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Wang T, Zheng J, Pan Y, Zhuang Z, Zeng Y. Investigation of key miRNAs and Target-mRNA in Kaposi's sarcoma using bioinformatic methods. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29502. [PMID: 38660282 PMCID: PMC11041027 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is the second most common tumor in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients worldwide. While many miRNAs have been confirmed to be involved in KS biological processes, no relevant studies have combined miRNA and mRNA expression profiles using KS patient tissue biopsies. In this study, we performed transcriptome sequencing on tumor and normal tissues from four KS patients and identified differentially expressed mRNA and miRNA, further performed target gene prediction and enrichment analysis. 19,551 target-mRNAs were identified by predicting 106 miRNAs, with 553 overlapping with 571 significantly differentially expressed mRNAs. Enrichment analysis showed significant involvement of the Ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway. Additionally, the miRNA-mRNA interaction network was established, and the topological score of Cytohubba's algorithm was calculated for comparison with three other datasets. The Mutual Clustering Coefficient (MCC) scoring ranking placed ZBTB34, NFIB, and RORA as the top three mRNAs, while hsa-miR-16-5p, hsa-miR-27a-3p, hsa-miR-340-5p, hsa-miR-182-5p, and hsa-miR-186-5p ranked as the top five miRNAs. Hsa-miR-101-3p is the only miRNA that appears both in the top 10 MCC scores and at the intersection of the other two datasets. Finally, qRT-PCR was used to validate the findings at the cellular level. In summary, the miRNA analysis results indicated that hsa-miR-101-3p could be used as a potential diagnostic or therapeutic marker in future studies. Moreover, the mRNA analysis results suggested that the histone binding pathways involved in mRNAs and ubiquitin-related biological processes were closely associated with KS and could serve as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianye Wang
- Precision Clinical Laboratory, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Precision Clinical Laboratory, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- Precision Clinical Laboratory, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhuang
- Precision Clinical Laboratory, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Precision Clinical Laboratory, Zhanjiang Central Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Endemic and Ethnic Disease, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Pietropaolo V, Prezioso C, Moens U. Role of Virus-Induced Host Cell Epigenetic Changes in Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158346. [PMID: 34361112 PMCID: PMC8346956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor viruses human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) account for approximately 15% of all human cancers. Although the oncoproteins of these tumor viruses display no sequence similarity to one another, they use the same mechanisms to convey cancer hallmarks on the infected cell. Perturbed gene expression is one of the underlying mechanisms to induce cancer hallmarks. Epigenetic processes, including DNA methylation, histone modification and chromatin remodeling, microRNA, long noncoding RNA, and circular RNA affect gene expression without introducing changes in the DNA sequence. Increasing evidence demonstrates that oncoviruses cause epigenetic modifications, which play a pivotal role in carcinogenesis. In this review, recent advances in the role of host cell epigenetic changes in virus-induced cancers are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Pietropaolo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
| | - Carla Prezioso
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, “Sapienza” University, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- IRCSS San Raffaele Roma, Microbiology of Chronic Neuro-Degenerative Pathologies, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Ugo Moens
- Molecular Inflammation Research Group, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø—The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Correspondence: (V.P.); (U.M.)
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3
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Abstract
Viral infections lead to the death of more than a million people each year around the world, both directly and indirectly. Viruses interfere with many cell functions, particularly critical pathways for cell death, by affecting various intracellular mediators. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a major example of these mediators because they are involved in many (if not most) cellular mechanisms. Virus-regulated miRNAs have been implicated in three cell death pathways, namely, apoptosis, autophagy, and anoikis. Several molecules (e.g., BECN1 and B cell lymphoma 2 [BCL2] family members) are involved in both apoptosis and autophagy, while activation of anoikis leads to cell death similar to apoptosis. These mechanistic similarities suggest that common regulators, including some miRNAs (e.g., miR-21 and miR-192), are involved in different cell death pathways. Because the balance between cell proliferation and cell death is pivotal to the homeostasis of the human body, miRNAs that regulate cell death pathways have drawn much attention from researchers. miR-21 is regulated by several viruses and can affect both apoptosis and anoikis via modulating various targets, such as PDCD4, PTEN, interleukin (IL)-12, Maspin, and Fas-L. miR-34 can be downregulated by viral infection and has different effects on apoptosis, depending on the type of virus and/or host cell. The present review summarizes the existing knowledge on virus-regulated miRNAs involved in the modulation of cell death pathways. Understanding the mechanisms for virus-mediated regulation of cell death pathways could provide valuable information to improve the diagnosis and treatment of many viral diseases.
