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Daszczyńska A, Krucoń T, Stasiuk R, Koblowska M, Matlakowska R. Lanthanide-Dependent Methanol Metabolism of a Proteobacteria-Dominated Community in a Light Lanthanide-Rich Deep Environment. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073947. [PMID: 35409305 PMCID: PMC8999231 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the occurrence and diversity of proteobacterial XoxF-type methanol dehydrogenases (MDHs) in the microbial community that inhabits a fossil organic matter- and sedimentary lanthanide (Ln3+)-rich underground mine environment using a metagenomic and metaproteomic approach. A total of 8 XoxF-encoding genes (XoxF-EGs) and 14 protein sequences matching XoxF were identified. XoxF-type MDHs were produced by Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria represented by the four orders Methylococcales, Nitrosomonadales, Rhizobiales, and Xanthomonadales. The highest number of XoxF-EG- and XoxF-matching protein sequences were affiliated with Nitrosomonadales and Rhizobiales, respectively. Among the identified XoxF-EGs, two belonged to the XoxF1 clade, five to the XoxF4 clade, and one to the XoxF5 clade, while seven of the identified XoxF proteins belonged to the XoxF1 clade, four to the XoxF4 clade, and three to the XoxF5 clade. Moreover, the accumulation of light lanthanides and the presence of methanol in the microbial mat were confirmed. This study is the first to show the occurrence of XoxF in the metagenome and metaproteome of a deep microbial community colonizing a fossil organic matter- and light lanthanide-rich sedimentary environment. The presented results broaden our knowledge of the ecology of XoxF-producing bacteria as well as of the distribution and diversity of these enzymes in the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Daszczyńska
- Department of Geomicrobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Tomasz Krucoń
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Robert Stasiuk
- Department of Geomicrobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (R.S.)
| | - Marta Koblowska
- Laboratory of Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Matlakowska
- Department of Geomicrobiology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland; (A.D.); (R.S.)
- Correspondence:
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2
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A Novel Freshwater to Marine Evolutionary Transition Revealed within Methylophilaceae Bacteria from the Arctic Ocean. mBio 2021; 12:e0130621. [PMID: 34154421 PMCID: PMC8262872 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01306-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria inhabiting polar oceans, particularly the Arctic Ocean, are less studied than those at lower latitudes. Discovering bacterial adaptations to Arctic Ocean conditions is essential for understanding responses to the accelerated environmental changes occurring in the North. The Methylophilaceae are emerging as a model for investigating the genomic basis of habitat adaptation, because related lineages are widely distributed across both freshwater and marine ecosystems. Here, we investigated Methylophilaceae diversity in the salinity-stratified surface waters of the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean. In addition to a diversity of marine OM43 lineages, we report on the genomic characteristics and evolution of a previously undescribed Methylophilaceae clade (BS01) common to polar surface waters yet related to freshwater sediment Methylotenera species. BS01 is restricted to the lower-salinity surface waters, while OM43 is found throughout the halocline. An acidic proteome supports a marine lifestyle for BS01, but gene content shows increased metabolic versatility compared to OM43 and evidence for ongoing genome-streamlining. Phylogenetic reconstruction shows that BS01 colonized the pelagic ocean independently of OM43 via convergent evolution. Salinity adaptation and differences in one-carbon and nitrogen metabolism may play a role in niche differentiation between BS01 and OM43. In particular, urea utilization by BS01 is predicted to provide an ecological advantage over OM43 given the limited amount of inorganic nitrogen in the Canada Basin. These observations provide further evidence that the Arctic Ocean is inhabited by distinct bacterial groups and that at least one group (BS01) evolved via a freshwater to marine environmental transition.
