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Sandbrink JB, Alley EC, Watson MC, Koblentz GD, Esvelt KM. Insidious Insights: Implications of viral vector engineering for pathogen enhancement. Gene Ther 2022; 30:407-410. [PMID: 35264741 DOI: 10.1038/s41434-021-00312-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Optimizing viral vectors and their properties will be important for improving the effectiveness and safety of clinical gene therapy. However, such research may generate dual-use insights relevant to the enhancement of pandemic pathogens. In particular, reliable and generalizable methods of immune evasion could increase viral fitness sufficient to cause a new pandemic. High potential for misuse is associated with (1) the development of universal genetic elements for immune modulation, (2) specific insights on capsid engineering for antibody evasion applicable to viruses with pandemic potential, and (3) the development of computational methods to inform capsid engineering. These risks may be mitigated by prioritizing non-viral delivery systems, pharmacological immune modulation methods, non-genetic vector surface modifications, and engineering methods specific to AAV and other viruses incapable of unassisted human-to-human transmission. We recommend that computational vector engineering and the publication of associated code and data be limited to AAV until a technical solution for preventing malicious access to viral engineering tools has been established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas B Sandbrink
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Future of Humanity Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Ethan C Alley
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew C Watson
- Center for Health Security, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Gregory D Koblentz
- Schar School of Policy and Government, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Kevin M Esvelt
- Media Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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2
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Demeules M, Scarpitta A, Abad C, Gondé H, Hardet R, Pinto-Espinoza C, Eichhoff AM, Schäfer W, Haag F, Koch-Nolte F, Adriouch S. Evaluation of P2X7 Receptor Function in Tumor Contexts Using rAAV Vector and Nanobodies (AAVnano). Front Oncol 2020; 10:1699. [PMID: 33042812 PMCID: PMC7518291 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) represents a danger signal that accumulates in injured tissues, in inflammatory sites, and in the tumor microenvironment. Extracellular ATP is known to signal through plasma membrane receptors of the P2Y and P2X families. Among the P2X receptors, P2X7 has attracted increasing interest in the field of inflammation as well as in cancer. P2X7 is expressed by immune cells and by most malignant tumor cells where it plays a crucial yet complex role that remains to be clarified. P2X7 activity has been associated with production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, modulation of the activity and survival of immune cells, and the stimulation of proliferation and migratory properties of tumor cells. Hence, P2X7 plays an intricate role in the tumor microenvironment combining beneficial and detrimental effects that need to be further investigated. For this, we developed a novel methodology termed AAVnano based on the use of Adeno-associated viral vectors (AAV) encoding nanobodies targeting P2X7. We discuss here the advantages of this tool to study the different functions of P2X7 in cancer and other pathophysiological contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Demeules
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular Diseases and Regenerative THERapies, Rouen, France
| | - Allan Scarpitta
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular Diseases and Regenerative THERapies, Rouen, France
| | - Catalina Abad
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular Diseases and Regenerative THERapies, Rouen, France
| | - Henri Gondé
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular Diseases and Regenerative THERapies, Rouen, France
| | - Romain Hardet
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular Diseases and Regenerative THERapies, Rouen, France
| | | | - Anna Marei Eichhoff
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedrich Koch-Nolte
- Institute of Immunology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, Neuromuscular Diseases and Regenerative THERapies, Rouen, France
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3
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Richter C, Bruegmann T. No light without the dark: Perspectives and hindrances for translation of cardiac optogenetics. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 154:39-50. [PMID: 31515056 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, optogenetic stimulation of the heart and its translational potential for rhythm control attracted more and more interest. Optogenetics allows to stimulate cardiomyocytes expressing the light-gated cation channel Channelrhodopsin 2 (ChR2) with light and thus high spatio-temporal precision. Therefore this new approach can overcome the technical limitations of electrical stimulation. In regard of translational approaches, the prospect of pain-free stimulation, if ChR2 expression is restricted to cardiomyocytes, is especially intriguing and could be highly beneficial for cardioversion and defibrillation. However, there is no light without shadow and cardiac optogenetics has to surmount critical hurdles, namely "how" to inscribe light-sensitivity by expressing ChR2 in a native heart and how to avoid side effects such as possible immune responses against the gene transfer. Furthermore, implantable light devices have to be developed which ensure sufficient illumination in a highly contractile environment. Therefore this article reviews recent advantages in the field of cardiac optogenetics with a special focus on the hindrances for the potential translation of this new approach into clinics and provides an outlook how these have to be carefully investigated and could be solved step by step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Richter
- RG Biomedical Physics, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics & Self-Organization, Am Fassberg 17, 37077, Goettingen, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Robert-Koch-Str. 42a, 37075, Goettingen, Germany; DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Goettingen, 37075, Goettingen, Germany; Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Humboldtallee 23, 37073, Goettingen, Germany.
