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Schrenk D, Allemang A, Fahrer J, Harms H, Li X, Lin G, Mahony C, Mulder P, Peijnenburg A, Pfuhler S, Punt A, Sievers H, Troutman J, Widjaja F. Toxins in Botanical Drugs and Plant-derived Food and Feed - from Science to Regulation: A Workshop Review. Planta Med 2024; 90:219-242. [PMID: 38198805 DOI: 10.1055/a-2218-5667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
In September 2022, the 3rd International Workshop on pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and related phytotoxins was held on-line, entitled 'Toxins in botanical drugs and plant-derived food and feed - from science to regulation'. The workshop focused on new findings about the occurrence, exposure, toxicity, and risk assessment of PAs. In addition, new scientific results related to the risk assessment of alkenylbenzenes, a distinct class of herbal constituents, were presented. The presence of PAs and alkenylbenzenes in plant-derived food, feed, and herbal medicines has raised health concerns with respect to their acute and chronic toxicity but mainly related to the genotoxic and carcinogenic properties of several congeners. The compounds are natural constituents of a variety of plant families and species widely used in medicinal, food, and feed products. Their individual occurrence, levels, and toxic properties, together with the broad range of congeners present in nature, represent a striking challenge to modern toxicology. This review tries to provide an overview of the current knowledge on these compounds and indicates needs and perspectives for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ashley Allemang
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, USA
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Henrik Harms
- Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Central Product Safety, Procter & Gamble Technical Centre, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Pfuhler
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, USA
| | - Ans Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - John Troutman
- Central Product Safety, The Procter & Gamble Company, Mason, USA
| | - Frances Widjaja
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Bovee TF, Heusinkveld HJ, Dodd S, Peijnenburg A, Rijkers D, Blokland M, Sprong RC, Crépet A, Nolles A, Zwart EP, Gremmer ER, Ven LTVD. Dose addition in mixtures of compounds with dissimilar endocrine modes of action in in vitro receptor activation assays and the zebrafish sexual development test. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114432. [PMID: 38176580 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposure to pesticides is being associated with feminisation for which a decrease of the anogenital distance (AGD) is a sensitive endpoint. Dose addition for the cumulative risk assessment of pesticides in food is considered sufficiently conservative for combinations of compounds with both similar and dissimilar modes of action (MoA). OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to test the dose addition hypothesis in a binary mixture of endocrine active compounds with a dissimilar mode of action for the endpoint feminisation. METHODS Compounds were selected from a list of chemicals of which exposure is related to a decrease of the AGD in rats and completed with reference compounds. These chemicals were characterised using specific in vitro transcriptional activation (TA) assays for estrogenic and androgenic properties, leading to a final selection of dienestrol as an ER-agonist and flutamide, linuron, and deltamethrin as AR-antagonists. These compounds were then tested in an in vivo model, i.e. in zebrafish (Danio rerio), using sex ratio in the population as an endpoint in order to confirm their feminising effect and MoA. Ultimately, the fish model was used to test a binary mixture of flutamide and dienestrol. RESULTS Statistical analysis of the binary mixture of flutamide and dienestrol in the fish sexual development tests (FSDT) with zebrafish supported dose addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toine Fh Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Dodd
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Corinne Sprong
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Amélie Crépet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, 947001, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Antsje Nolles
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin P Zwart
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Tm van der Ven
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Louisse J, Fragki S, Rijkers D, Janssen A, van Dijk B, Leenders L, Staats M, Bokkers B, Zeilmaker M, Piersma A, Luijten M, Hoogenboom R, Peijnenburg A. Determination of in vitro hepatotoxic potencies of a series of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) based on gene expression changes in HepaRG liver cells. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1113-1131. [PMID: 36864359 PMCID: PMC10025204 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent and have been shown to induce a wide range of adverse health effects, including hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and immunotoxicity. The aim of the present work was to assess whether human HepaRG liver cells can be used to obtain insight into differences in hepatotoxic potencies of a series of PFASs. Therefore, the effects of 18 PFASs on cellular triglyceride accumulation (AdipoRed assay) and gene expression (DNA microarray for PFOS and RT-qPCR for all 18 PFASs) were studied in HepaRG cells. BMDExpress analysis of the PFOS microarray data indicated that various cellular processes were affected at the gene expression level. From these data, ten genes were selected to assess the concentration-effect relationship of all 18 PFASs using RT-qPCR analysis. The AdipoRed data and the RT-qPCR data were used for the derivation of in vitro relative potencies using PROAST analysis. In vitro relative potency factors (RPFs) could be obtained for 8 PFASs (including index chemical PFOA) based on the AdipoRed data, whereas for the selected genes, in vitro RPFs could be obtained for 11-18 PFASs (including index chemical PFOA). For the readout OAT5 expression, in vitro RPFs were obtained for all PFASs. In vitro RPFs were found to correlate in general well with each other (Spearman correlation) except for the PPAR target genes ANGPTL4 and PDK4. Comparison of in vitro RPFs with RPFs obtained from in vivo studies in rats indicate that best correlations (Spearman correlation) were obtained for in vitro RPFs based on OAT5 and CXCL10 expression changes and external in vivo RPFs. HFPO-TA was found to be the most potent PFAS tested, being around tenfold more potent than PFOA. Altogether, it may be concluded that the HepaRG model may provide relevant data to provide insight into which PFASs are relevant regarding their hepatotoxic effects and that it can be applied as a screening tool to prioritize other PFASs for further hazard and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van Dijk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liz Leenders
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Staats
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fragki S, Louisse J, Bokkers B, Luijten M, Peijnenburg A, Rijkers D, Piersma AH, Zeilmaker MJ. New approach methodologies: A quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation case study with PFASs. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113559. [PMID: 36535450 PMCID: PMC9890272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PER: and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been associated with increased blood lipids in humans. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been also linked with elevated alanine transferase (ALT) serum levels in humans, and in rodents the liver is a main target organ for many PFASs. With the focus on New Approach Methodologies, the chronic oral equivalent effect doses were calculated for PFOA, PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid), PFHxS (perfluorohexanesulfonic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) based on in vitro effects measured in the HepaRG cell line. Selected in vitro readouts were considered biomarkers for lipid disturbances and hepatotoxicity. Concentration-response data obtained from HepaRG cells on triglyceride (TG) accumulation and expression changes of 12 selected genes (some involved in cholesterol homeostasis) were converted into corresponding human dose-response data, using physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model-facilitated reverse dosimetry. Next to this, the biokinetics of the chemicals were studied in the cell system. The current European dietary PFASs exposure overlaps with the calculated oral equivalent effect doses, indicating that the latter may lead to interference with hepatic gene expression and lipid metabolism. These findings illustrate an in vitro-in silico methodology, which can be applied for more PFASs, to select those that should be prioritized for further hazard characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands,Corresponding author.
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H. Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Schrenk D, Fahrer J, Allemang A, Fu P, Lin G, Mahony C, Mulder PPJ, Peijnenburg A, Pfuhler S, Rietjens IMCM, Sachse B, Steinhoff B, These A, Troutman J, Wiesner J. Novel Insights into Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid Toxicity and Implications for Risk Assessment: Occurrence, Genotoxicity, Toxicokinetics, Risk Assessment-A Workshop Report. Planta Med 2022; 88:98-117. [PMID: 34715696 DOI: 10.1055/a-1646-3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on the major contributions and results of the 2nd International Workshop of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids held in September 2020 in Kaiserslautern, Germany. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids are among the most relevant plant toxins contaminating food, feed, and medicinal products of plant origin. Hundreds of PA congeners with widespread occurrence are known, and thousands of plants are assumed to contain PAs. Due to certain PAs' pronounced liver toxicity and carcinogenicity, their occurrence in food, feed, and phytomedicines has raised serious human health concerns. This is particularly true for herbal teas, certain food supplements, honey, and certain phytomedicinal drugs. Due to the limited availability of animal data, broader use of in vitro data appears warranted to improve the risk assessment of a large number of relevant, 1,2-unsaturated PAs. This is true, for example, for the derivation of both toxicokinetic and toxicodynamic data. These efforts aim to understand better the modes of action, uptake, metabolism, elimination, toxicity, and genotoxicity of PAs to enable a detailed dose-response analysis and ultimately quantify differing toxic potencies between relevant PAs. Accordingly, risk-limiting measures comprising production, marketing, and regulation of food, feed, and medicinal products are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Schrenk