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Methane utilizing plant growth-promoting microbial diversity analysis of flooded paddy ecosystem of India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:56. [PMID: 33619649 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Methane utilizing bacteria (MUB) are known to inhabit the flooded paddy ecosystem where they play an important role in regulating net methane (CH4) emission. We hypothesize that efficient MUB having plant growth-promoting (PGP) attributes can be used for developing novel bio-inoculant for flooded paddy ecosystem which might not only reduce methane emission but also assist in improving the plant growth parameters. Hence, soil and plant samples were collected from the phyllosphere, rhizosphere, and non-rhizosphere of five rice-growing regions of India at the tillering stage and investigated for efficient methane-oxidizing and PGP bacteria. Based on the monooxygenase activity and percent methane utilization on NMS medium with methane as the sole C source, 123 isolates were identified and grouped phylogenetically into 13 bacteria and 2 yeast genera. Among different regions, a significantly higher number of isolates were obtained from lowland flooded paddy ecosystems of Aduthurai (33.33%) followed by Ernakulum (20.33%) and Brahmaputra valley (19.51%) as compared to upland irrigated regions of Gaya (17.07%) and Varanasi (8.94%). Among sub-samples, a significantly higher number of isolates were found inhabiting the phyllosphere (58.54%) followed by non-rhizosphere (25.20%) and rhizosphere (15.45%). Significantly higher utilization of methane and PGP attributes were observed in 30 isolates belonging to genera Hyphomicrobium, Burkholderia, Methylobacterium, Paenibacillus, Pseudomonas, Rahnella, and Meyerozyma. M. oryzae MNL7 showed significantly better growth with 74.33% of CH4 utilization at the rate of 302.9 ± 5.58 and exhibited half-maximal growth rate, Ks of 1.92 ± 0.092 mg CH4 L-1. Besides the ability to utilize CH4, P. polymyxa MaAL70 possessed PGP attributes such as solubilization of P, K, and Zn, fixation of atmospheric N and production of indole acetic acid (IAA). Both these promising isolates can be explored in the future for developing novel biofertilizers for flooded paddies.
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Featherston ER, Cotruvo JA. The biochemistry of lanthanide acquisition, trafficking, and utilization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1868:118864. [PMID: 32979423 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lanthanides are relative newcomers to the field of cell biology of metals; their specific incorporation into enzymes was only demonstrated in 2011, with the isolation of a bacterial lanthanide- and pyrroloquinoline quinone-dependent methanol dehydrogenase. Since that discovery, the efforts of many investigators have revealed that lanthanide utilization is widespread in environmentally important bacteria, and parallel efforts have focused on elucidating the molecular details involved in selective recognition and utilization of these metals. In this review, we discuss the particular chemical challenges and advantages associated with biology's use of lanthanides, as well as the currently known lanthano-enzymes and -proteins (the lanthanome). We also review the emerging understanding of the coordination chemistry and biology of lanthanide acquisition, trafficking, and regulatory pathways. These studies have revealed significant parallels with pathways for utilization of other metals in biology. Finally, we discuss some of the many unresolved questions in this burgeoning field and their potentially far-reaching applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R Featherston
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
| | - Joseph A Cotruvo
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America.
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Akyol TY, Niwa R, Hirakawa H, Maruyama H, Sato T, Suzuki T, Fukunaga A, Sato T, Yoshida S, Tawaraya K, Saito M, Ezawa T, Sato S. Impact of Introduction of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on the Root Microbial Community in Agricultural Fields. Microbes Environ 2019; 34:23-32. [PMID: 30584188 PMCID: PMC6440726 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me18109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are important members of the root microbiome and may be used as biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture. To elucidate the impact of AM fungal inoculation on indigenous root microbial communities, we used high-throughput sequencing and an analytical pipeline providing fixed operational taxonomic units (OTUs) as an output to investigate the bacterial and fungal communities of roots treated with a commercial AM fungal inoculum in six agricultural fields. AM fungal inoculation significantly influenced the root microbial community structure in all fields. Inoculation changed the abundance of indigenous AM fungi and other fungal members in a field-dependent manner. Inoculation consistently enriched several bacterial OTUs by changing the abundance of indigenous bacteria and introducing new bacteria. Some inoculum-associated bacteria closely interacted with the introduced AM fungi, some of which belonged to the genera Burkholderia, Cellulomonas, Microbacterium, Sphingomonas, and Streptomyces and may be candidate mycorrhizospheric bacteria that contribute to the establishment and/or function of the introduced AM fungi. Inoculated AM fungi also co-occurred with several indigenous bacteria with putative beneficial traits, suggesting that inoculated AM fungi may recruit specific taxa to confer better plant performance. The bacterial families Methylobacteriaceae, Acetobacteraceae, Armatimonadaceae, and Alicyclobacillaceae were consistently reduced by the inoculation, possibly due to changes in the host plant status caused by the inoculum. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first large-scale study to investigate interactions between AM fungal inoculation and indigenous root microbial communities in agricultural fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rieko Niwa
