thanh
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London Gower Street London WC1E 6BT UK http://www.ntk-thanh.co.uk
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics and Nanomaterials Laboratories 21 Albemarle Street London W1S 4BS UK
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Vittal LVM, Rookes J, Boyd B, Cahill D. Analysis of plant cuticles and their interactions with agrochemical surfactants using a 3D printed diffusion chamber. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:37. [PMID: 37005584 PMCID: PMC10067233 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-00999-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decades of research is available on their effects of single component surfactant on active ingredient diffusion across plant cuticular membranes, but ingredient diffusion is rarely analysed in the presence of commercial surfactants. Also, diffusion studies require expensive or specialized apparatus the fabrication of which often requires skilled labour and specialized facilities. In this research we have addressed both problems where the effects of four commercially available surfactants on a known tracer molecule were investigated using a 3D printed customized diffusion chamber. RESULTS As a proof-of-concept a customized 3D printed diffusion chamber was devised using two different thermoplastics and was successfully used in a range of diffusion tests . The effect of various solvents and surfactants on S. lycopersicum cuticular membrane indicated an increased rate of flux of tracer molecules across the membranes. This research has validated the application of 3D printing in diffusion sciences and demonstrated the flexibility and potential of this technique. CONCLUSIONS Using a 3D printed diffusion apparatus, the effect of commercial surfactants on molecular diffusion through isolated plant membranes was studied. Further, we have included here the steps involved in material selection, design, fabrication, and post processing procedures for successful recreation of the chamber. The customizability and rapid production process of the 3D printing demonstrates the power of additive manufacturing in the design and use of customizable labware.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Venkatesha Manyu Vittal
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - James Rookes
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216 Australia
| | - Ben Boyd
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville Campus, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - David Cahill
- Faculty of Science Engineering and Built Environment, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong Waurn Ponds Campus, Geelong, VIC 3216 Australia
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Wongkiew S, Chaikaew P, Takrattanasaran N, Khamkajorn T. Evaluation of nutrient characteristics and bacterial community in agricultural soil groups for sustainable land management. Sci Rep 2022; 12:7368. [PMID: 35513414 PMCID: PMC9072534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The soil bacterial community is critical for understanding biological processes in soils and is used for agricultural soil management. The understanding of microorganisms and ecology in different soil groups classified based on soil properties (e.g., minerals, soil texture, location, nitrogen, phosphorus, organic carbon and pH, among others), is limited. To suggest soil management strategies using bacterial data, we classified soils into four groups based on physical-chemical characteristics and elucidated their relationships with soil nutrient characteristics and the bacterial community in agricultural fields in Saraburi Province, Thailand. Results show that soil groups with high bacterial diversity had positive correlations with total Kjeldahl nitrogen and available phosphorus but were negatively affected by total organic carbon and pH levels. Dominant bacterial genera included Lactobacillus, Phascolarctobacterium, Prevotella, Clostridium, Gaiellales and Blautia. Significant key biomarkers were found (p < 0.05). Nutrient-rich soil groups (high available P, acidic pH) were found with genus Agromyces, while low nutrient soil groups (low available P, basic pH) were found with Hydrogenispora, Ignavibacterium and Bauldia. Based on co-occurrence networks, organic degrading bacteria functioned with other bacteria at high degrees of interconnections, suggesting organic amendment, biostimulation and biodegradation using nutrient-rich organic substrates could be used for agricultural soil improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeth Wongkiew
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environment Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Pasicha Chaikaew
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Natta Takrattanasaran
