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Parisi MG, Ozón B, Vera González SM, García-Pardo J, Obregón WD. Plant Protease Inhibitors as Emerging Antimicrobial Peptide Agents: A Comprehensive Review. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:582. [PMID: 38794245 PMCID: PMC11125377 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16050582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are important mediator molecules of the innate defense mechanisms in a wide range of living organisms, including bacteria, mammals, and plants. Among them, peptide protease inhibitors (PPIs) from plants play a central role in their defense mechanisms by directly attacking pathogens or by modulating the plant's defense response. The growing prevalence of microbial resistance to currently available antibiotics has intensified the interest concerning these molecules as novel antimicrobial agents. In this scenario, PPIs isolated from a variety of plants have shown potential in inhibiting the growth of pathogenic bacteria, protozoans, and fungal strains, either by interfering with essential biochemical or physiological processes or by altering the permeability of biological membranes of invading organisms. Moreover, these molecules are active inhibitors of a range of proteases, including aspartic, serine, and cysteine types, with some showing particular efficacy as trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the potential of plant-derived PPIs as novel antimicrobial molecules, highlighting their broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy, specificity, and minimal toxicity. These natural compounds exhibit diverse mechanisms of action and often multifunctionality, positioning them as promising molecular scaffolds for developing new therapeutic antibacterial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G. Parisi
- Instituto de Ecología y Desarrollo Sustentable (INEDES, CONICET-UNLu) and Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, Luján B6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina;
| | - Brenda Ozón
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe) and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 s/N, La Plata B1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (B.O.); (S.M.V.G.)
| | - Sofía M. Vera González
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe) and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 s/N, La Plata B1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (B.O.); (S.M.V.G.)
| | - Javier García-Pardo
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Walter David Obregón
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe) and Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 s/N, La Plata B1900, Buenos Aires, Argentina; (B.O.); (S.M.V.G.)
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2
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Jegadheeshwari S, Velayutham M, Gunasekaran K, Kesavan M. DbGTi: Thermostable trypsin inhibitor from Dioscorea bulbifera L. ground tubers: assessment of antioxidant and antibacterial properties and cytotoxicity evaluation using zebrafish model. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 263:130244. [PMID: 38387638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Oxidative stress disorders and diseases caused by drug-resistant bacteria have emerged as significant public health concerns. Plant-based medications like protease inhibitors are growing despite adverse effects therapies. Consecutively, in this study, trypsin inhibitors from Dioscorea bulbifera L. (DbGTi trypsin inhibitor) ground tubers were isolated, purified, characterized, and evaluated for their potential cytotoxicity, antibacterial, and antioxidant activities. DbGTi protein was purified by Q-Sepharose matrix, followed by trypsin inhibitory activity. The molecular weight of the DbGTi protein was found to be approximately 31 kDa by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis. The secondary structure analysis by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy revealed that the DbGTi protein predominantly comprises β sheets followed by α helix. DbGTi protein showed competitive type of inhibition with Vmax = 2.1372 × 10-1 μM/min, Km = 1.1805 × 102 μM, & Ki = 8.4 × 10-9 M and was stable up to 70 °C. DbGTi protein exhibited 58 % similarity with Dioscorin protein isolated from Dioscorea alata L. as revealed by LC-MS/MS analysis. DbGTi protein showed a non-toxic effect, analyzed by MTT, Haemolytic assay and in vivo studies on zebrafish model. DbGTi protein significantly inhibited K. pneumoniae and has excellent antioxidant properties, confirmed by various antioxidant assays. The results of anti-microbial, cytotoxicity and antioxidant assays demonstrate its bioactive potential and non-toxic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jegadheeshwari
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India; Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikandan Velayutham
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, Integrative Physiology, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Nagar, Thandalam, Kanchipuram, India
| | - K Gunasekaran
- Department of Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - M Kesavan
- Interdisciplinary Institute of Indian System of Medicine, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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3
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McNichol SM, Sanchez-Quete F, Loeb SK, Teske AP, Shah Walter SR, Mahmoudi N. Dynamics of carbon substrate competition among heterotrophic microorganisms. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrae018. [PMID: 38366177 PMCID: PMC10942773 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrae018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Growing evidence suggests that interactions among heterotrophic microorganisms influence the efficiency and rate of organic matter turnover. These interactions are dynamic and shaped by the composition and availability of resources in their surrounding environment. Heterotrophic microorganisms inhabiting marine environments often encounter fluctuations in the quality and quantity of carbon inputs, ranging from simple sugars to large, complex compounds. Here, we experimentally tested how the chemical complexity of carbon substrates affects competition and growth dynamics between two heterotrophic marine isolates. We tracked cell density using species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays and measured rates of microbial CO2 production along with associated isotopic signatures (13C and 14C) to quantify the impact of these interactions on organic matter remineralization. The observed cell densities revealed substrate-driven interactions: one species exhibited a competitive advantage and quickly outgrew the other when incubated with a labile compound whereas both species seemed to coexist harmoniously in the presence of more complex organic matter. Rates of CO2 respiration revealed that coincubation of these isolates enhanced organic matter turnover, sometimes by nearly 2-fold, compared to their incubation as mono-cultures. Isotopic signatures of respired CO2 indicated that coincubation resulted in a greater remineralization of macromolecular organic matter. These results demonstrate that simple substrates promote competition whereas high substrate complexity reduces competitiveness and promotes the partitioning of degradative activities into distinct niches, facilitating coordinated utilization of the carbon pool. Taken together, this study yields new insight into how the quality of organic matter plays a pivotal role in determining microbial interactions within marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M McNichol