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Peter Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Catherine Mahony
- Procter & Gamble, Technical Centres Limited, Weybridge, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Benjamin Sachse
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Anja These
- German Federal Institute of Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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Fragki S, Rijkers D, Janssen A, Staats M, Zeilmaker M, Piersma A, Luijten M, Hoogenboom R, Peijnenburg A, Louisse J. Study on the effects of 19 perfluoroalkyl substances on gene expression and biokinetics of PFOS and PFOA in human HepaRG liver cells. Toxicol Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Fragki S, Dirven H, Fletcher T, Grasl-Kraupp B, Bjerve Gützkow K, Hoogenboom R, Kersten S, Lindeman B, Louisse J, Peijnenburg A, Piersma AH, Princen HMG, Uhl M, Westerhout J, Zeilmaker MJ, Luijten M. Systemic PFOS and PFOA exposure and disturbed lipid homeostasis in humans: what do we know and what not? Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:141-164. [PMID: 33853480 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1888073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and increased blood lipids have been repeatedly observed in humans, but a causal relation has been debated. Rodent studies show reverse effects, i.e. decreased blood cholesterol and triglycerides, occurring however at PFAS serum levels at least 100-fold higher than those in humans. This paper aims to present the main issues regarding the modulation of lipid homeostasis by the two most common PFASs, PFOS and PFOA, with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms relevant for humans. Overall, the apparent contrast between human and animal data may be an artifact of dose, with different molecular pathways coming into play upon exposure to PFASs at very low versus high levels. Altogether, the interpretation of existing rodent data on PFOS/PFOA-induced lipid perturbations with respect to the human situation is complex. From a mechanistic perspective, research on human liver cells shows that PFOS/PFOA activate the PPARα pathway, whereas studies on the involvement of other nuclear receptors, like PXR, are less conclusive. Other data indicate that suppression of the nuclear receptor HNF4α signaling pathway, as well as perturbations of bile acid metabolism and transport might be important cellular events that require further investigation. Future studies with human-relevant test systems would help to obtain more insight into the mechanistic pathways pertinent for humans. These studies shall be designed with a careful consideration of appropriate dosing and toxicokinetics, so as to enable biologically plausible quantitative extrapolations. Such research will increase the understanding of possible perturbed lipid homeostasis related to PFOS/ PFOA exposure and the potential implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hubert Dirven
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tony Fletcher
- Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England (PHE), Chilton, UK
| | - Bettina Grasl-Kraupp
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University of Vienna, Borschkegasse 8a, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Birgitte Lindeman
- Department of Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans M G Princen
- Metabolic Health Research, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Gaubius Laboratory, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Uhl
- Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Vienna, Austria
| | - Joost Westerhout
- Risk Analysis for Products In Development, The Netherlands Organization of Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marco J Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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Punt A, Pinckaers N, Peijnenburg A, Louisse J. Development of a Web-Based Toolbox to Support Quantitative In-Vitro-to-In-Vivo Extrapolations (QIVIVE) within Nonanimal Testing Strategies. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:460-472. [PMID: 33382582 PMCID: PMC7887804 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to develop an online web-based toolbox that contains generic physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for rats and humans, including underlying calculation tools to predict plasma protein binding and tissue:plasma distribution, to be used for quantitative in-vitro-to-in-vivo extrapolations (QIVIVE). The PBK models within the toolbox allow first estimations of internal plasma and tissue concentrations of chemicals to be made, based on the logP and pKa of the chemicals and values for intestinal uptake and intrinsic hepatic clearance. As a case study, the toolbox was used to predict oral equivalent doses of in vitro ToxCast bioactivity data for the food additives methylparaben, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and dodecyl gallate. These oral equivalent doses were subsequently compared with human exposure estimates, as a low tier assessment allowing prioritization for further assessment. The results revealed that daily intake levels of especially propyl gallate can lead to internal plasma concentrations that are close to in vitro biological effect concentrations, particularly with respect to the inhibition of human thyroid peroxidase (TPO). Estrogenic effects were not considered likely to be induced by the food additives, as daily exposure levels of the different compounds remained 2 orders of magnitude below the oral equivalent doses for in vitro estrogen receptor activation. Overall, the results of the study show how the toolbox, which is freely accessible through www.qivivetools.wur.nl, can be used to obtain initial internal dose estimates of chemicals and to prioritize chemicals for further assessment, based on the comparison of oral equivalent doses of in vitro biological activity data with human exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans Punt