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)2–1–18 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305–8666Japan
| | | | - Hayato Maruyama
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo 060–8589Japan
| | - Takumi Sato
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata UniversityTsuruoka 997–8555Japan
| | - Takae Suzuki
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku UniversityOsaki 989–6711Japan
| | - Ayako Fukunaga
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NAROAyabe 623–0035Japan
| | - Takashi Sato
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural UniversityAkita 010–0195Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yoshida
- Central Region Agricultural Research Center, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)2–1–18 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305–8666Japan
| | - Keitaro Tawaraya
- Faculty of Agriculture, Yamagata UniversityTsuruoka 997–8555Japan
| | - Masanori Saito
- Field Science Center, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku UniversityOsaki 989–6711Japan
- Department of Innovation Research, Japan Science and Technology AgencyTokyo, 102–0076Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Ezawa
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Hokkaido UniversitySapporo 060–8589Japan
| | - Shusei Sato
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku UniversitySendai 980–8577Japan
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Chaignaud P, Morawe M, Besaury L, Kröber E, Vuilleumier S, Bringel F, Kolb S. Methanol consumption drives the bacterial chloromethane sink in a forest soil. ISME JOURNAL 2018; 12:2681-2693. [PMID: 29991765 PMCID: PMC6194010 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-018-0228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Halogenated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by terrestrial ecosystems, such as chloromethane (CH3Cl), have pronounced effects on troposphere and stratosphere chemistry and climate. The magnitude of the global CH3Cl sink is uncertain since it involves a largely uncharacterized microbial sink. CH3Cl represents a growth substrate for some specialized methylotrophs, while methanol (CH3OH), formed in much larger amounts in terrestrial environments, may be more widely used by such microorganisms. Direct measurements of CH3Cl degradation rates in two field campaigns and in microcosms allowed the identification of top soil horizons (i.e., organic plus mineral A horizon) as the major biotic sink in a deciduous forest. Metabolically active members of Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria were identified by taxonomic and functional gene biomarkers following stable isotope labeling (SIP) of microcosms with CH3Cl and CH3OH, added alone or together as the [13C]-isotopologue. Well-studied reference CH3Cl degraders, such as Methylobacterium extorquens CM4, were not involved in the sink activity of the studied soil. Nonetheless, only sequences of the cmuA chloromethane dehalogenase gene highly similar to those of known strains were detected, suggesting the relevance of horizontal gene transfer for CH3Cl degradation in forest soil. Further, CH3Cl consumption rate increased in the presence of CH3OH. Members of Alphaproteobacteria and Actinobacteria were also 13C-labeled upon [13C]-CH3OH amendment. These findings suggest that key bacterial CH3Cl degraders in forest soil benefit from CH3OH as an alternative substrate. For soil CH3Cl-utilizing methylotrophs, utilization of several one-carbon compounds may represent a competitive advantage over heterotrophs that cannot utilize one-carbon compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Chaignaud
- Department of Microbiology, Genomics and the Environment, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, Strasbourg, France.,Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Mareen Morawe
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ludovic Besaury
- Department of Microbiology, Genomics and the Environment, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, Strasbourg, France.,UMR FARE 614 Fractionnement des AgroRessources et Environnement, Chaire AFERE, INRA, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Eileen Kröber
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, RA Landscape Functioning, ZALF Leibniz Centre for Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Stéphane Vuilleumier
- Department of Microbiology, Genomics and the Environment, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, Strasbourg, France
| | - Françoise Bringel
- Department of Microbiology, Genomics and the Environment, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, GMGM UMR 7156, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Steffen Kolb
- Microbial Biogeochemistry, RA Landscape Functioning, ZALF Leibniz Centre for Landscape Research, Müncheberg, Germany.