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450 University St, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0E8, Canada
| | - Fernando Sanchez-Quete
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Stephanie K Loeb
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, 817 Rue Sherbrooke Ouest, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Andreas P Teske
- Department of Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Sunita R Shah Walter
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, 700 Pilottown Rd, Lewes, DE 19958, United States
| | - Nagissa Mahmoudi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, McGill University, 3450 University St, Montréal, Quebec H3A 0E8, Canada
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de Souza AÁ, Lima AM, Dede Oliveira BezerraSousa D, Nogueira FC, do Sacramento Neto JC, Dias LP, Araújo NMS, Nagano CS, Júnior HVN, da Silva CR, do Amaral Valente Sá LG, de Andrade Neto JB, Barroso FDD, de Moraes MEA, de Oliveira HD. Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) Seeds Contain a Highly Stable Trypsin Inhibitor with Potential for Bacterial Management Alone or in Drug Combination Therapy with Oxacillin. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2023; 15:1221-1233. [PMID: 35995908 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-022-09979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a serious and challenging threat to healthcare systems, making it imperative to discover novel therapeutic options. This work reports the isolation and characterization of a thermostable trypsin inhibitor from chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds, with antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus sensitive and resistant to methicillin. The trypsin inhibitor ShTI was purified from chia seeds through crude extract heat treatment, followed by affinity and reversed-phase chromatography. Tricine-SDS-PAGE revealed a single glycoprotein band of ~ 11 kDa under nonreducing conditions, confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis (11.558 kDa). ShTI was remarkably stable under high temperatures (100 °C; 120 min) and a broad pH range (2-10; 30 min). Upon exposure to DTT (0.1 M; 120 min), ShTI antitrypsin activity was partially lost (~ 38%), indicating the participation of disulfide bridges in its structure. ShTI is a competitive inhibitor (Ki = 1.79 × 10-8 M; IC50 = 1.74 × 10-8 M) that forms a 1:1 stoichiometry ratio for the ShTI:trypsin complex. ShTI displayed antibacterial activity alone (MICs range from 15.83 to 19.03 µM) and in combination with oxacillin (FICI range from 0.20 to 0.33) against strains of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant strains. Overproduction of reactive oxygen species and plasma membrane pore formation are involved in the antibacterial action mode of ShTI. Overall, ShTI represents a novel candidate for use as a therapeutic agent for the bacterial management of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adson Ávila de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici Prof. Prisco Bezerra, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Adrianne Maia Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici Prof. Prisco Bezerra, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Daniele Dede Oliveira BezerraSousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici Prof. Prisco Bezerra, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Francisca Cristiane Nogueira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici Prof. Prisco Bezerra, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - José Carlos do Sacramento Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici Prof. Prisco Bezerra, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pinheiro Dias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici Prof. Prisco Bezerra, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Nadine Monteiro Salgueiro Araújo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici Prof. Prisco Bezerra, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Celso Shiniti Nagano
- Department of Fisher Engineering, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici Prof. Prisco Bezerra, Fortaleza, CE, 60455-970, Brazil
| | - Hélio Vitoriano Nobre Júnior
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Porangabussu, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Cecília Rocha da Silva
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Porangabussu, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-270, Brazil
| | | | - João Batista de Andrade Neto
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Porangabussu, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-270, Brazil
| | - Fátima Daiana Dias Barroso
- Drug Research and Development Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Porangabussu, Fortaleza, CE, 60430-270, Brazil
| | | | - Hermógenes David de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Science Center, Federal University of Ceará, Campus do Pici Prof. Prisco Bezerra, Fortaleza, CE, 60440-900, Brazil.
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Gujjarlapudi M, Kotarya B, Mohanraj SS, Gupta D, Prasad ER, Kalle AM, Jaba J, Ponnusamy D, Padmasree K. Development of a rapid process for purification of Bowman-Birk and Kunitz inhibitors from legume seeds, and evaluation of their biophysical, insecticidal, and antimicrobial properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124050. [PMID: 36933601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI ~10 kDa) and Kunitz inhibitor (KI ~20 kDa) are serine protease/proteinase inhibitor(s) [PI(s)] ubiquitously found in several Leguminous plant species with insecticidal and therapeutic properties. Due to narrow molecular mass differences, the separation of these inhibitors from a single seed variety is tedious. The present study is aimed to develop a rapid protocol (<24 h) for purifying BBI and KI from legume seeds using mild trichloroacetic acid (TCA) extraction followed by trypsin-affinity chromatography. The mature seeds of Vigna radiata and Cajanus platycarpus are used as a model to purify BBI and KI using this protocol. The BBI and KI purified from the seeds of V. radiata are labeled as VrBBI & VrKI, and C. platycarpus are labeled as CpBBI & CpKI, respectively. These PIs are confirmed by immunodetection and MALDI-TOF studies and further characterized for their structural (CD & fluorescence spectroscopy) and functional properties (temperature & DTT stability). BBI(s) purified using the above process are effective in the management of castor semi-looper 'Achaea janata', while KI(s) are effective in the management of pod borer 'Helicoverpa armigera'. Besides, both BBI(s) and KI(s) have significant potential in controlling the growth of methicillin-sensitive 'Staphylococcus aureus', a gram-positive pathogenic bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariyamma Gujjarlapudi
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Bharti Kotarya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | | | - Deepali Gupta
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Elaprolu R Prasad
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Arunasree M Kalle
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India
| | - Jagdish Jaba
- Entomology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad 502 324, India
| | - Duraimurugan Ponnusamy
- Crop Protection Section, ICAR-Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad 500 030, India
| | - Kollipara Padmasree
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500 046, India.