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4
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Bartolo L, Li Chung Tong S, Chappert P, Urbain D, Collaud F, Colella P, Richard I, Ronzitti G, Demengeot J, Gross DA, Mingozzi F, Davoust J. Dual muscle-liver transduction imposes immune tolerance for muscle transgene engraftment despite preexisting immunity. JCI Insight 2019; 4:127008. [PMID: 31167976 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.127008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to therapeutic transgenes are a potential hurdle to treat monogenic muscle disorders. These responses result from the neutralizing activity of transgene-specific B cells and cytotoxic T cells recruited upon gene transfer. We explored here how dual muscle-liver expression of a foreign transgene allows muscle transgene engraftment after adenoassociated viral vector delivery. We found in particular that induction of transgene-specific tolerance is imposed by concurrent muscle and liver targeting, resulting in the absence of CD8+ T cell responses to the transgene. This tolerance can be temporally decoupled, because transgene engraftment can be achieved in muscle weeks after liver transduction. Importantly, transgene-specific CD8+ T cell tolerance can be established despite preexisting immunity to the transgene. Whenever preexisting, transgene-specific CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell responses are present, dual muscle-liver transduction turns polyclonal, transgene-specific CD8+ T cells into typically exhausted T cells with high programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) expression and lack of IFN-γ production. Our results demonstrate that successful transduction of muscle tissue can be achieved through liver-mediated control of humoral and cytotoxic T cell responses, even in the presence of preexisting immunity to the muscle-associated transgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bartolo
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Stéphanie Li Chung Tong
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Chappert
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Urbain
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Collaud
- Integrare Research Unit UMR S951, Genethon, INSERM, Université Evry, Université Paris Saclay, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Evry, France
| | - Pasqualina Colella
- Integrare Research Unit UMR S951, Genethon, INSERM, Université Evry, Université Paris Saclay, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Evry, France
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Integrare Research Unit UMR S951, Genethon, INSERM, Université Evry, Université Paris Saclay, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Evry, France
| | - Giuseppe Ronzitti
- Integrare Research Unit UMR S951, Genethon, INSERM, Université Evry, Université Paris Saclay, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Evry, France
| | | | - David A Gross
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- Integrare Research Unit UMR S951, Genethon, INSERM, Université Evry, Université Paris Saclay, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Evry, France
| | - Jean Davoust
- Institut Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Faculté de Médecine, Paris, France; INSERM, U1151, Paris, France; CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France
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5
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Gardner MR, Fetzer I, Kattenhorn LM, Davis-Gardner ME, Zhou AS, Alfant B, Weber JA, Kondur HR, Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Desrosiers RC, Gao G, Lifson JD, Farzan M. Anti-drug Antibody Responses Impair Prophylaxis Mediated by AAV-Delivered HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies. Mol Ther 2019; 27:650-660. [PMID: 30704961 PMCID: PMC6403482 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery of potent and broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs is a promising approach for the prevention of HIV-1 infection. The immunoglobulin G (IgG)1 subtype is usually selected for this application, because it efficiently mediates antibody effector functions and has a somewhat longer half-life. However, the use of IgG1-Fc has been associated with the generation of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) that correlate with loss of antibody expression. In contrast, we have shown that expression of the antibody-like molecule eCD4-Ig bearing a rhesus IgG2-Fc domain showed reduced immunogenicity and completely protected rhesus macaques from simian-HIV (SHIV)-AD8 challenges. To directly compare the performance of the IgG1-Fc and the IgG2-Fc domains in a prophylactic setting, we compared AAV1 expression of rhesus IgG1 and IgG2 forms of four anti-HIV bNAbs: 3BNC117, NIH45-46, 10-1074, and PGT121. Interestingly, IgG2-isotyped bNAbs elicited significantly lower ADA than their IgG1 counterparts. We also observed significant protection from two SHIV-AD8 challenges in macaques expressing IgG2-isotyped bNAbs, but not from those expressing IgG1. Our data suggest that monoclonal antibodies isotyped with IgG2-Fc domains are less immunogenic than their IgG1 counterparts, and they highlight ADAs as a key barrier to the use of AAV1-expressed bNAbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA.