- Land Development Department, Land Development Regional Office 1, Pathum Thani, 12110, Thailand
| | - Thanachanok Khamkajorn
- Land Development Department, Land Development Regional Office 1, Pathum Thani, 12110, Thailand
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Qin J, Zou C, Tao J, Wei T, Yan L, Zhang Y, Wang H. Carbapenem Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in Elderly Patients: Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles, Risk Factors and Impact on Clinical Outcomes. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:2301-2314. [PMID: 35517901 PMCID: PMC9064054 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s358778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The prevalence and clinical impact on mortality of carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) infection are unclear in elderly patients. Here, we aimed to clarify the prevalence, the clinical manifestations, antimicrobial resistance, risk factors and outcomes of elderly inpatients with CRPA infection. Methods A retrospective study of 600 elderly inpatients infected with P. aeruginosa was conducted at Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine from January 1st 2018 to December 31st 2020. All 155 patients with CRPA infection were designated as a case group. Patients with carbapenem-susceptible Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CSPA) were randomly selected from remaining 445 cases in a 1:1 ratio to case group as a control group. Results Of 600 P. aeruginosa isolates, the overall rates of CRPA, MDR PA (multidrug-resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were 25.8% (155), 22.3% (134), respectively. The rankings of the top five resistant rates of CRPA to tested antimicrobial drugs were imipenem (87.7%), meropenem (70.3%), ciprofloxacin (51.0%), levofloxacin (48.4%), cefoperazone (43.2%). Independent risk factors for patients with CRPA infection were cerebrovascular disease (OR = 3.517, P < 0.001), foley catheter (OR = 2.073, P = 0.018), length of hospital stay ≥ 14 days (OR = 1.980, P = 0.013), albumin < 35 g/L (OR = 2.049, P = 0.020), previous antibiotic exposure to carbapenems (OR = 7.022, P = 0.004), previous antibiotic exposure to third- or fourth-generation cephalosporins (OR = 12.649, P = 0.002). Of 155 patients with CRPA infection, the mortality rate was 16.8% (26/155). Independent risk factors for mortality were receiving mechanical ventilation (OR = 3.671, P = 0.007) and neutrophil percentage ≥ 80% (OR = 2.908, P = 0.024). Conclusion The study revealed high rates of CRPA, MDR PA among the hospitalized elderly patient with P. aeruginosa infection. The analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility emphasizes the necessity for antimicrobial stewardship and infection control in hospitals. These findings of risk factors are practical significant to identify patients at high risk for CRPA infection and mortality that may benefit from alternate empiric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Medical Technology, Yueyang Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengyun Zou
- Department of Medical Technology, Yueyang Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianmin Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tian Wei
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- Department of Medical Technology, Yueyang Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiying Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Fredriksson-Ahomaa M, London L, Skrzypczak T, Kantala T, Laamanen I, Biström M, Maunula L, Gadd T. Foodborne Zoonoses Common in Hunted Wild Boars. ECOHEALTH 2020; 17:512-522. [PMID: 33326058 PMCID: PMC8192372 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-020-01509-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The northern European wild boar population has increased during the last decade. Highest wild boar numbers in Finland have been reported in the southeastern part near the Russian border. Wild boars may be infected with several human and animal pathogens. In this study, we investigated the presence of important foodborne pathogens in wild boars hunted in 2016 in Finland using serology, PCR and culturing. Seroprevalence of Salmonella (38%) and Yersinia (56%) infections was high in wild boars. Antibodies to hepatitis E virus, Toxoplasma gondii and Brucella were found in 18%, 9% and 9% of the wild boars, respectively. Trichinella antibodies were detected in 1% of the animals. We recorded no differences in the seroprevalence between males and females. However, Yersinia and T. gondii antibodies were detected significantly more often in adults than in young individuals. Listeria monocytogenes (48%) and stx-positive Escherichia coli (33%) determinants were frequently detected in the visceral organs (spleen and kidneys) by PCR. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis O:1 and L. monocytogenes 2a and 4b were identified by culturing from the PCR-positive samples. Brucella suis biovar 2 was isolated from visceral organs. No African swine fever, classical swine fever or Aujeszky's disease were detected in the wild boars. Our study shows that wild boars are important reservoirs of foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Laura London