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Pinckaers
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen
Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Louisse J, Rijkers D, Stoopen G, Janssen A, Staats M, Hoogenboom R, Kersten S, Peijnenburg A. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) increase triglyceride levels and decrease cholesterogenic gene expression in human HepaRG liver cells. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3137-3155. [PMID: 32588087 PMCID: PMC7415755 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent in the environment, food chain, and humans. Epidemiological studies have shown a positive association between serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and increased serum cholesterol and, in some cases, also triglyceride levels. However, causality has been questioned, as animal studies, as well as a human trial, showed a decrease in serum cholesterol and no effects or a decrease in plasma triglycerides. To obtain more insight into the effects of PFASs on these processes, the present study investigated the effects of PFOA, PFOS, and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) on intracellular triglyceride and cholesterol levels in human HepaRG liver cells. DNA microarray analyses were performed to provide insight into underlying mechanisms. All PFASs induced an increase in cellular triglyceride levels, but had no effect on cholesterol levels. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the microarray data indicated that gene sets related to cholesterol biosynthesis were repressed by PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA. Other gene sets commonly affected by all PFAS were related to PERK/ATF4 signaling (induced), tRNA amino-acylation (induced), amino acid transport (induced), and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (repressed). Moreover, numerous target genes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) were found to be upregulated. Altogether, the present study shows that PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA increase triglyceride levels and inhibit cholesterogenic gene expression in HepaRG cells. In addition, the present study indicates that PFASs induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, which may be an important mechanism underlying some of the toxic effects of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Stoopen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Staats
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lichtenstein D, Luckert C, Alarcan J, de Sousa G, Gioutlakis M, Katsanou ES, Konstantinidou P, Machera K, Milani ES, Peijnenburg A, Rahmani R, Rijkers D, Spyropoulou A, Stamou M, Stoopen G, Sturla SJ, Wollscheid B, Zucchini-Pascal N, Braeuning A, Lampen A. An adverse outcome pathway-based approach to assess steatotic mixture effects of hepatotoxic pesticides in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 139:111283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Arantes MR, Peijnenburg A, Hendriksen PJM, Stoopen G, Almeida TS, Souza TM, Farias DF, Carvalho AFU, Rocha TM, Leal LKAM, Vasconcelos IM, Oliveira JTA. In vitro toxicological characterisation of the antifungal compound soybean toxin (SBTX). Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104824. [PMID: 32165152 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Soybean toxin (SBTX) is a protein isolated from soybean seeds and composed of two polypeptide subunits (17 and 27 kDa). SBTX has in vitro activity against phytopathogenic fungi such as Cercospora sojina, Aspergillus niger, and Penicillium herguei, and yeasts like Candida albicans, C. parapsilosis, Kluyveromyces marxiannus, and Pichia membranifaciens. The present study aimed to analyze in vitro whether SBTX causes any side effects on non-target bacterial and mammalian cells that could impede its potential use as a novel antifungal agent. SBTX at 100 μg/mL and 200 μg/mL did not hinder the growth of the bacteria Salmonella enterica (subspecies enterica serovar choleraesuis), Bacillus subtilis (subspecies spizizenii) and Staphylococcus aureus. Moreover, SBTX at concentrations up to 500 μg/mL did not significantly affect the viability of erythrocytes, neutrophils, and human intestinal Caco-2 cells. To study whether SBTX could induce relevant alterations in gene expression, in vitro DNA microarray experiments were conducted in which differentiated Caco-2 cells were exposed for 24 h to 100 μg/mL or 200 μg/mL SBTX. SBTX up-regulated genes involved in cell cycle and immune response pathways, but down-regulated genes that play a role in cholesterol biosynthesis and platelet degranulation pathways. Thus, although SBTX did not affect bacteria, nor induced cytotoxity in mammalian cells, it affected some biological pathways in the human Caco-2 cell line that warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Reis Arantes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Peter J M Hendriksen
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Geert Stoopen
- WFSR, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Thiago Silva Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht 6229, ER, the Netherlands.