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6
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de Souza Nascimento AM, de Oliveira Segundo VH, Felipe Camelo Aguiar AJ, Piuvezam G, Souza Passos T, Florentino da Silva Chaves Damasceno KSFDS, de Araújo Morais AH. Antibacterial action mechanisms and mode of trypsin inhibitors: a systematic review. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:749-759. [PMID: 35168466 PMCID: PMC8856033 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2039918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This systematic review (SR) aimed to gather studies describing the antibacterial action mechanisms and mode of trypsin inhibitors. The review protocol was registered (PROSPERO: CRD42020189069). Original articles resulting from studies in animal models, in bacterial culture, and using cells that describe antibacterial action of trypsin inhibitor-type peptides or proteins were selected in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, BVS, and EMBASE. The methodological quality assessment was performed using the PRISMA and OHAT tool. 2382 articles were retrieved, 17 of which were eligible. Four studies demonstrated the action mechanism directly on the bacterial membrane, and the fifth study on endogenous proteases extracted from the bacteria themselves. The antibacterial action mode was presented in the other studies, which can generate bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects without describing the mechanisms. This study generated information to enable new preclinical or clinical studies with molecules contributing to public health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana Júlia Felipe Camelo Aguiar
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Grasiela Piuvezam
- Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Thaís Souza Passos
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Heloneida de Araújo Morais
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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7
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Panda G, Dash S, Sahu SK. Harnessing the Role of Bacterial Plasma Membrane Modifications for the Development of Sustainable Membranotropic Phytotherapeutics. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:914. [PMID: 36295673 PMCID: PMC9612325 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Membrane-targeted molecules such as cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) are amongst the most advanced group of antibiotics used against drug-resistant bacteria due to their conserved and accessible targets. However, multi-drug-resistant bacteria alter their plasma membrane (PM) lipids, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and phospholipids (PLs), to evade membrane-targeted antibiotics. Investigations reveal that in addition to LPS, the varying composition and spatiotemporal organization of PLs in the bacterial PM are currently being explored as novel drug targets. Additionally, PM proteins such as Mla complex, MPRF, Lpts, lipid II flippase, PL synthases, and PL flippases that maintain PM integrity are the most sought-after targets for development of new-generation drugs. However, most of their structural details and mechanism of action remains elusive. Exploration of the role of bacterial membrane lipidome and proteome in addition to their organization is the key to developing novel membrane-targeted antibiotics. In addition, membranotropic phytochemicals and their synthetic derivatives have gained attractiveness as popular herbal alternatives against bacterial multi-drug resistance. This review provides the current understanding on the role of bacterial PM components on multidrug resistance and their targeting with membranotropic phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatree Panda
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjadeo University (Erstwhile: North Orissa University), Baripada 757003, India
| | - Sabyasachi Dash
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharaja Sriram Chandra Bhanjadeo University (Erstwhile: North Orissa University), Baripada 757003, India
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8
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Jiménez-Munoz L, Tsochatzis ED, Corredig M. Impact of the Structural Modifications of Potato Protein in the Digestibility Process under Semi-Dynamic Simulated Human Gastrointestinal In Vitro System. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122505. [PMID: 35745236 PMCID: PMC9230451 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The raising consumer demand for plant-derived proteins has led to an increased production of alternative protein ingredients with varying processing histories. In this study, we used a commercially available potato protein ingredient with a nutritionally valuable amino acid profile and high technological functionality to evaluate if the digestibility of a suspension with the same composition is affected by differences in the structure. Four isocaloric (4% protein, w/w) matrices (suspension, gel, foam and heat-set foam) were prepared and their gastrointestinal fate was followed utilizing a semi-dynamic in vitro digestion model. The microstructure was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy, protein breakdown was tested by electrophoresis and free amino acids after intestinal digestion was estimated using liquid chromatography/triple-quadruple-mass spectrometry (LC-TQMS). The heat-treated samples showed a higher degree of hydrolysis and lower trypsin inhibitory activity than the non-heat-treated samples. An in vitro digestible indispensable amino acid score was calculated based on experimental data, showing a value of 0.9 based on sulfur amino acids/valine as the limiting amino acids. The heated samples also showed a slower gastric emptying rate. The study highlights the effect of the food matrix on the distribution of the peptides created during various stages of gastric emptying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Jiménez-Munoz
- Department of Food Science, CiFOOD Center for Innovative Foods, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (E.D.T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence: author:
| | - Emmanouil D. Tsochatzis
- Department of Food Science, CiFOOD Center for Innovative Foods, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (E.D.T.); (M.C.)
- European Food Safety Authority-EFSA, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43146 Parma, Italy
| | - Milena Corredig
- Department of Food Science, CiFOOD Center for Innovative Foods, Aarhus University, Agro Food Park 48, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark; (E.D.T.); (M.C.)