| | - Ina Fetzer
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Lisa M Kattenhorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, New England Primate Research Center, Southborough, MA 01772, USA
| | - Meredith E Davis-Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Amber S Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Barnett Alfant
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jesse A Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Hema R Kondur
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Jose M Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sebastian P Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- The Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA; Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
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6
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Rossi A, Dupaty L, Aillot L, Zhang L, Gallien C, Hallek M, Odenthal M, Adriouch S, Salvetti A, Büning H. Vector uncoating limits adeno-associated viral vector-mediated transduction of human dendritic cells and vector immunogenicity. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3631. [PMID: 30842485 PMCID: PMC6403382 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40071-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AAV vectors poorly transduce Dendritic cells (DC), a feature invoked to explain AAV's low immunogenicity. However, the reason for this non-permissiveness remained elusive. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis using human monocyte-derived immature DC (iDC) as model. iDC internalized AAV vectors of various serotypes, but even the most efficient serotype failed to transduce iDC above background. Since AAV vectors reached the cell nucleus, we hypothesized that AAV's intracellular processing occurs suboptimal. On this basis, we screened an AAV peptide display library for capsid variants more suitable for DC transduction and identified the I/VSS family which transduced DC with efficiencies of up to 38%. This property correlated with an improved vector uncoating. To determine the consequence of this novel feature for AAV's in vivo performance, we engineered one of the lead candidates to express a cytoplasmic form of ovalbumin, a highly immunogenic model antigen, and assayed transduction efficiency as well as immunogenicity. The capsid variant clearly outperformed the parental serotype in muscle transduction and in inducing antigen-specific humoral and T cell responses as well as anti-capsid CD8+ T cells. Hence, vector uncoating represents a major barrier hampering AAV vector-mediated transduction of DC and impacts on its use as vaccine platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Rossi
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Léa Dupaty
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Physiopathologie et biothérapies des maladies inflammatoires et autoimmunes (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France
| | - Ludovic Aillot
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5206, Lyon, France
| | - Liang Zhang
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Célia Gallien
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Hallek
- Clinic I of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Sahil Adriouch
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSERM, U1234, Physiopathologie et biothérapies des maladies inflammatoires et autoimmunes (PANTHER), 76000, Rouen, France.
| | - Anna Salvetti
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), INSERM U1111 - Université claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieur de Lyon, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5206, Lyon, France.
| | - Hildegard Büning
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany.