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The deep-subsurface sulfate reducer Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii employs two methanol-degrading pathways. Nat Commun 2018; 9:239. [PMID: 29339722 PMCID: PMC5770442 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02518-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanol is generally metabolized through a pathway initiated by a cobalamine-containing methanol methyltransferase by anaerobic methylotrophs (such as methanogens and acetogens), or through oxidation to formaldehyde using a methanol dehydrogenase by aerobes. Methanol is an important substrate in deep-subsurface environments, where thermophilic sulfate-reducing bacteria of the genus Desulfotomaculum have key roles. Here, we study the methanol metabolism of Desulfotomaculum kuznetsovii strain 17T, isolated from a 3000-m deep geothermal water reservoir. We use proteomics to analyze cells grown with methanol and sulfate in the presence and absence of cobalt and vitamin B12. The results indicate the presence of two methanol-degrading pathways in D. kuznetsovii, a cobalt-dependent methanol methyltransferase and a cobalt-independent methanol dehydrogenase, which is further confirmed by stable isotope fractionation. This is the first report of a microorganism utilizing two distinct methanol conversion pathways. We hypothesize that this gives D. kuznetsovii a competitive advantage in its natural environment.
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8
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Del Rocío Bustillos-Cristales M, Corona-Gutierrez I, Castañeda-Lucio M, Águila-Zempoaltécatl C, Seynos-García E, Hernández-Lucas I, Muñoz-Rojas J, Medina-Aparicio L, Fuentes-Ramírez LE. Culturable Facultative Methylotrophic Bacteria from the Cactus Neobuxbaumia macrocephala Possess the Locus xoxF and Consume Methanol in the Presence of Ce 3+ and Ca 2. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:244-251. [PMID: 28855445 PMCID: PMC5606694 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me17070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methanol-consuming culturable bacteria were isolated from the plant surface, rhizosphere, and inside the stem of Neobuxbaumia macrocephala. All 38 isolates were facultative methylotrophic microorganisms. Their classification included the Classes Actinobacteria, Sphingobacteriia, Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria. The deduced amino acid sequences of methanol dehydrogenase obtained by PCR belonging to Actinobacteria, Alpha-, Beta-, and Gammaproteobacteria showed high similarity to rare-earth element (REE)-dependent XoxF methanol dehydrogenases, particularly the group XoxF5. The sequences included Asp301, the REE-coordinating amino acid, present in all known XoxF dehydrogenases and absent in MxaF methanol dehydrogenases. The quantity of the isolates showed positive hybridization with a xoxF probe, but not with a mxaF probe. Isolates of all taxonomic groups showed methylotrophic growth in the presence of Ce3+ or Ca2+. The presence of xoxF-like sequences in methylotrophic bacteria from N. macrocephala and its potential relationship with their adaptability to xerophytic plants are discussed.
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9
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Morawe M, Hoeke H, Wissenbach DK, Lentendu G, Wubet T, Kröber E, Kolb S. Acidotolerant Bacteria and Fungi as a Sink of Methanol-Derived Carbon in a Deciduous Forest Soil. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1361. [PMID: 28790984 PMCID: PMC5523551 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methanol is an abundant atmospheric volatile organic compound that is released from both living and decaying plant material. In forest and other aerated soils, methanol can be consumed by methanol-utilizing microorganisms that constitute a known terrestrial sink. However, the environmental factors that drive the biodiversity of such methanol-utilizers have been hardly resolved. Soil-derived isolates of methanol-utilizers can also often assimilate multicarbon compounds as alternative substrates. Here, we conducted a comparative DNA stable isotope probing experiment under methylotrophic (only [13C1]-methanol was supplemented) and combined substrate conditions ([12C1]-methanol and alternative multi-carbon [13Cu]-substrates were simultaneously supplemented) to (i) identify methanol-utilizing microorganisms of a deciduous forest soil (European beech dominated temperate forest in Germany), (ii) assess their substrate range in the soil environment, and (iii) evaluate their trophic links to other soil microorganisms. The applied multi-carbon substrates represented typical intermediates of organic matter degradation, such as acetate, plant-derived sugars (xylose and glucose), and a lignin-derived aromatic compound (vanillic acid). An experimentally induced pH shift was associated with substantial changes of the diversity of active methanol-utilizers suggesting that soil pH was a niche-defining factor of these microorganisms. The main bacterial methanol-utilizers were members of the Beijerinckiaceae (Bacteria) that played a central role in a detected methanol-based food web. A clear preference for methanol or multi-carbon substrates as carbon source of different Beijerinckiaceae-affiliated phylotypes was observed suggesting a restricted substrate range of the methylotrophic representatives. Apart from Bacteria, we also identified the yeasts Cryptococcus and Trichosporon as methanol-derived carbon-utilizing fungi suggesting that further research is needed to exclude or prove methylotrophy of these fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareen Morawe