- Virology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teresa Skrzypczak
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija Kantala
- Virology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilona Laamanen
- Virology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mia Biström
- Veterinary Bacteriology and Pathology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leena Maunula
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 66, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija Gadd
- Virology Unit, Finnish Food Authority, Helsinki, Finland
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Brasil TR, Freire-de-Lima CG, Morrot A, Vetö Arnholdt AC. Host- Toxoplasma gondii Coadaptation Leads to Fine Tuning of the Immune Response. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1080. [PMID: 28955329 PMCID: PMC5601305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii has successfully developed strategies to evade host's immune response and reach immune privileged sites, which remains in a controlled environment inside quiescent tissue cysts. In this review, we will approach several known mechanisms used by the parasite to modulate mainly the murine immune system at its favor. In what follows, we review recent findings revealing interference of host's cell autonomous immunity and cell signaling, gene expression, apoptosis, and production of microbicide molecules such as nitric oxide and oxygen reactive species during parasite infection. Modulation of host's metalloproteinases of extracellular matrix is also discussed. These immune evasion strategies are determinant to parasite dissemination throughout the host taking advantage of cells from the immune system to reach brain and retina, crossing crucial hosts' barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Rigueti Brasil
- Laboratório de Biologia do Reconhecer, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Xu ZY, Zheng MX, Zhang Y, Cui XZ, Yang SS, Liu RL, Li S, Xi R, Gong X, Bai R. Dynamic changes in the main regulatory genes of mitochondrial permeability transition pore in Eimeria tenella host cells. Exp Parasitol 2016; 171:42-48. [PMID: 27765656 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the dynamic changes in the main regulatory genes of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore in E. tenella host cells. Primary chick embryo cecum epithelial cell culture techniques, spectrophotometer technology, Hoechst-Annexin V-PI apoptosis staining and ELISA were used to detect the apoptosis rate and dynamic changes of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, Bak, Bid, Bad, HK-II, and ATP content in E. tenella host cells at 4, 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 h. The rates of early apoptosis, late apoptosis, and necrosis of group T0 were significantly lower (P < 0.05) or highly significantly lower (P < 0.01) than those of group C at 4 h, but higher (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) at varying degrees than those of the same group at 24-120 h. Compared to group C, the amount of Bcl-2, ATP, Bax and Bad in group T0 were visibly lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) at 4 h, whereas Bcl-xl/Bax was highly significantly higher (P < 0.01) at 4 h. In addition, group T0 had less ATP at 24-120 h than group C, whereas the amount of Bcl-2, Bcl-xl, Bax, Bak, Bid, Bad and HK-II in group T0 inversely increased in varying degrees at 24-120 h compared with group C. Moreover, Bcl-2/Bax was lower (P < 0.01) at 24, 48, and 96 h, and Bcl-xl/Bax was lower (P < 0.05) at 48 h in group T0 than in group C, respectively. Taken together, these observations indicate that in the early developmental stages of E. tenella, the host-cell apoptosis rate decreased; although the amount of anti- and pro-apoptotic genes in host cells decreased, the ratios of anti-apoptotic to pro-apoptotic bcl-2 gene-family members increased. In the middle and later developmental stages of E. tenella, the host-cell apoptosis rate increased; the amount of anti- and pro-apoptotic genes increased, while the ratios of anti-apoptotic to pro-apoptotic bcl-2 gene-family members decreased. In addition, ATP decreased at all developmental stages of E. tenella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yong Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Ming-Xue Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China.