| | - Davi Felipe Farias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 Joao Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Ilka Maria Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Jose Tadeu Abreu Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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Schrenk D, Gao L, Lin G, Mahony C, Mulder PP, Peijnenburg A, Pfuhler S, Rietjens IM, Rutz L, Steinhoff B, These A. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and phytomedicine: Occurrence, exposure, toxicity, mechanisms, and risk assessment - A review. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111107. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Cotterill JV, Palazzolo L, Ridgway C, Price N, Rorije E, Moretto A, Peijnenburg A, Eberini I. Predicting estrogen receptor binding of chemicals using a suite of in silico methods - Complementary approaches of (Q)SAR, molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 378:114630. [PMID: 31220507 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.114630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
With the aim of obtaining reliable estimates of Estrogen Receptor (ER) binding for diverse classes of compounds, a weight of evidence approach using estimates from a suite of in silico models was assessed. The predictivity of a simple Majority Consensus of (Q)SAR models was assessed using a test set of compounds with experimental Relative Binding Affinity (RBA) data. Molecular docking was also carried out and the binding energies of these compounds to the ERα receptor were determined. For a few selected compounds, including a known full agonist and antagonist, the intrinsic activity was determined using low-mode molecular dynamics methods. Individual (Q)SAR model predictivity varied, as expected, with some models showing high sensitivity, others higher specificity. However, the Majority Consensus (Q)SAR prediction showed a high accuracy and reasonably balanced sensitivity and specificity. Molecular docking provided quantitative information on strength of binding to the ERα receptor. For the 50 highest binding affinity compounds with positive RBA experimental values, just 5 of them were predicted to be non-binders by the Majority QSAR Consensus. Furthermore, agonist-specific assay experimental values for these 5 compounds were negative, which indicates that they may be ER antagonists. We also showed different scenarios of combining (Q)SAR results with Molecular docking classification of ER binding based on cut-off values of binding energies, providing a rational combined strategy to maximize terms of toxicological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- J V Cotterill
- Fera Science Limited, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - L Palazzolo
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - C Ridgway
- Fera Science Limited, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - N Price
- Fera Science Limited, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK
| | - E Rorije
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A Moretto
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Cliniche, Ospedale L. Sacco, Padiglione 17, Via G.B. Grassi 74, 20157 Milano, Italy
| | - A Peijnenburg
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - I Eberini
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari & DSRC, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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14
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Chen L, Mulder PPJ, Peijnenburg A, Rietjens IMCM. Risk assessment of intake of pyrrolizidine alkaloids from herbal teas and medicines following realistic exposure scenarios. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 130:142-153. [PMID: 31112705 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study five types of herbal teas were used to quantify the effect of comminution of the leaves on resulting PA exposure. Results show that PA levels extracted from intact leaves were consistently lower than from comminuted tea leaves. The Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach was applied to evaluate the consequences of this difference for the associated risks in the scenario of lifetime exposure. Furthermore, we considered medicinal use of these teas for shorter-than-lifetime exposure scenarios, and also analysed the risks of shorter-than-lifetime use of eight herbal medicines and 19 previously analysed plant food supplements. This analysis revealed that shorter-than-lifetime use resulted in MOE values < 10,000 upon use for 40-3450 weeks during a lifetime, with for only a limited number of herbal teas and medicines use of two weeks a year (150 weeks during a 75 year lifetime) would still raise a concern. It is concluded that taking more realistic conditions into account markedly reduces the concerns raised for these herbal preparations. These results also illustrate the need for development of a generally accepted method for taking short term exposure into account in risk assessment of compounds that are genotoxic and carcinogenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700, EA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700, AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700, EA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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15
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Luckert C, Braeuning A, de Sousa G, Durinck S, Katsanou E, Konstantinidou P, Machera K, Milani E, Peijnenburg A, Rahmani R, Rajkovic A, Spyropoulou A, Stamou M, Stoopen G, Sturla S, Zucchini-Pascal N, Lampen A. In vitro analysis of liver steatosis using adverse outcome pathways: A case study with cyproconazole. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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16
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Bodero M, Hoogenboom RL, Bovee TF, Portier L, de Haan L, Peijnenburg A, Hendriksen PJ. Whole genome mRNA transcriptomics analysis reveals different modes of action of the diarrheic shellfish poisons okadaic acid and dinophysis toxin-1 versus azaspiracid-1 in Caco-2 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2018; 46:102-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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17