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9
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Souza LAL, Dias LP, Araújo NMS, Carneiro RF, Nagano CS, Teixeira CS, Silva RGG, Oliveira JTA, Sousa DOB. JcTI-PepI, a synthetic peptide bioinspired in the trypsin inhibitor from Jatropha curcas, presents potent inhibitory activity against C. krusei, a neglected pathogen. Biochimie 2022; 200:107-118. [PMID: 35623496 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has been increasing globally, posing a global public health risk. It has prompted the scientific community to look for alternatives to traditional drugs. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) have stood out in this context because they have the potential to control infectious diseases while causing no or little harm to mammalian cells. In the present study, three peptides, JcTI-PepI, JcTI-PepII, and JcTI-PepIII, were designed and tested for antimicrobial activity based on the primary sequence of JcTI-I, a 2S albumin with trypsin inhibitory activity from Jatropha curcas. JcTI-PepI strongly inhibited C. krusei growth, and it caused severe disruptions in cellular processes and cell morphology. C. krusei cells treated with JcTI-PepI showed indicative of membrane permeabilization and overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species. Moreover, the yeast's ability to acidify the medium was severely compromised. JcTI-PepI was also effective against pre-formed biofilm and did not harm human erythrocytes and Vero cells. Overall, these characteristics indicate that JcTI-PepI is both safe and effective against C. krusei, an intrinsically resistant strain that causes serious health problems and is frequently overlooked. It implies that this peptide has a high potential for use as a new antimicrobial agent in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa A L Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Dias
- Departamento de Biofísica, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Nadine M S Araújo
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rômulo F Carneiro
- Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Celso S Nagano
- Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Claudener S Teixeira
- Centro de Ciências Agrárias e da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Cariri, Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Rafael G G Silva
- Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José T A Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Daniele O B Sousa
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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10
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Cid-Gallegos MS, Corzo-Ríos LJ, Jiménez-Martínez C, Sánchez-Chino XM. Protease Inhibitors from Plants as Therapeutic Agents- A Review. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 77:20-29. [PMID: 35000105 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-00949-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based diets are a great source of protease inhibitors (PIs). Two of the most well-known families of PIs are Bowman-Birk inhibitors (BBI) and Kunitz-type inhibitors (KTI). The first group acts mainly on trypsin, chymotrypsin, and elastase; the second is on serine, cysteine, and aspartic proteases. PIs can retard or inhibit the catalytic action of enzymes; therefore, they are considered non-nutritional compounds; nevertheless, animal studies and cell line experiments showed promising results of PIs in treating human illnesses such as obesity, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, inflammatory processes, and different types of cancer (gastric, colorectal, breast, and lung cancer). Anticarcinogenic activity's proposed mechanisms of action comprise several inhibitory effects at different molecular levels, i.e., transcription, post-transcription, translation, post-translation, and secretion of cancer cells. This work reviews the potential therapeutic applications of PIs as anticarcinogenic and anti-inflammatory agents in human diseases and the mechanisms by which they exert these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Cid-Gallegos
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, México City, C.P. 07738, México
| | - L J Corzo-Ríos
- Departamento de Bioprocesos, Unidad Profesional Interdisciplinaria de Biotecnología, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Av. Acueducto S/N, Barrio La Laguna, Col. Ticomán, México City, C.P. 07340, México
| | - C Jiménez-Martínez
- Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional. Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Av. Wilfrido Massieu Esq. Cda. Miguel Stampa s/n, México City, C.P. 07738, México
| | - X M Sánchez-Chino
- CONACYT, Departamento de Salud, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur-Villahermosa, Tabasco, México.
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11
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From Naturally-Sourced Protease Inhibitors to New Treatments for Fungal Infections. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7121016. [PMID: 34946998 PMCID: PMC8704869 DOI: 10.3390/jof7121016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases are involved in a broad range of physiological processes, including host invasion by fungal pathogens, and enzymatic inhibition is a key molecular mechanism controlling proteolytic activity. Importantly, inhibitors from natural or synthetic sources have demonstrated applications in biochemistry, biotechnology, and biomedicine. However, the need to discover new reservoirs of these inhibitory molecules with improved efficacy and target range has been underscored by recent protease characterization related to infection and antimicrobial resistance. In this regard, naturally-sourced inhibitors show promise for application in diverse biological systems due to high stability at physiological conditions and low cytotoxicity. Moreover, natural sources (e.g., plants, invertebrates, and microbes) provide a large reservoir of undiscovered and/or uncharacterized bioactive molecules involved in host defense against predators and pathogens. In this Review, we highlight discoveries of protease inhibitors from environmental sources, propose new opportunities for assessment of antifungal activity, and discuss novel applications to combat biomedically-relevant fungal diseases with in vivo and clinical purpose.
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12
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Alencar de Barros KM, Sardi JDCO, Maria-Neto S, Macedo AJ, Ramalho SR, Lourenço de Oliveira DG, Pontes GS, Weber SS, Ramalho de Oliveira CF, Macedo MLR. A new Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from Erythrina poeppigiana exhibits antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties against bacteria. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112198. [PMID: 34656058 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythrina poeppigiana belongs to Fabaceae family (subfamily Papillionoideae) and is commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions in Brazil. Herein, we described the purification and characterization of a new Kunitz-type inhibitor, obtained from E. poeppigiana seeds (EpTI). EpTI is composed by three isoforms of identical amino-terminal sequences with a molecular weight ranging from 17 to 20 kDa. The physicochemical features showed by EpTI are common to Kunitz inhibitors, including the dissociation constant (13.1 nM), stability against thermal (37-100 °C) and pH (2-10) ranging, and the presence of disulfide bonds stabilizing its reactive site. Furthermore, we investigated the antimicrobial, anti-adhesion, and anti-biofilm properties of EpTI against Gram-positive and negative bacteria. The inhibitor showed antimicrobial activity with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC, 5-10 µM) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 10 µM for Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. The combination of EpTI with ciprofloxacin showed a marked synergistic effect, reducing the antibiotic concentration by 150%. The increase in crystal violet uptake for S. aureus and K. pneumoniae strains was approximately 30% and 50%, respectively, suggesting that the bacteria plasma membrane is targeted by EpTI. Treatment with EpTI at 1x and 10 x MIC significantly reduced the biofilm formation and prompted the disruption of a mature biofilm. At MIC/2, EpTI decreased the bacterial adhesion to polystyrene surface within 2 h. Finally, EpTI showed low toxicity in animal model Galleria mellonella. Given its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties, the EpTI sequence might be used to design novel drug prototypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Margareti Alencar de Barros
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro Oeste, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Janaina de Cássia Orlandi Sardi
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Simone Maria-Neto
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | | | - Suellen Rodrigues Ramalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde e Desenvolvimento na Região Centro Oeste, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Daniella Gorete Lourenço de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil; Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia (ICET), Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Itacoatiara, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Cidade Universitária S/N, Caixa Postal 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900, Brazil.