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Choi YB, Cousins E, Nicholas J. Novel Functions and Virus-Host Interactions Implicated in Pathogenesis and Replication of Human Herpesvirus 8. Recent Results Cancer Res 2021; 217:245-301. [PMID: 33200369 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-57362-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is classified as a γ2-herpesvirus and is related to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a γ1-herpesvirus. One important aspect of the γ-herpesviruses is their association with neoplasia, either naturally or in animal model systems. HHV-8 is associated with B-cell-derived primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) and multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), endothelial-derived Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), and KSHV inflammatory cytokine syndrome (KICS). EBV is also associated with a number of B-cell malignancies, such as Burkitt's lymphoma, Hodgkin's lymphoma, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, in addition to epithelial nasopharyngeal and gastric carcinomas. Despite the similarities between these viruses and their associated malignancies, the particular protein functions and activities involved in key aspects of virus biology and neoplastic transformation appear to be quite distinct. Indeed, HHV-8 specifies a number of proteins for which counterparts had not previously been identified in EBV, other herpesviruses, or even viruses in general, and these proteins are believed to play vital functions in virus biology and to be involved centrally in viral pathogenesis. Additionally, a set of microRNAs encoded by HHV-8 appears to modulate the expression of multiple host proteins to provide conditions conductive to virus persistence within the host and possibly contributing to HHV-8-induced neoplasia. Here, we review the molecular biology underlying these novel virus-host interactions and their potential roles in both virus biology and virus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bong Choi
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
| | - Emily Cousins
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - John Nicholas
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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Rainy N, Zayoud M, Kloog Y, Rechavi O, Goldstein I. Viral oncomiR spreading between B and T cells is employed by Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus to induce non-cell-autonomous target gene regulation. Oncotarget 2018; 7:41870-41884. [PMID: 27248822 PMCID: PMC5173102 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The two human lymphotrophic γ-herpesviruses, Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), are a recognized cause of human cancer, encoding multiple miRs that are major players in carcinogenesis. Previously, we discovered that EBV-encoded miRs transfer between infected B and T lymphocytes. To further explore the biological significance of the spreading of γ-herpesvirus-encoded miRs on carcinogenesis, we focused on KSHV-miR-K12-11 (miR-K12-11) that is unique in having an identical seed sequence with the oncomiR hsa-miR-155, implicated in B cell lymphomas development. Here, we show for the first time that miR-K12-11 transfers in vitro from KSHV-infected BCBL-1 and BC-1 lymphoma lines to T cells. The transferred miR-K12-11 is active in the adopting T cells and binds its canonical target, the 3'-UTR of BACH1. Importantly, we show that the transfer of miR-K12-11 from BCBL-1 to Jurkat cells correlates with inhibition of the innate type-I interferons response to viral dsRNAs downstream of IKKε, a validated miR-K12-11 target. Finally, we show that miR-K12-11 spreading is not reduced by blocking the classical ceramide-dependent exosome secretion pathway. In summary, we report for the first time that intercellular viral oncomiR spreading is an additional mechanism employed by KSHV to inhibit host anti-viral immunity and consequently promote oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nir Rainy