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Chen L, Mulder PPJ, Louisse J, Peijnenburg A, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM. Risk assessment for pyrrolizidine alkaloids detected in (herbal) teas and plant food supplements. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 86:292-302. [PMID: 28347763 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are plant metabolites present in some botanical preparations, with especially 1,2-unsaturated PAs being of concern because they are genotoxic carcinogens. This study presents an overview of tumour data on PAs and points of departure (PODs) derived from them, corroborating that the BMDL10 for lasiocarpine represents a conservative POD for risk assessment. A risk assessment using this BMDL10 and mean levels of PAs reported in literature for (herbal) teas, indicates that consumption of one cup of tea a day would result in MOE values lower than 10 000 for several types of (herbal) teas, indicating a priority for risk management for these products A refined risk assessment using interim relative potency (REP) factors showed that based on the mean PA levels, 7(54%) of 13 types of (herbal) teas and 1 (14%) of 7 types of plant food supplements (PFS) resulted in MOE values lower than 10 000, indicating a priority for risk management also for these products in particular. This includes both preparations containing PA-producing and non-PA-producing plants. Our study provides insight in the current state-of-the art and limitations in the risk assessment of PA-containing food products, especially (herbal) teas and PFS, indicating that PAs in food presents a field of interest for current and future risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- RIKILT Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebas Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, PO Box 8000, 6700 EA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Parra Pessoa I, Lopes Neto JJ, Silva de Almeida T, Felipe Farias D, Vieira LR, Lima de Medeiros J, Augusti Boligon A, Peijnenburg A, Castelar I, Fontenele Urano Carvalho A. Polyphenol Composition, Antioxidant Activity and Cytotoxicity of Seeds from Two Underexploited Wild Licania Species: L. rigida and L. tomentosa. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21121755. [PMID: 28009846 PMCID: PMC6273337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21121755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown the benefit of antioxidants in the prevention or treatment of human diseases and promoted a growing interest in new sources of plant antioxidants for pharmacological use. This study aimed to add value to two underexploited wild plant species (Licania rigida) and L. tomentosa) from Brazilian flora. Thus, the phenolic compounds profile of their seed ethanol extract and derived fractions were elucidated by HPLC, the antioxidant capacity was assessed by in vitro chemical tests and the cytotoxicity determined using the human carcinoma cell lines MCF-7 and Caco-2. Eleven phenolic compounds were identified in the extracts of each species. The extracts and fractions showed excellent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay (SC50, ranging from 9.15 to 248.8 µg/mL). The aqueous fraction of L. rigida seeds was most effective in preventing lipid peroxidation under basal conditions (IC50 60.80 µg/mL) whereas, in the presence of stress inducer, the methanolic fraction of L. tomentosa performed best (IC50 8.55 µg/mL). None of the samples showed iron chelating capacity. Ethanolic seed extracts of both species did not reveal any cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and Caco-2 cells. Both plant species showed a promising phenolic profile with potent antioxidant capacity and deserve attention to be sustainably explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Parra Pessoa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - José Joaquim Lopes Neto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Silva de Almeida
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Davi Felipe Farias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil.
| | - Leonardo Rogério Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Jackeline Lima de Medeiros
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceará, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- RIKILT, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Castelar
- Department of Finance, Federal University of Ceará, 60020-181 Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
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19
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Eberini I, Palazzolo L, Peijnenburg A, Guerrini U, Parravicini C, Moretto A, Bovee T. In silico prioritization for endocrine active substances (EAS) and their in vitro validation. Toxicol Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2016.06.1486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Jomaa B, Hermsen S, Kessels M, Van den Berg J, Peijnenburg A, Aarts J, Piersma A, Rietjens I. A zebrafish embryotoxicity test detects the developmental toxicity of thyroid-active compounds. Toxicol Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.06.480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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von Stechow L, Ruiz-Aracama A, van de Water B, Peijnenburg A, Danen E, Lommen A. Identification of cisplatin-regulated metabolic pathways in pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e76476. [PMID: 24146875 PMCID: PMC3797786 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0076476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic compound, cisplatin causes various kinds of DNA lesions but also triggers other pertubations, such as ER and oxidative stress. We and others have shown that treatment of pluripotent stem cells with cisplatin causes a plethora of transcriptional and post-translational alterations that, to a major extent, point to DNA damage response (DDR) signaling. The orchestrated DDR signaling