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7
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Maimon BE, Diaz M, Revol ECM, Schneider AM, Leaker B, Varela CE, Srinivasan S, Weber MB, Herr HM. Optogenetic Peripheral Nerve Immunogenicity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14076. [PMID: 30232391 PMCID: PMC6145901 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32075-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetic technologies have been the subject of great excitement within the scientific community for their ability to demystify complex neurophysiological pathways in the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems (PNS). The excitement surrounding optogenetics has also extended to the clinic with a trial for ChR2 in the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa currently underway and additional trials anticipated for the near future. In this work, we identify the cause of loss-of-expression in response to transdermal illumination of an optogenetically active peroneal nerve following an anterior compartment (AC) injection of AAV6-hSyn-ChR2(H134R) with and without a fluorescent reporter. Using Sprague Dawley Rag2-/- rats and appropriate controls, we discover optogenetic loss-of-expression is chiefly elicited by ChR2-mediated immunogenicity in the spinal cord, resulting in both CNS motor neuron death and ipsilateral muscle atrophy in both low and high Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) dosages. We further employ pharmacological immunosuppression using a slow-release tacrolimus pellet to demonstrate sustained transdermal optogenetic expression up to 12 weeks. These results suggest that all dosages of AAV-mediated optogenetic expression within the PNS may be unsafe. Clinical optogenetics for both PNS and CNS applications should take extreme caution when employing opsins to treat disease and may require concurrent immunosuppression. Future work in optogenetics should focus on designing opsins with lesser immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Maimon
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Maurizio Diaz
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Emilie C M Revol
- Department of Bioengineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexis M Schneider
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ben Leaker
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claudia E Varela
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Shriya Srinivasan
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Matthew B Weber
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology (HST), Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hugh M Herr
- MIT Media Lab, Center for Extreme Bionics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Purpose of review Here we discuss recently developed HIV-1 entry inhibitors that can target multiple epitopes on the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env), with an emphasis on eCD4-Ig. Some of these inhibitors are more potent and broader than any single antibody characterized to date. We also discuss the use of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors as a platform for long-term expression of these inhibitors. Recent findings Much of the exterior of HIV-1 Env can be targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs). Recent studies combine the variable regions or Fabs from different bNAbs, often with the receptor-mimetic components, to create broad, potent, and hard-to-escape inhibitors. rAAV vectors can express these inhibitors for years in vivo, highlighting their ability to prevent or treat HIV-1 infection. Summary By targeting multiple epitopes on Env, bispecific and antibody-like inhibitors can be broader and more potent than bNAbs. These inhibitors can provide long-term protection from, and perhaps suppression of, HIV-1 if they are administered by a delivery platform, like rAAV vectors, but only after rAAV limitations are addressed.
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9
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Martinet J, Bourdenet G, Meliani A, Jean L, Adriouch S, Cohen JL, Mingozzi F, Boyer O. Induction of Hematopoietic Microchimerism by Gene-Modified BMT Elicits Antigen-Specific B and T Cell Unresponsiveness toward Gene Therapy Products. Front Immunol 2016; 7:360. [PMID: 27695454 PMCID: PMC5023671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene therapy is a promising treatment option for hemophilia and other protein deficiencies. However, immune responses against the transgene product represent an obstacle to safe and effective gene therapy, urging for the implementation of tolerization strategies. Induction of a hematopoietic chimerism via bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is a potent means for inducing immunological tolerance in solid organ transplantation. OBJECTIVES We reasoned, here, that the same viral vector could be used, first, to transduce BM cells for inducing chimerism-associated transgene-specific immune tolerance and, second, for correcting protein deficiencies by vector-mediated systemic production of the deficient coagulation