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13
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Protein extract of Bromelia karatas L. rich in cysteine proteases (ananain- and bromelain-like) has antibacterial activity against foodborne pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Typhimurium. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2021; 67:1-13. [PMID: 34401996 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-021-00906-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Bromelia karatas L. is a plant species from the Americas. The presence of proteases in fruits of B. karatas has been reported but scarcely studied in detail. Proteolytic enzymes from Ananas comosus have displayed antifungal and antibacterial activity. Thus, novel proteases present in B. karatas may be useful as a source of compounds against microorganisms in medicine and food production. In this work, the protein extract from the fruits of B. karatas was characterized and its antibacterial activity against Salmonella Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes was determined for the first time. Proteins highly similar to ananain and the fruit bromelain from A. comosus were identified as the main proteases in B. karatas fruits using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The soluble protein extract (SPE) at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL displayed up to 80% of antibacterial activity against S. Typhimurium. Complete inhibition of L. monocytogenes was reached with up to 1.65 mg/mL of SPE. Plant protease extract containing ananain-like enzyme inhibited up to 90% against S. Typhimurium and up to 85% against L. monocytogenes using only 10 μg/mL of the partial-purified enzyme.
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14
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Gremski LH, Matsubara FH, Polli NLC, Antunes BC, Schluga PHDC, da Justa HC, Minozzo JC, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Prospective Use of Brown Spider Venom Toxins as Therapeutic and Biotechnological Inputs. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:706704. [PMID: 34222343 PMCID: PMC8247472 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.706704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown spider (genus Loxosceles) venoms are mainly composed of protein toxins used for predation and defense. Bites of these spiders most commonly produce a local dermonecrotic lesion with gravitational spread, edema and hemorrhage, which together are defined as cutaneous loxoscelism. Systemic loxoscelism, such as hematological abnormalities and renal injury, are less frequent but more lethal. Some Loxosceles venom toxins have already been isolated and extensively studied, such as phospholipases D (PLDs), which have been recombinantly expressed and were proven to reproduce toxic activities associated to the whole venom. PLDs have a notable potential to be engineered and converted in non-toxic antigens to produce a new generation of antivenoms or vaccines. PLDs also can serve as tools to discover inhibitors to be used as therapeutic agents. Other Loxosceles toxins have been identified and functionally characterized, such as hyaluronidases, allergen factor, serpin, TCTP and knottins (ICK peptides). All these toxins were produced as recombinant molecules and are biologically active molecules that can be used as tools for the potential development of chemical candidates to tackle many medical and biological threats, acting, for instance, as antitumoral, insecticides, analgesic, antigens for allergy tests and biochemical reagents for cell studies. In addition, these recombinant toxins may be useful to develop a rational therapy for loxoscelism. This review summarizes the main candidates for the development of drugs and biotechnological inputs that have been described in Brown spider venoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bruno Cesar Antunes
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products, State Department of Health, Piraquara, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Production and Research Center of Immunobiological Products, State Department of Health, Piraquara, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Structural, Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Brazil
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15
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Souza PFN. The forgotten 2S albumin proteins: Importance, structure, and biotechnological application in agriculture and human health. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:4638-4649. [PMID: 32937155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
2S albumin proteins are a group of important seed storage proteins (SSPs) essential to seeds at early and late developmental stages, by providing amino acids and other nutrients during germination and for seed defense. 2S albumins possess a well-conserved cysteine supporting the stability of temperature, pH, and proteolysis. The 3D structure rich in alpha-helices and positively charged is particularly suited for antibacterial and antifungal activity, which is presented by many 2S albumins. However, the hypervariable region present in 2S albumins induces allergenic reactions. Because of that, 2S albumins have never been recognized for their biotechnological potential. However, the development of servers used for the rational design of antimicrobial molecules has now brought a new application to 2S albumins, acting as a model to design antimicrobial molecules without the toxic or allergenic effects of 2S albumins. Therefore, this review is focused on discussing the importance of 2S albumins to seed development and defense and the biochemical, structural and functional properties of these proteins thought to play a role in their antimicrobial activity. Additionally, the application of 2S albumins to design synthetic antimicrobial peptides is discussed, potentially bringing new functions to these forgotten proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro F N Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Defense Proteins, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará CEP 60.440-554, Brazil.