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of BayreuthBayreuth, Germany
| | - Henrike Hoeke
- Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzig, Germany.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Dirk K Wissenbach
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital JenaJena, Germany
| | - Guillaume Lentendu
- Department of Ecology, University of KaiserslauternKaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tesfaye Wubet
- Department of Soil Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental ResearchLeipzig, Germany
| | - Eileen Kröber
- Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Landscape ResearchMüncheberg, Germany
| | - Steffen Kolb
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of BayreuthBayreuth, Germany.,Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Leibniz Centre for Landscape ResearchMüncheberg, Germany
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10
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Kocur CMD, Lomheim L, Molenda O, Weber KP, Austrins LM, Sleep BE, Boparai HK, Edwards EA, O'Carroll DM. Long-Term Field Study of Microbial Community and Dechlorinating Activity Following Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Stabilized Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron Injection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:7658-7670. [PMID: 27305345 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) is an emerging technology for the remediation of contaminated sites. However, there are concerns related to the impact of nZVI on in situ microbial communities. In this study, the microbial community composition at a contaminated site was monitored over two years following the injection of nZVI stabilized with carboxymethyl cellulose (nZVI-CMC). Enhanced dechlorination of chlorinated ethenes to nontoxic ethene was observed long after the expected nZVI oxidation. The abundance of Dehalococcoides (Dhc) and vinyl chloride reductase (vcrA) genes, monitored using qPCR, increased by over an order of magnitude in nZVI-CMC-impacted wells. The entire microbial community was tracked using 16S rRNA gene amplicon pyrosequencing. Following nZVI-CMC injection, a clear shift in microbial community was observed, with most notable increases in the dechlorinating genera Dehalococcoides and Dehalogenimonas. This study suggests that coupled abiotic degradation (i.e., from reaction with nZVI) and biotic degradation fueled by CMC led to the long-term degradation of chlorinated ethenes at this field site. Furthermore, nZVI-CMC addition stimulated dehalogenator growth (e.g., Dehalococcoides) and biotic degradation of chlorinated ethenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M D Kocur
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Western University , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada , N6A 5B8
- CH2M HILL Canada Limited , 72 Victoria Street Kitchener, Ontario, Canada , N2G 4Y9
| | - Line Lomheim
- Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5S 3E5
| | - Olivia Molenda
- Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5S 3E5
| | - Kela P Weber
- Environmental Sciences Group, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Royal Military College of Canada , PO Box 17000, Station Forces, Kingston, Ontario, Canada , K7K 7B4
| | - Leanne M Austrins
- CH2M HILL Canada Limited , 72 Victoria Street Kitchener, Ontario, Canada , N2G 4Y9
| | - Brent E Sleep
- Civil Engineering, University of Toronto , 35 Saint George Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5S 1A4
| | - Hardiljeet K Boparai
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Western University , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada , N6A 5B8
| | - Elizabeth A Edwards
- Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada , M5S 3E5
| | - Denis M O'Carroll
- Civil & Environmental Engineering, Western University , 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada , N6A 5B8
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11
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Yanagawa K, Tani A, Yamamoto N, Hachikubo A, Kano A, Matsumoto R, Suzuki Y. Biogeochemical Cycle of Methanol in Anoxic Deep-Sea Sediments. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:190-3. [PMID: 27301420 PMCID: PMC4912158 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me15204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The biological flux and lifetime of methanol in anoxic marine sediments are largely unknown. We herein reported, for the first time, quantitative methanol removal rates in subsurface sediments. Anaerobic incubation experiments with radiotracers showed high rates of microbial methanol consumption. Notably, methanol oxidation to CO2 surpassed methanol assimilation and methanogenesis from CO2/H2 and methanol. Nevertheless, a significant decrease in methanol was not observed after the incubation, and this was attributed to the microbial production of methanol in parallel with its consumption. These results suggest that microbial reactions play an important role in the sources and sinks of methanol in subseafloor sediments.