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Sha-Sha Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Rui-Li Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Shan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Rou Xi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xin Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Rui Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, 030801, China
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10
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Góis MB, Hermes-Uliana C, Barreto Zago MC, Zanoni JN, da Silva AV, de Miranda-Neto MH, de Almeida Araújo EJ, Sant'Ana DDMG. Chronic infection with Toxoplasma gondii induces death of submucosal enteric neurons and damage in the colonic mucosa of rats. Exp Parasitol 2016; 164:56-63. [PMID: 26902605 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial secretion is coordinated by the submucosal plexus (SMP). Chemical mediators from SMP regulate the immunobiological response and direct actions against infectious agents. Toxoplasma gondii is a worldwide parasite that causes toxoplasmosis. This study aimed to determine the effects of chronic infection with T. gondii on the morphometry of the mucosa and the submucosal enteric neurons in the proximal colon of rats. Male adult rats were distributed into a control group (n = 10) and an infected group (n = 10). Infected rats received orally 500 oocysts of T. gondii (ME-49). After 36 days, the rats were euthanized and samples of the proximal colon were processed for histology to evaluate mucosal thickness in sections. Whole mounts were stained with methylene blue and subjected to immunohistochemistry to detect vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The total number of submucosal neurons decreased by 16.20%. Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-immunoreactive neurons increased by 26.95%. Intraepithelial lymphocytes increased by 62.86% and sulfomucin-producing goblet cells decreased by 22.87%. Crypt depth was greater by 43.02%. It was concluded that chronic infection with T. gondii induced death and hypertrophy in the remaining submucosal enteric neurons and damage to the colonic mucosa of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Biondaro Góis
- State University of Maringa, Department of Morphological Sciences, Maringa, PR, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Aristeu Vieira da Silva
- State University of Feira de Santana, Department of Biological Sciences, Feira de Santana, BA, Brazil
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11
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Zahoor MA, Saqalein M, Nawaz Z. ELISA for detection of humoral immunity against measles. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:1133-4. [PMID: 26600757 PMCID: PMC4652628 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asif Zahoor
- Department of Microbiology, Govt. College University, Faisalabad-Pakistan,*To whom correspondence should be addressed: Muhammad Asif Zahoor, Department of Microbiology, Govt. College University, Faisalabad-Pakistan; Tel: 92-41-9201205, E-mail:
| | - Muhammad Saqalein
- Department of Microbiology, Govt. College University, Faisalabad-Pakistan
| | - Zeeshan Nawaz
- Department of Microbiology, Govt. College University, Faisalabad-Pakistan
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12
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Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is the clinical and pathological consequence of acute infection with the obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii. Symptoms result from tissue destruction that accompanies lytic parasite growth. This review updates current understanding of the host cell invasion, parasite replication, and eventual egress that constitute the lytic cycle, as well as the ways T. gondii manipulates host cells to ensure its survival. Since the publication of a previous iteration of this review 15 years ago, important advances have been made in our molecular understanding of parasite growth and mechanisms of host cell egress, and knowledge of the parasite's manipulation of the host has rapidly progressed. Here we cover molecular advances and current conceptual frameworks that include each of these topics, with an eye to what may be known 15 years from now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira J Blader
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14127;
| | - Bradley I Coleman
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; , ,
| | - Chun-Ti Chen
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; , ,
| | - Marc-Jan Gubbels
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467; , ,
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13
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Toxoplasma gondii development of its replicative niche: in its host cell and beyond. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:965-76. [PMID: 24951442 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00081-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pathogens can replicate efficiently only after they manipulate and modify their host cells to create an environment conducive to replication. While diverse cellular pathways are targeted by different pathogens, metabolism, membrane and cytoskeletal architecture formation, and cell death are the three primary cellular processes that are modified by infections. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan that infects ∼30% of the world's population and causes severe and life-threatening disease in developing fetuses, in immune-comprised patients, and in certain otherwise healthy individuals who are primarily found in South America. The high prevalence of Toxoplasma in humans is in large part a result of its ability to modulate these three host cell processes. Here, we highlight recent work defining the mechanisms by which Toxoplasma interacts with these processes. In addition, we hypothesize why some processes are modified not only in the infected host cell but also in neighboring uninfected cells.