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16
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Moura LFWG, da Silva Costa HP, da Silva Neto JX, Dias LP, Magalhães FEA, van Tilburg MF, Florean EOPT, de Oliveira JTA, Oliveira Bezerra de Sousa DD, Guedes MIF. Orally hypoglycemic activity of an insulin mimetic glycoprotein isolated from Cnidoscolus quercifolius Pohl. (Euphorbiaceae) seeds, Cq-IMP. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 159:886-895. [PMID: 32413470 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The genus Cnidoscolus (Euphorbiaceae) is widely distributed in tropical areas. In the Northeast of Brazil, the species C. quercifolius is endemic and has been used in traditional medicine. In this study, a novel protein was isolated from C. quercifolius seeds and characterized by its molecular weight, primary structure, isoelectric point (pI), and carbohydrate content. The hypoglycemic activity of this protein was investigated by in vitro assay with the RIN-5F glucose-responsive cell line and in vivo test using alloxan-induced diabetic mice models. In addition, safe use of the protein was also investigated by cytotoxicity, hemagglutinating, and immunogenicity assays. The protein which was named Cq-IMP (Cnidoscolus quercifolius - Insulin Mimetic Protein) showed a single 11.18 KDa glycopolypeptide chain (16.4% of carbohydrates, m/m), pI of 8.0 and N-terminal sequence (TKDPELKQcKKQQKKqQQYDDDDKK) with similarity around 46-62% to sucrose binding protein-like and vicilin-like protein that was confirmed by mass spectrometry tryptic peptides analysis. Besides that, Cq-IMP presented anti-insulin antibody cross-reactivity as hypoglycemic activity in both in vitro and in vivo models. Additionally, it did not present any toxicity by methods tested. In conclusion, Cq-IMP is an insulin-mimetic protein, with a potent hypoglycemic activity and no toxicity showing great potential for therapeutic applications and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Francisco Wemmenson Gonçalves Moura
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Helen Paula da Silva Costa
- Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-900, Brazil
| | - João Xavier da Silva Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-900, Brazil
| | - Lucas Pinheiro Dias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza 60440-900, Brazil
| | | | - Maurício Fraga van Tilburg
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Animal Science, Federal Rural University of Semi-Arid, 59625-900, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Izabel Florindo Guedes
- Northeast Biotechnology Network, Graduate Program of Biotechnology, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Laboratory, State University of Ceará, Campus do Itaperi, 60714-903 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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17
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Arantes MR, Peijnenburg A, Hendriksen PJM, Stoopen G, Almeida TS, Souza TM, Farias DF, Carvalho AFU, Rocha TM, Leal LKAM, Vasconcelos IM, Oliveira JTA. In vitro toxicological characterisation of the antifungal compound soybean toxin (SBTX). Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104824. [PMID: 32165152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Soybean toxin (SBTX) is a protein isolated from soybean seeds and composed of two polypeptide subunits (17 and 27 kDa). SBTX has in vitro activity against phytopathogenic fungi such as Cercospora sojina, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium herguei, and yeasts like Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, Kluyveromyces marxiannus, and Pichia membranifaciens. The present study aimed to analyze in vitro whether SBTX causes any side effects on non-target bacterial and mammalian cells that could impede its potential use as a novel antifungal agent. SBTX at 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL did not hinder the growth of the bacteria Salmonella enterica (subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis), Bacillus subtilis (subspecies spizizenii) and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, SBTX at concentrations up to 500 μg/mL did not significantly affect the viability of erythrocytes, neutrophils, and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. To study whether SBTX could induce relevant alterations in gene expression, in vitro DNA microarray experiments were conducted in which differentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed for 24 h to 100 μg/mL or 200 μg/mL SBTX. SBTX up-regulated genes involved in cell cycle and immune response pathways, but down-regulated genes that play a role in cholesterol biosynthesis and platelet degranulation pathways. Thus, although SBTX did not affect bacteria, nor induced cytotoxity in mammalian cells, it affected some biological pathways in the human Caco-2 cell line that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Reis Arantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J M Hendriksen
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Geert Stoopen
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thiago Silva Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229, ER, the Netherlands.
| | - Davi Felipe Farias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Ilka Maria Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Jose Tadeu Abreu Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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18
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Cotabarren J, Lufrano D, Parisi MG, Obregón WD. Biotechnological, biomedical, and agronomical applications of plant protease inhibitors with high stability: A systematic review. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 292:110398. [PMID: 32005400 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Protease inhibitors (PIs) are regulatory proteins found in numerous animal tissues and fluids, plants, and microorganisms that reduce and inhibit the exacerbated and uncontrolled activity of the target proteases. Specific PIs are also effective tools for inactivating proteases involved in human diseases like arthritis, pancreatitis, hepatitis, cancer, AIDS, thrombosis, emphysema, hypertension, and muscular dystrophy among others. Plant PIs-small peptides with a high content of cystine residues in disulfide bridges-possess a remarkable resistance to heat treatment and a high stability against shifts in pH, denaturing agents, ionic strength, and proteolysis. In recent years, novel biologic activities have been reported for plant PIs, including antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antioxidant action plus inhibition of tumor-cell growth; thus pointing to possible applications in medicine, agriculture, and biotechnology. In this review, we provide a comparative overview of plant-PIs classifying them in four groups according of their thermal and pH stability (high stability and hyperstable -to temperature and to pHs-, respectively), then emphasizing the relevance of the physicochemical characteristics of these proteins for potential biotechnological and industrial applications. Finally, we analyze the biologic activities of the stable protease inhibitors previously characterized that are the most relevant to potential applications in biomedicine, the food industry, and agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Cotabarren
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe-CICPBA-UNLP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 S/N, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Daniela Lufrano
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe-CICPBA-UNLP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 S/N, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Mónica Graciela Parisi
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján, Ruta 5 y Avenida Constitución, Luján, 6700, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Walter David Obregón
- Centro de Investigación de Proteínas Vegetales (CIProVe-CICPBA-UNLP), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, 47 y 115 S/N, B1900AVW, La Plata, Argentina.