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12
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Kumar M, Tomar RS, Lade H, Paul D. Methylotrophic bacteria in sustainable agriculture. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:120. [PMID: 27263015 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Excessive use of chemical fertilizers to increase production from available land has resulted in deterioration of soil quality. To prevent further soil deterioration, the use of methylotrophic bacteria that have the ability to colonize different habitats, including soil, sediment, water, and both epiphytes and endophytes as host plants, has been suggested for sustainable agriculture. Methylotrophic bacteria are known to play a significant role in the biogeochemical cycle in soil ecosystems, ultimately fortifying plants and sustaining agriculture. Methylotrophs also improve air quality by using volatile organic compounds such as dichloromethane, formaldehyde, methanol, and formic acid. Additionally, methylotrophs are involved in phosphorous, nitrogen, and carbon cycling and can help reduce global warming. In this review, different aspects of the interaction between methylotrophs and host plants are discussed, including the role of methylotrophs in phosphorus acquisition, nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, iron chelation, and plant growth promotion, and co-inoculation of these bacteria as biofertilizers for viable agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Kumar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gwalior, MP, 474-005, India
| | - Rajesh Singh Tomar
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Gwalior, MP, 474-005, India
| | - Harshad Lade
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Diby Paul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Taubert M, Grob C, Howat AM, Burns OJ, Chen Y, Neufeld JD, Murrell JC. Analysis of Active Methylotrophic Communities: When DNA-SIP Meets High-Throughput Technologies. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1399:235-255. [PMID: 26791507 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3369-3_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Methylotrophs are microorganisms ubiquitous in the environment that can metabolize one-carbon (C1) compounds as carbon and/or energy sources. The activity of these prokaryotes impacts biogeochemical cycles within their respective habitats and can determine whether these habitats act as sources or sinks of C1 compounds. Due to the high importance of C1 compounds, not only in biogeochemical cycles, but also for climatic processes, it is vital to understand the contributions of these microorganisms to carbon cycling in different environments. One of the most challenging questions when investigating methylotrophs, but also in environmental microbiology in general, is which species contribute to the environmental processes of interest, or "who does what, where and when?" Metabolic labeling with C1 compounds substituted with (13)C, a technique called stable isotope probing, is a key method to trace carbon fluxes within methylotrophic communities. The incorporation of (13)C into the biomass of active methylotrophs leads to an increase in the molecular mass of their biomolecules. For DNA-based stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP), labeled and unlabeled DNA is separated by isopycnic ultracentrifugation. The ability to specifically analyze DNA of active methylotrophs from a complex background community by high-throughput sequencing techniques, i.e. targeted metagenomics, is the hallmark strength of DNA-SIP for elucidating ecosystem functioning, and a protocol is detailed in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Taubert
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
- Institute for Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Strasse 159, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carolina Grob
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alexandra M Howat
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Oliver J Burns
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Josh D Neufeld
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - J Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
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Knief C. Diversity and Habitat Preferences of Cultivated and Uncultivated Aerobic Methanotrophic Bacteria Evaluated Based on pmoA as Molecular Marker. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1346. [PMID: 26696968 PMCID: PMC4678205 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methane-oxidizing bacteria are characterized by their capability to grow on methane as sole source of carbon and energy. Cultivation-dependent and -independent methods have revealed that this functional guild of bacteria comprises a substantial diversity of organisms. In particular the use of cultivation-independent methods targeting a subunit of the particulate methane monooxygenase (pmoA) as functional marker for the detection of aerobic methanotrophs has resulted in thousands of sequences representing "unknown methanotrophic bacteria." This limits data interpretation due to restricted information about these uncultured methanotrophs. A few groups of uncultivated methanotrophs are assumed to play important roles in methane oxidation in specific habitats, while the biology behind other sequence clusters remains still largely unknown. The discovery of evolutionary related monooxygenases in non-methanotrophic bacteria and of pmoA paralogs in methanotrophs requires that sequence clusters of uncultivated organisms have to be interpreted with care. This review article describes the present diversity of cultivated and uncultivated aerobic methanotrophic bacteria based on pmoA gene sequence diversity. It summarizes current knowledge about cultivated and major clusters of uncultivated methanotrophic bacteria and evaluates habitat specificity of these bacteria at different levels of taxonomic resolution. Habitat specificity exists for diverse lineages and at different taxonomic levels. Methanotrophic genera such as Methylocystis and Methylocaldum are identified as generalists, but they harbor habitat specific methanotrophs at species level. This finding implies that future studies should consider these diverging preferences at different taxonomic levels when analyzing methanotrophic communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Knief