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14
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Angeloni MB, Guirelli PM, Franco PS, Barbosa BF, Gomes AO, Castro AS, Silva NM, Martins-Filho OA, Mineo TWP, Silva DAO, Mineo JR, Ferro EAV. Differential apoptosis in BeWo cells after infection with highly (RH) or moderately (ME49) virulent strains of Toxoplasma gondii is related to the cytokine profile secreted, the death receptor Fas expression and phosphorylated ERK1/2 expression. Placenta 2013; 34:973-82. [PMID: 24074900 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alterations of apoptosis are commonly associated with pregnancy complications and abortion. Modulation of apoptosis is a relevant feature of Toxoplasma gondii infection and it is related to parasite strain types. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible factors that are involved in the differential apoptosis of BeWo cells infected with distinct T. gondii strain types. METHODS Human trophoblastic cells (BeWo cell line) were infected with RH or ME49 strains, the cytokine production was measured and the phosphorylation of anti-apoptotic ERK1/2 protein was analyzed. Also, cells were treated with different cytokines, infected with RH or ME49 strain, and analyzed for apoptosis index and Fas/CD95 death receptor expression. RESULTS ME49-infected BeWo cells exhibited a predominantly pro-inflammatory cytokine profile, whereas cells infected with RH strain had a higher production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Also, the incidence of apoptosis was higher in ME49-infected cells, which have been treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to cells infected with RH and treated with anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, Fas/CD95 expression was higher in cells infected with either ME49 or RH strain and treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines compared to anti-inflammatory cytokine treatment. The phosphorylation of ERK1/2 protein increased after 24 h of infection only with the RH strain. CONCLUSION These results suggest that opposing mechanisms of interference in apoptosis of BeWo cells after infection with RH or ME49 strains of T. gondii can be associated with the differential cytokine profile secreted, the Fas/CD95 expression and the phosphorylated ERK1/2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Angeloni
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Uberlândia, Av. Pará, 1720, 38405-320 Uberlândia, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Torrelles JB, Sieling PA, Zhang N, Keen MA, McNeil MR, Belisle JT, Modlin RL, Brennan PJ, Chatterjee D. Isolation of a distinct Mycobacterium tuberculosis mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan isoform responsible for recognition by CD1b-restricted T cells. Glycobiology 2012; 22:1118-27. [PMID: 22534567 PMCID: PMC3382347 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cws078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) is a complex lipoglycan abundantly present in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell envelope. Many biological properties have been ascribed to ManLAM, from directly interacting with the host and participating in the intracellular survival of M. tuberculosis, to triggering innate and adaptive immune responses, including the activation of CD1b-restricted T cells. Due to its structural complexity, ManLAM is considered a heterogeneous population of molecules which may explain its different biological properties. The presence of various modifications such as fatty acids, succinates, lactates, phosphoinositides and methylthioxylose in ManLAM have proven to correlate directly with its biological activity and may potentially be involved in the interactions between CD1b and the T cell population. To further delineate the specific ManLAM epitopes involved in CD1b-restricted T cell recognition, and their potential roles in mediating immune responses in M. tuberculosis infection, we established a method to resolve ManLAM into eight different isoforms based on their different isoelectric values. Our results show that a ManLAM isoform with an isoelectric value of 5.8 was the most potent in stimulating the production of interferon-γ in different CD1b-restricted T-cell lines. Compositional analyses of these isoforms of ManLAM revealed a direct relationship between the overall charge of the ManLAM molecule and its capacity to be presented to T cells via the CD1 compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi B Torrelles
- Mycobacterial Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Dillon JAR, Parti RP. Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Neisseria gonorrhoeae: Fitness Cost or Benefit? J Infect Dis 2012; 205:1775-7. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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17
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Rodrigues V, Cordeiro-da-Silva A, Laforge M, Ouaissi A, Silvestre R, Estaquier J. Modulation of mammalian apoptotic pathways by intracellular protozoan parasites. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:325-33. [PMID: 22168464 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01737.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During intracellular parasitic infections, pathogens and host cells take part in a complex web of events that are crucial for the outcome of the infection. Modulation of host cell apoptosis by pathogens attracted the attention of scientists during the last decade. Apoptosis is an efficient mechanism used by the host to control infection and limit pathogen multiplication and dissemination. In order to ensure completion of their complex life cycles and to guarantee transmission between different hosts, intracellular parasites have developed mechanisms to block apoptosis and sustain the viability of their host cells. Here, we review how some of the most prominent intracellular protozoan parasites modulate the main mammalian apoptotic pathways by emphasizing the advances from the last decade, which have begun to dissect this dynamic and complex interaction.
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Arrizabalaga G. A Fine Balance between Life and Death: Modulation of BCL-2 Family Members by Toxoplasma Gondii. Front Microbiol 2011; 2:39. [PMID: 21833301 PMCID: PMC3153020 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2011.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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