factor. METHODS Evaluation of strategies to induce B and T cell tolerance was performed using ex vivo gene transfer with lentiviral (LV) vectors encoding coagulation factor IX (FIX) or the SIINFEKL epitope of ovalbumin. Following induction of microchimerism via BMT, animals were challenged with in vivo gene transfer with LV vectors. RESULTS The experimental approach prevented humoral immune response against FIX, resulting in persistence of therapeutic levels of circulating FIX, after LV-mediated gene transfer in vivo. In an ovalbumin model, we also demonstrated that this approach effectively tolerized the CD8+ T cell compartment in an antigen-specific manner. CONCLUSION These results provide the proof-of-concept that inducing a microchimerism by gene-modified BMT is a powerful tool to provide transgene-specific B and T cell tolerance in a gene therapy setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Martinet
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Pathophysiology and Biotherapy of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM, CHU Rouen , Rouen , France
| | - Gwladys Bourdenet
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Pathophysiology and Biotherapy of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM, CHU Rouen , Rouen , France
| | - Amine Meliani
- U974, INSERM, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France; Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Laetitia Jean
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Pathophysiology and Biotherapy of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM, CHU Rouen , Rouen , France
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Pathophysiology and Biotherapy of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM, CHU Rouen , Rouen , France
| | | | - Federico Mingozzi
- U974, INSERM, University Pierre and Marie Curie, Paris, France; Genethon, Evry, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, Pathophysiology and Biotherapy of Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, INSERM, CHU Rouen , Rouen , France
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10
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Holvoet B, Quattrocelli M, Belderbos S, Pollaris L, Wolfs E, Gheysens O, Gijsbers R, Vanoirbeek J, Verfaillie CM, Sampaolesi M, Deroose CM. Sodium Iodide Symporter PET and BLI Noninvasively Reveal Mesoangioblast Survival in Dystrophic Mice. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 5:1183-1195. [PMID: 26626179 PMCID: PMC4682284 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of myopathies, characterized by muscle weakness and degeneration, without curative treatment. Mesoangioblasts (MABs) have been proposed as a potential regenerative therapy. To improve our understanding of the in vivo behavior of MABs and the effect of different immunosuppressive therapies, like cyclosporine A or co-stimulation-adhesion blockade therapy, on cell survival noninvasive cell monitoring is required. Therefore, cells were transduced with a lentiviral vector encoding firefly luciferase (Fluc) and the human sodium iodide transporter (hNIS) to allow cell monitoring via bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and small-animal positron emission tomography (PET). Non-H2 matched mMABs were injected in the femoral artery of dystrophic mice and were clearly visible via small-animal PET and BLI. Based on noninvasive imaging data, we were able to show that co-stim was clearly superior to CsA in reducing cell rejection and this was mediated via a reduction in cytotoxic T cells and upregulation of regulatory T cells. Longitudinal monitoring of murine mesoangioblasts with BLI and small-animal PET Noninvasive evaluation of immune suppressant efficacy Inhibition of co-stimulation outperformed cyclosporin Inhibition of co-stimulation reduced cytotoxic and upregulated regulatory T cells
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Holvoet
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Mattia Quattrocelli
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Translational Cardiomyology Lab, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Sarah Belderbos
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Lore Pollaris
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Department of Morphology, Biomedical Research Institute, Lab of Histology, Universiteit Hasselt, Diepenbeek 3590, Belgium
| | - Olivier Gheysens
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Rik Gijsbers
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Leuven Viral Vector Core, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Vanoirbeek
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Centre for Environment and Health, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Catherine M Verfaillie
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Stem Cell Institute Leuven, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Maurilio Sampaolesi
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Translational Cardiomyology Lab, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Deroose
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, KU Leuven, Leuven 3000, Belgium.