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation – Molecular Biology of the Rhizosphere, University of BonnBonn, Germany
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15
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Eyice Ö, Schäfer H. Culture-dependent and culture-independent methods reveal diverse methylotrophic communities in terrestrial environments. Arch Microbiol 2015; 198:17-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-015-1160-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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16
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Grob C, Taubert M, Howat AM, Burns OJ, Dixon JL, Richnow HH, Jehmlich N, von Bergen M, Chen Y, Murrell JC. Combining metagenomics with metaproteomics and stable isotope probing reveals metabolic pathways used by a naturally occurring marine methylotroph. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:4007-18. [PMID: 26033676 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A variety of culture-independent techniques have been developed that can be used in conjunction with culture-dependent physiological and metabolic studies of key microbial organisms in order to better understand how the activity of natural populations influences and regulates all major biogeochemical cycles. In this study, we combined deoxyribonucleic acid-stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP) with metagenomics and metaproteomics to characterize an uncultivated marine methylotroph that actively incorporated carbon from (13) C-labeled methanol into biomass. By metagenomic sequencing of the heavy DNA, we retrieved virtually the whole genome of this bacterium and determined its metabolic potential. Through protein-stable isotope probing, the RuMP cycle was established as the main carbon assimilation pathway, and the classical methanol dehydrogenase-encoding gene mxaF, as well as three out of four identified xoxF homologues were found to be expressed. This proof-of-concept study is the first in which the culture-independent techniques of DNA-SIP and protein-SIP have been used to characterize the metabolism of a naturally occurring Methylophaga-like bacterium in the marine environment (i.e. Methylophaga thiooxydans L4) and thus provides a powerful approach to access the genome and proteome of uncultivated microbes involved in key processes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Grob
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Martin Taubert
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Alexandra M Howat
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Oliver J Burns
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Dixon
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, West Hoe, Plymouth, Devon, PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Jehmlich
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin von Bergen
- Department of Proteomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Metabolomics, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, University of Aalborg, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, Aalborg East, 9220, Denmark
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - J Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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Taubert M, Grob C, Howat AM, Burns OJ, Dixon JL, Chen Y, Murrell JC. XoxF
encoding an alternative methanol dehydrogenase is widespread in coastal marine environments. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3937-48. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Taubert
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
- Department of Aquatic Geomicrobiology; Friedrich Schiller University Jena; Dornburger Str. 159 Jena 07743 Germany
| | - Carolina Grob
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Alexandra M. Howat
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Oliver J. Burns
- School of Biological Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
| | - Joanna L. Dixon
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory; Prospect Place, The Hoe; Plymouth PL1 3DH UK
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Life Sciences; University of Warwick; Coventry CV4 7AL UK
| | - J. Colin Murrell
- School of Environmental Sciences; University of East Anglia; Norwich Research Park Norwich NR4 7TJ UK
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18
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Lynch RC, Darcy JL, Kane NC, Nemergut DR, Schmidt SK. Metagenomic evidence for metabolism of trace atmospheric gases by high-elevation desert Actinobacteria. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:698. [PMID: 25566214 PMCID: PMC4269115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous surveys of very dry Atacama Desert mineral soils have consistently revealed sparse communities of non-photosynthetic microbes. The functional nature of these microorganisms remains debatable given the harshness of the environment and low levels of biomass and diversity. The aim of this study was to gain an understanding of the phylogenetic community structure and metabolic potential of a low-diversity mineral soil metagenome that was collected from a high-elevation Atacama Desert volcano debris field. We pooled DNA extractions from over 15 g of volcanic material, and using whole genome shotgun sequencing, observed only 75-78 total 16S rRNA gene OTUs3%. The phylogenetic structure of this community is significantly under dispersed, with actinobacterial lineages making up 97.9-98.6% of the 16S rRNA genes, suggesting a high degree of environmental selection. Due to this low diversity and uneven community composition, we assembled and analyzed the metabolic pathways of the most abundant genome, a Pseudonocardia sp. (56-72% of total 16S genes). Our assembly and binning efforts yielded almost 4.9 Mb of Pseudonocardia sp. contigs, which accounts for an estimated 99.3% of its non-repetitive genomic content. This genome contains a limited array of carbohydrate catabolic pathways, but encodes for CO2 fixation via the Calvin cycle. The genome also encodes complete pathways for the catabolism of various trace gases (H2, CO and several organic C1 compounds) and the assimilation of ammonia and nitrate. We compared genomic content among related Pseudonocardia spp. and estimated rates of non-synonymous and synonymous nucleic acid substitutions between protein coding homologs. Collectively, these comparative analyses suggest that the community structure and various functional genes have undergone strong selection in the nutrient poor desert mineral soils and high-elevation atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Lynch