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Academic Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel.,Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Morad Zayoud
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Academic Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Yoel Kloog
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Oded Rechavi
- Department of Neurobiology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Itamar Goldstein
- Sheba Cancer Research Center, Chaim Sheba Academic Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan 5262100, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
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6
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Sunagawa K, Hishima T, Fukumoto H, Hasegawa H, Katano H. Conserved sequences of BART and BHRF regions encoding viral microRNAs in Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoma. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:279. [PMID: 28705173 PMCID: PMC5513352 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2603-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes at least 25 pri-microRNAs (miRNAs) in two regions of its DNA genome, BART and BHRF. B95-8, an EBV reference strain, has a deletion in the BART region. However, no information is available on the deletions or mutations in the BART and BHRF regions in clinical samples of EBV-associated lymphoma. Results Nine DNA fragments encoding miR-BARTs and two coding miR-BHRF1s were amplified by PCR from DNA samples extracted from 16 cases of EBV-associated lymphoma. All the PCR products were sequenced directly. DNA fragments encoding miR-BARTs and miR-BHRF1-1 were successfully amplified from all samples. An adenine-to-guanine mutation in the DNA fragment encoding miR-BART2-3p was detected in four of the 16 cases, and a cytosine-to-thymidine mutation in the DNA fragment encoding miR-BART11-3p was detected in one of the 16 samples. These mutations were not associated with any histological categories of lymphoma. In conclusion, mutations were rarely observed in the DNA encoding viral miRNAs in cases of lymphoma. This suggests that the DNA sequences of EBV-encoded miR-BARTs and miR-BHRF1-1 are conserved in EBV-associated lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keishin Sunagawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.,Department of Pathology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Hishima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8677, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fukumoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan.
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KSHV MicroRNAs Repress Tropomyosin 1 and Increase Anchorage-Independent Growth and Endothelial Tube Formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135560. [PMID: 26263384 PMCID: PMC4532463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is characterized by highly vascularized spindle-cell tumors induced after infection of endothelial cells by Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). In KS tumors, KSHV expresses only a few latent proteins together with 12 pre-microRNAs. Previous microarray and proteomic studies predicted that multiple splice variants of the tumor suppressor protein tropomyosin 1 (TPM1) were targets of KSHV microRNAs. Here we show that at least two microRNAs of KSHV, miR-K2 and miR-K5, repress protein levels of specific isoforms of TPM1. We identified a functional miR-K5 binding site in the 3’ untranslated region (UTR) of one TPM1 isoform. Furthermore, the inhibition or loss of miR-K2 or miR-K5 restores expression of TPM1 in KSHV-infected cells. TPM1 protein levels were also repressed in KSHV-infected clinical samples compared to uninfected samples. Functionally, miR-K2 increases viability of unanchored human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) by inhibiting anoikis (apoptosis after cell detachment), enhances tube formation of HUVECs, and enhances VEGFA expression. Taken together, KSHV miR-K2 and miR-K5 may facilitate KSHV pathogenesis.