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19
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Oliveira MTA, Moura GMM, da Cruz JIO, Lima RVC, Dos Santos EA, Andrade JC, Alencar MVOB, Landim VPA, Coutinho HDM, Uchoa AF. Serine protease inhibition and modulatory-antibiotic activity of the proteic extract and fractions from Amburana cearensis. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 135:110946. [PMID: 31712106 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the inhibitory activity of serine protease, as well as antibacterial and antibiotic modifying activities of the crude extract and fractions of A. cearensis seeds. Microdilution assay was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity and the antibiotic resistance-modulating effects of samples against multiresistant bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (SA10) and Escherichia coli (EC06). In the inhibition test for serine protease, all the samples showed inhibition of enzymatic activity. Crude extract and fractions of A. cearensis seeds showed a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ≥1024 μg/mL for all microorganisms tested. However, the samples acted as resistance modifying agent, presenting synergism when associated with gentamicin, norfloxacin and penicillin. The present study provides data indicating a possible use of the seeds extract of A. cearensis in association with antibiotics in the fight against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria T A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil; Departamento de Biomedicina, Centro Universitário INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, CE, 62050-100, Brazil
| | - Geovanna M M Moura
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Joelton I O da Cruz
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Rayanna V C Lima
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Elizeu A Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline C Andrade
- Laboratório de Bioensaios - LABIO, Universidade Federal Do Cariri - UFCA, Instituto de Formação de Educadores, Campus Brejo Santo, CE, 63048-080, Brazil
| | - Marcus V O B Alencar
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Centro Universitário INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, CE, 62050-100, Brazil
| | - Vicente P A Landim
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Centro Universitário INTA - UNINTA, Sobral, CE, 62050-100, Brazil
| | - Henrique D M Coutinho
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biologia Molecular-LMBM, Universidade Regional Do Cariri - URCA, Crato, CE, 63105-000, Brazil.
| | - Adriana F Uchoa
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, RN, 59072-970, Brazil
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20
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Martins TF, Vasconcelos IM, Silva RGG, Silva FDA, Souza PFN, Varela ALN, Albuquerque LM, Oliveira JTA. A Bowman-Birk Inhibitor from the Seeds of Luetzelburgia auriculata Inhibits Staphylococcus aureus Growth by Promoting Severe Cell Membrane Damage. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2018; 81:1497-1507. [PMID: 29927595 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.7b00545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a multidrug-resistant bacterium responsible for several cases of hospital-acquired infections, which constitute a global public health problem. The introduction of new healthcare strategies and/or the discovery of molecules capable of inhibiting the growth or killing S. aureus would have a huge impact on the treatment of S. aureus-mediated diseases. Herein, a Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor ( LzaBBI), with strong in vitro antibacterial activity against S. aureus, was purified to homogeneity from Luetzelburgia auriculata seeds. LzaBBI in its native form is a 14.3 kDa protein and has a pI of 4.54, and its NH2-terminal sequence has high identity with other Bowman-Birk inhibitors. LzaBBI showed a mixed-type inhibitory activity against both trypsin and chymotrypsin, respectively, and it remained stable after both boiling at 98 °C for 120 min and incubation at various pHs. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that LzaBBI disrupted the S. aureus membrane integrity, leading to bacterial death. This study suggests that LzaBBI is a powerful candidate for developing a new antimicrobial to overcome drug resistance toward reducing hospital-acquired infections caused by S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago F Martins
- Laboratory of Plant Defense, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Ceara (UFC) , Avenida Mister Hull , 60451-970 , Fortaleza , Ceara , Brazil
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Laboratory of Plant Defense, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Ceara (UFC) , Avenida Mister Hull , 60451-970 , Fortaleza , Ceara , Brazil
| | - Rodolpho G G Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Defense, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Ceara (UFC) , Avenida Mister Hull , 60451-970 , Fortaleza , Ceara , Brazil
| | - Fredy D A Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Defense, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Ceara (UFC) , Avenida Mister Hull , 60451-970 , Fortaleza , Ceara , Brazil
| | - Pedro F N Souza
- Laboratory of Plant Defense, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Ceara (UFC) , Avenida Mister Hull , 60451-970 , Fortaleza , Ceara , Brazil
| | - Anna L N Varela
- Laboratory of Plant Defense, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Ceara (UFC) , Avenida Mister Hull , 60451-970 , Fortaleza , Ceara , Brazil
| | - Louise M Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Plant Defense, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Ceara (UFC) , Avenida Mister Hull , 60451-970 , Fortaleza , Ceara , Brazil
| | - Jose T A Oliveira
- Laboratory of Plant Defense, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Federal University of Ceara (UFC) , Avenida Mister Hull , 60451-970 , Fortaleza , Ceara , Brazil
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21
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Roy UK, Lavignac N, Rahman AM, Nielsen BV. Purification of lectin and Kunitz trypsin inhibitor from soya seeds. J Chromatogr Sci 2018; 56:436-442. [PMID: 29566134 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmy018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The search for potent and selective therapeutic agents is progressing by the study of natural compounds in plants. Plant-derived macromolecules are considered emerging therapeutic agents and an alternative to synthetic and small molecule drugs. Where it has long been known that plants possess medicinal properties, the compounds responsible for their action are in many cases still unknown: often only whole crude plant extracts or fractionated extracts are tested for the ability to inhibit common pathogens. Here, we present a fast protein liquid chromatography method for the separation of crude plant proteins. Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI; 24.2 kDa) and lectin (31 kDa) were purified from Glycine max by liquid extraction followed by ion exchange column chromatography. The need for serial chromatographic separation steps has been eliminated by introducing more complex elution profiles hence reducing cost, time and improving recovery. The identity of KTI-A and lectin was confirmed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF MS). Cell proliferation assays using B16F1 melanoma cells revealed that both KTI and the monomeric lectin retained some antiproliferative activity. This method could be useful for rapid and cost-effective purification of bioactive compounds from plant material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam K Roy
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Nathalie Lavignac
- Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Azizur M Rahman
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
| | - Birthe V Nielsen
- Faculty of Engineering and Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Kent ME4 4TB, UK
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22
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Souza PFN, Vasconcelos IM, Silva FDA, Moreno FB, Monteiro-Moreira ACO, Alencar LMR, Abreu ASG, Sousa JS, Oliveira JTA. A 2S Albumin from the Seed Cake of Ricinus communis Inhibits Trypsin and Has Strong Antibacterial Activity against Human Pathogenic Bacteria. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:2423-2431. [PMID: 27680092 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria threaten the lives of many citizens all over the world. Discovery of new agents to hinder bacterial development would have a significant impact on the treatment of infections. Here, the purification and characterization of Rc-2S-Alb, a protein that belongs to the 2S albumin family, from Ricinus communis seed cake, are reported. Rc-2S-Alb was purified after protein extraction with Tris-HCl buffer, pH 7.5, fractionation by ammonium sulfate (50-75%), and chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose and DEAE-Sepharose. Rc-2S-Alb, a 75 kDa peptide, displays trypsin inhibitory activity and has high in vitro antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which are important human pathogenic bacteria. Atomic force microscopy studies indicated that Rc-2S-Alb disrupts the bacterial membrane with loss of the cytoplasm content and ultimately bacterial death. Therefore, Rc-2S-Alb is a powerful candidate for the development of an alternative drug that may help reduce hospital-acquired infections.