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11
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Hardet R, Chevalier B, Dupaty L, Naïmi Y, Riou G, Drouot L, Jean L, Salvetti A, Boyer O, Adriouch S. Oral-tolerization Prevents Immune Responses and Improves Transgene Persistence Following Gene Transfer Mediated by Adeno-associated Viral Vector. Mol Ther 2015; 24:87-95. [PMID: 26265250 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene therapy represents a feasible strategy to treat inherited monogenic diseases and intramuscular (i.m.) injection of recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector is now recognized as a convenient and safe method of gene transfer. However, this approach is hampered by immune responses directed against the vector and against the transgenic protein. We used here to reproduce this situation a mouse model where robust immune responses are induced following injection of an AAV vector coding for an immunogenic transgenic protein. We show that prophylactic oral administration of the immunogenic protein before AAV-mediated gene transfer completely prevented antibody formation and cytotoxic CD8(+) T-cell response. Consistently, prophylactic oral-tolerization considerably improved long-term transgene persistence and expression. Mechanistically, inhibition of the cytotoxic immune response involved abortive proliferation of antigen-specific cytotoxic CD8(+) T cells, upregulation of the PD-1 immunoregulatory molecule, downregulation of the Bcl-2 antiapoptotic factor, and their deletion in the context of AAV-mediated gene transfer. Hence, gene therapy may represent an ideal situation where oral-tolerization can be adopted before or at the same time as vector injection to efficiently prevent deleterious immune responses directed against the transgenic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Hardet
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Benjamin Chevalier
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Léa Dupaty
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Yassine Naïmi
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Gaëtan Riou
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Laurent Drouot
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Laetitia Jean
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
| | - Anna Salvetti
- International Center for Research in Infectiology (CIRI), Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Lyon, France.,Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Université de Lyon, UCB-Lyon1, Lyon, France.,LabEx Ecofect, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France.,Rouen University Hospital, Department of Immunology, Rouen, France
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France.,Normandie University, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine, Rouen, France
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12
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A dystrophic muscle broadens the contribution and activation of immune cells reacting to rAAV gene transfer. Gene Ther 2014; 21:828-39. [PMID: 25030611 PMCID: PMC4283385 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors (rAAVs) are used for therapeutic gene transfer in skeletal muscle, but it is unclear if immune reactivity to gene transfer and persistence of transgene are affected by pathologic conditions such as muscular dystrophy. Thus, we compared dystrophic mice devoid of α-sarcoglycan with healthy mice to characterize immune cell activation and cellular populations contributing to the loss of gene-modified myofibers. Following rAAV2/1 delivery of an immunogenic α-sarcoglycan reporter transgene in the muscle, both strains developed strong CD4 and CD8 T-cell-mediated immune responses in lymphoid organs associated with muscle CD3+ T and CD11b+ mononuclear cell infiltrates. Selective cell subset depletion models revealed that CD4+ T cells were essential for transgene rejection in both healthy and pathologic mice, but macrophages and CD8+ T cells additionally contributed as effector cells of transgene rejection only in dystrophic mice. Vectors restricting transgene expression in antigen-presenting cells showed that endogenous presentation of transgene products was the sole mechanism responsible for T-cell priming in normal mice, whereas additional and protracted antigenic presentation occurred in dystrophic animals, leading to secondary CD4+ T-cell activation and failure to maintain transgene expression. Therefore, the dystrophic environment diversifies cellular immune response mechanisms induced by gene transfer, with a negative outcome.
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13
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Influence of immune responses in gene/stem cell therapies for muscular dystrophies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:818107. [PMID: 24959590 PMCID: PMC4052166 DOI: 10.1155/2014/818107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases, caused by mutations in different components of sarcolemma, extracellular matrix, or enzymes. Inflammation and innate or adaptive immune response activation are prominent features of MDs. Various therapies under development are directed toward rescuing the dystrophic muscle damage using gene transfer or cell therapy. Here we discussed current knowledge about involvement of immune system responses to experimental therapies in MDs.