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Tan X, Gao Y, Nan Y, Zhang J, Di C, Wang X, Lian F, Cao Y, Hu Y, Xu L, Ma H, Hong Y, Liu T, Wu Y, Xu X, Yan Y, Yang L. Cellular MicroRNA Let-7a Suppresses KSHV Replication through Targeting MAP4K4 Signaling Pathways. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26197270 PMCID: PMC4511191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of KS, the most common AIDS-related malignancy. The majority of KS tumor cells harbor latent KSHV virus but only a small percentage undergoes spontaneous lytic replication. Viral reactivation from latency is crucial for the pathogenesis and development of KS, but the cellular mechanisms underlying the switch between viral latency and replication are not well understood. Methods The level of let-7 miRNAs and MAP4K4 in KSHV infected 293T cells were quantified by real-time PCRs. Let-7 expression was silenced by the miRNA sponge technique. In let-7a transfected 293T cells, the expression of MAP4K4 was measured by real-time PCR and western blot. Luciferease expression was employed to examine the effect of let-7a on the 3’-untranslated region (UTR) of the MAP4K4 gene in 293T cells. Real-time PCR was used to quantify the KSHV copy numbers in BC-3 cells in which the expression of let-7a and/or MAP4K4 were altered. Finally, ERK, JNK and p38 protein production and their phosphorylation status were detected by western blots in let-7a or MAP4K4 transfected BCBL-1 cells. Results The expression of microRNA let-7 was dramatically decreased in KSHV infected 293T cells, but that of MAP4K4 was increased significantly. Let-7a is physically associated with and targets the MAP4K4 3’UTR, and inhibits MAP4K4 expression at both mRNA and protein levels. MAP4K4 stimulates KSHV reactivation from latency, whereas let-7a inhibits the function of MAP4K4 by reversing the function of MAP4K4 on JNK, phospho-JNK and phospho-ERK1/2 levels. Conclusion Our results establish that let-7a specifically suppresses MAP4K4 expression, and further inhibits KSHV reactivation by interfering with the function of MAP4K4 on the MAPK pathway, highlighting let-7a as a potential treatment for KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Tan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yulong Nan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chunhong Di
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fuzhi Lian
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yifei Cao
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Hu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liangwen Xu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Hong
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingjie Liu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinyin Wu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xianrong Xu
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yutao Yan
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Medicine, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Avey D, Brewers B, Zhu F. Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis. Virol Sin 2015; 30:130-45. [PMID: 25924994 PMCID: PMC8200917 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-015-3595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Avey
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306 USA
| | - Brittany Brewers
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306 USA
| | - Fanxiu Zhu
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, 32306 USA
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10
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Cousins E, Nicholas J. Molecular biology of human herpesvirus 8: novel functions and virus-host interactions implicated in viral pathogenesis and replication. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 193:227-68. [PMID: 24008302 PMCID: PMC4124616 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), also known as Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is the second identified human gammaherpesvirus. Like its relative Epstein-Barr virus, HHV-8 is linked to B-cell tumors, specifically primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease, in addition to endothelial-derived KS. HHV-8 is unusual in its possession of a plethora of "accessory" genes and encoded proteins in addition to the core, conserved herpesvirus and gammaherpesvirus genes that are necessary for basic biological functions of these viruses. The HHV-8 accessory proteins specify not only activities deducible from their cellular protein homologies but also novel, unsuspected activities that have revealed new mechanisms of virus-host interaction that serve virus replication or latency and may contribute to the development and progression of virus-associated neoplasia. These proteins include viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6), viral chemokines (vCCLs), viral G protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR), viral interferon regulatory factors (vIRFs), and viral antiapoptotic proteins homologous to FLICE (FADD-like IL-1β converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (FLIP) and survivin. Other HHV-8 proteins, such as signaling membrane receptors encoded by open reading frames K1 and K15, also interact with host mechanisms in unique ways and have been implicated in viral pathogenesis. Additionally, a set of micro-RNAs encoded by HHV-8 appear to modulate expression of multiple host proteins to provide conditions conducive to virus persistence within the host and could also contribute to HHV-8-induced neoplasia. Here, we review the molecular biology underlying these novel virus-host interactions and their potential roles in both virus biology and virus-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cousins
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, 1650 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA,
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11
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Klase ZA, Sampey GC, Kashanchi F. Retrovirus infected cells contain viral microRNAs. Retrovirology 2013; 10:15. [PMID: 23391025 PMCID: PMC3571942 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The encoding of microRNAs in retroviral genomes has remained a controversial hypothesis despite significant supporting evidence in recent years. A recent publication demonstrating the production of functional miRNAs from the retrovirus bovine leukemia virus adds further credence to the fact that retroviruses do indeed encode their own miRNAs. Here we comment on the importance of this paper to the field, as well as examine the other known examples of miRNAs encoded by RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Klase
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20810, USA
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