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA
| | - John L. Darcy
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA
| | - Nolan C. Kane
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA
| | - Diana R. Nemergut
- Environmental Studies Program, University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke UniversityDurham, NC, USA
| | - Steve K. Schmidt
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of ColoradoBoulder, CO, USA
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Itoh H, Navarro R, Takeshita K, Tago K, Hayatsu M, Hori T, Kikuchi Y. Bacterial population succession and adaptation affected by insecticide application and soil spraying history. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:457. [PMID: 25221549 PMCID: PMC4148734 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microbial communities have varying degrees of exposure to environmental stresses such as chemical pollution, little is known on how these communities respond to environmental disturbances and how past disturbance history affects these community-level responses. To comprehensively understand the effect of organophosphorus insecticide application on microbiota in soils with or without insecticide-spraying history, we investigated the microbial succession in response to the addition of fenitrothion [O,O-dimethyl O-(3-methyl-p-nitrophenyl) phosphorothioate, abbreviated as MEP] by culture-dependent experiments and deep sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Despite similar microbial composition at the initial stage, microbial response to MEP application was remarkably different between soils with and without MEP-spraying history. MEP-degrading microbes more rapidly increased in the soils with MEP-spraying history, suggesting that MEP-degrading bacteria might already exist at a certain level and could quickly respond to MEP re-treatment in the soil. Culture-dependent and -independent evaluations revealed that MEP-degrading Burkholderia bacteria are predominant in soils after MEP application, limited members of which might play a pivotal role in MEP-degradation in soils. Notably, deep sequencing also revealed that some methylotrophs dramatically increased after MEP application, strongly suggesting that these bacteria play a role in the consumption and removal of methanol, a harmful derivative from MEP-degradation, for better growth of MEP-degrading bacteria. This comprehensive study demonstrated the succession and adaptation processes of microbial communities under MEP application, which were critically affected by past experience of insecticide-spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideomi Itoh
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ronald Navarro
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Takeshita
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kanako Tago
- Environmental Biofunction Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Masahito Hayatsu
- Environmental Biofunction Division, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Hori
- Research Institute for Environmental Management Technology, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshitomo Kikuchi
- Bioproduction Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) Sapporo, Japan
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20
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Yun J, Ju Y, Deng Y, Zhang H. Bacterial community structure in two permafrost wetlands on the Tibetan Plateau and Sanjiang Plain, China. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2014; 68:360-369. [PMID: 24718907 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Permafrost wetlands are important methane emission sources and fragile ecosystems sensitive to climate change. Presently, there remains a lack of knowledge regarding bacterial communities, especially methanotrophs in vast areas of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau in Northwest China and the Sanjiang Plain (SJ) in Northeast China. In this study, 16S rRNA-based quantitative PCR (qPCR) and 454 pyrosequencing were used to identify bacterial communities in soils sampled from a littoral wetland of Lake Namco on the Tibetan Plateau (NMC) and an alluvial wetland on the SJ. Additionally, methanotroph-specific primers targeting particulate methane monooxygenase subunit A gene (pmoA) were used for qPCR and pyrosequencing analysis of methanotrophic community structure in NMC soils. qPCR analysis revealed the presence of 10(10) 16S rRNA gene copies per gram of wet soil in both wetlands, with 10(8) pmoA copies per gram of wet soil in NMC. The two permafrost wetlands showed similar bacterial community compositions, which differed from those reported in other cold environments. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria , and Chloroflexi were the most abundant phyla in both wetlands, whereas Acidobacteria was prevalent in the acidic wetland SJ only. These four phyla constituted more than 80 % of total bacterial community diversity in permafrost wetland soils, and Methylobacter of type I methanotrophs was overwhelmingly dominant in NMC soils. This study is the first major bacterial sequencing effort of permafrost in the NMC and SJ wetlands, which provides fundamental data for further studies of microbial function in extreme ecosystems under climate change scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanli Yun
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
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21
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刘 建. The Application of High-Throughput Sequencing Technologies in the Research of Wetland Microbiology. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.12677/ije.2014.34009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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