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14
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Hareendran S, Balakrishnan B, Sen D, Kumar S, Srivastava A, Jayandharan GR. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors in gene therapy: immune challenges and strategies to circumvent them. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:399-413. [DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Hareendran
- Centre for Stem Cell Research; Christian Medical College; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Balaji Balakrishnan
- Department of Hematology; Christian Medical College; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Dwaipayan Sen
- Department of Hematology; Christian Medical College; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Centre for Stem Cell Research; Christian Medical College; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Alok Srivastava
- Centre for Stem Cell Research; Christian Medical College; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Hematology; Christian Medical College; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
| | - Giridhara R. Jayandharan
- Centre for Stem Cell Research; Christian Medical College; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
- Department of Hematology; Christian Medical College; Vellore Tamil Nadu India
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15
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Seto JT, Ramos JN, Muir L, Chamberlain JS, Odom GL. Gene replacement therapies for duchenne muscular dystrophy using adeno-associated viral vectors. Curr Gene Ther 2012; 12:139-51. [PMID: 22533379 DOI: 10.2174/156652312800840603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The muscular dystrophies collectively represent a major health challenge, as few significant treatment options currently exist for any of these disorders. Recent years have witnessed a proliferation of novel approaches to therapy, spanning increased testing of existing and new pharmaceuticals, DNA delivery (both anti-sense oligonucleotides and plasmid DNA), gene therapies and stem cell technologies. While none of these has reached the point of being used in clinical practice, all show promise for being able to impact different types of muscular dystrophies. Our group has focused on developing direct gene replacement strategies to treat recessively inherited forms of muscular dystrophy, particularly Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD). Both forms of dystrophy are caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene and all cases can in theory be treated by gene replacement using synthetic forms of the dystrophin gene. The major challenges for success of this approach are the development of a suitable gene delivery shuttle, generating a suitable gene expression cassette able to be carried by such a shuttle, and achieving safe and effective delivery without elicitation of a destructive immune response. This review summarizes the current state of the art in terms of using adeno-associated viral vectors to deliver synthetic dystrophin genes for the purpose of developing gene therapy for DMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane T Seto
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7720, USA.
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16
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Hoffman BE, Ertl HCJ, Terhorst C, High KA, Herzog RW. Gene therapy research at the frontiers of viral immunology. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:182. [PMID: 22783235 PMCID: PMC3390768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brad E Hoffman
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Therapy, Department of Pediatrics, University of Florida College of Medicine Gainesville, FL, USA
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17
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Franck E, Bonneau C, Jean L, Henry JP, Lacoume Y, Salvetti A, Boyer O, Adriouch S. Immunological tolerance to muscle autoantigens involves peripheral deletion of autoreactive CD8+ T cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36444. [PMID: 22570714 PMCID: PMC3343038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle potentially represents the most abundant source of autoantigens of the body and can be targeted by a variety of severe autoimmune diseases. Yet, the mechanisms of immunological tolerance toward muscle autoantigens remain mostly unknown. We investigated this issue in transgenic SM-Ova mice that express an ovalbumin (Ova) neo-autoantigen specifically in skeletal muscle. We previously reported that antigen specific CD4+ T cell are immunologically ignorant to endogenous Ova in this model but can be stimulated upon immunization. In contrast, Ova-specific CD8+ T cells were suspected to be either unresponsive to Ova challenge or functionally defective. We now extend our investigations on the mechanisms governing CD8+ tolerance in SM-Ova mice. We show herein that Ova-specific CD8+ T cells are not detected upon challenge with strongly immunogenic Ova vaccines even after depletion of regulatory T cells. Ova-specific CD8+ T cells from OT-I mice adoptively transferred to SM-Ova mice started to proliferate in vivo, acquired CD69 and PD-1 but subsequently down-regulated Bcl-2 and disappeared from the periphery, suggesting a mechanism of peripheral deletion. Peripheral deletion of endogenous Ova-specific cells was formally demonstrated in chimeric SM-Ova mice engrafted with bone marrow cells containing T cell precursors from OT-I TCR-transgenic mice. Thus, the present findings demonstrate that immunological tolerance to muscle autoantigens involves peripheral deletion of autoreactive CD8+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Franck
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Carole Bonneau
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Laetitia Jean
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Jean-Paul Henry
- University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
- Inserm, U1096, Rouen, France
| | - Yann Lacoume
- University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
| | - Anna Salvetti
- Inserm, U758, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon (ENS), Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Boyer
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
- Department of Immunology, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
- * E-mail: (OB); (SA)
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- Inserm, U905, Rouen, France
- University of Rouen, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy, France
- * E-mail: (OB); (SA)
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