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23
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Marathe K, Kasar S, Chaudhari A, Maheshwari V. Purification and characterization of a novel heterodimer protease inhibitor from Streptomyces spp. VL J2 with potential biopesticidal activity against H. armigera. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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Crespo LM, de Oliveira ND, Damatta RA, do Nascimento VV, Soares TP, Machado OLT. Identification of IgE-binding peptide and critical amino acids of Jatropha curcas allergen involved in allergenic response. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:454. [PMID: 27119058 PMCID: PMC4831952 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-2036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Increasing energy demand has spurred interest in the use of biofuels. Jatropha curcas (physic nut), an inedible oilseed, is a potential source of bioenergy. The seeds, however, contain allergens such as Jat c 1, a 2S albumin that can induce hypersensitivity reactions in humans and result in allergic diseases. Recent advances in identifying and characterizing plant allergens and, in particular, their immunoglobulin E (IgE)-binding epitopes have produced a wealth of information. We identified IgE-binding regions and the critical amino acids involved in the degranulation of mast cells and the release of histamine, preliminary steps for the prevention and treatment of this allergy. Four IgE-binding regions were identified in the sequence of Jat c 1. We identified and demonstrated the fundamental role of two glutamic acid residues in IgE binding. The sequence LEKQLEEGEVGS produces a random loop on the most exposed part of Jat c 1. This region is important to the stimulation of the allergic response. The possibility of using this information to produce vaccines and other pharmacological agents for allergy treatment is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Maia Crespo
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Natalia Deus de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Renato Augusto Damatta
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Viviane Veiga do Nascimento
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Thais Pacheco Soares
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602 Brazil
| | - Olga Lima Tavares Machado
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Parque Califórnia, Rio de Janeiro, CEP 28013-602 Brazil
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25
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Lyu J, Liu Y, An T, Liu Y, Wang M, Song Y, Zheng F, Wu D, Zhang Y, Deng S. Purification and characterization of a trypsin inhibitor from the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:376-82. [PMID: 25851516 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A proteinaceous inhibitor against trypsin was isolated from the seeds of Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. by successive ammonium sulfate precipitation, ion-exchange, and gel-filtration chromatography. The trypsin inhibitor, named as AHLTI (A. heterophyllus Lam. trypsin inhibitor), consisted of a single polypeptide chain with a molecular weight of 28.5 kDa, which was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and gel-filtration chromatography. The N-terminal sequence of AHLTI was DEPPSELDAS, which showed no similarity to other known trypsin inhibitor sequence. AHLTI completely inhibited bovine trypsin at a molar ratio of 1:2 (AHLTI:trypsin) analyzed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, inhibition activity assay, and gel-filtration chromatography. Moreover, kinetic enzymatic studies were carried out to understand the inhibition mechanism of AHLTI against trypsin. Results showed that AHLTI was a competitive inhibitor with an equilibrium dissociation constant (Ki) of 3.7 × 10(-8) M. However, AHLTI showed weak inhibitory activity toward chymotrypsin and elastase. AHLTI was stable over a broad range of pH 4-8 and temperature 20-80°C. The reduction agent, dithiothreitol, had no obvious effect on AHLTI. The trypsin inhibition assays of AHLTI toward digestive enzymes from insect pest guts in vitro demonstrated that AHLTI was effective against enzymes from Locusta migratoria manilensis (Meyen). These results suggested that AHLTI might be a novel trypsin inhibitor from A. heterophyllus Lam. belonging to Kunitz family, and play an important role in protecting from insect pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchen Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Tianchen An
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yujun Liu
- School of Life Science, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Manchuriga Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yanting Song
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Feifei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Yingxia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Shiming Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropic Biological Resources, Minister of Education, College of Marine Science, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
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26
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Parachin NS, Franco OL. New edge of antibiotic development: antimicrobial peptides and corresponding resistance. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:147. [PMID: 24782840 PMCID: PMC3986519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia S Parachin
- Grupo engenharia de Biocatalisadores, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília Brasília, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, UCB Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octavio L Franco
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, UCB Brasília, Brazil
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