network is important to arrest the cell cycle and repair the lesions or, in case of damage beyond repair, eliminate affected cells. Failure to properly balance the various aspects of the DDR in stem cells contributes to ageing and cancer. Here, we performed metabolic profiling by mass spectrometry of embryonic stem (ES) cells treated for different time periods with cisplatin. We then integrated metabolomics with transcriptomics analyses and connected cisplatin-regulated metabolites with regulated metabolic enzymes to identify enriched metabolic pathways. These included nucleotide metabolism, urea cycle and arginine and proline metabolism. Silencing of identified proline metabolic and catabolic enzymes indicated that altered proline metabolism serves as an adaptive, rather than a toxic response. A group of enriched metabolic pathways clustered around the metabolite S-adenosylmethionine, which is a hub for methylation and transsulfuration reactions and polyamine metabolism. Enzymes and metabolites with pro- or anti-oxidant functions were also enriched but enhanced levels of reactive oxygen species were not measured in cisplatin-treated ES cells. Lastly, a number of the differentially regulated metabolic enzymes were identified as target genes of the transcription factor p53, pointing to p53-mediated alterations in metabolism in response to genotoxic stress. Altogether, our findings reveal interconnecting metabolic pathways that are responsive to cisplatin and may serve as signaling modules in the DDR in pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise von Stechow
- Department of Toxicology, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ainhoa Ruiz-Aracama
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Toxicogenomics Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Bob van de Water
- Department of Toxicology, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Danen
- Department of Toxicology, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AL); (ED)
| | - Arjen Lommen
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (AL); (ED)
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22
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Pielaat A, Barker GC, Hendriksen P, Hollman P, Peijnenburg A, Ter Kuile BH. A foresight study on emerging technologies: State of the art of Omics technologies and potential applications in food and feed safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2013.en-495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Pielaat
- RIVM, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment the Netherlands
| | - GC Barker
- IFR, Institute of Food Research United Kingdom
| | - P Hendriksen
- Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek, part of Wageningen University and Research Center the Netherlands
| | - P Hollman
- Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek, part of Wageningen University and Research Center the Netherlands
| | - A Peijnenburg
- Stichting Dienst Landbouwkundig Onderzoek, part of Wageningen University and Research Center the Netherlands
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23
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Katika MR, Hendriksen PJ, Shao J, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg A. Transcriptome analysis of the human T lymphocyte cell line Jurkat and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells exposed to deoxynivalenol (DON): New mechanistic insights. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2012; 264:51-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2012.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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Katika MR, Hendriksen PJ, de Ruijter NC, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg A. Immunocytological and biochemical analysis of the mode of action of bis (tri-n-butyltin) tri-oxide (TBTO) in Jurkat cells. Toxicol Lett 2012; 212:126-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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van Kol SWM, Hendriksen PJM, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg A. Transcriptomics analysis of primary mouse thymocytes exposed to bis(tri-n-butyltin)dioxide (TBTO). Toxicology 2012; 296:37-47. [PMID: 22434021 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The biocide bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) causes thymus atrophy in rodents and is toxic to many cell types of which thymocytes are the most sensitive. To obtain insight in the mechanisms of action of TBTO, we exposed primary mouse thymocytes in vitro for 3, 6 and 11 h to 0.1, 0.5, 1 and 2 μM TBTO. Subsequently, the cells were subjected to whole-genome gene expression profiling. Biological interpretation of the gene expression data revealed that TBTO affects a wide range of processes. Cell proliferation related genes were downregulated by all treatments except for 3 and 6 h 0.5 μM TBTO which upregulated these genes. Treatment with TBTO resulted in upregulation of genes involved in endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress, NFkB and TNFα pathways, and genes involved in DNA damage, p53 signaling and apoptosis. Remarkably, TBTO also increased the expression of genes that are known to be upregulated during T cell activation or during negative selection of thymocytes. The effect of TBTO on expression of genes involved in ER stress and apoptosis was confirmed by qPCR. Induction of the T cell activation response was corroborated by demonstrating that TBTO exposure resulted in translocation of NFAT to the nucleus, which is an essential event for T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra W M van Kol
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Jennen D, Ruiz-Aracama A, Magkoufopoulou C, Peijnenburg A, Lommen A, van Delft J, Kleinjans J. Integrating transcriptomics and metabonomics to unravel modes-of-action of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in HepG2 cells. BMC Syst Biol 2011; 5:139. [PMID: 21880148 PMCID: PMC3231768 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Background The integration of different 'omics' technologies has already been shown in several in vivo studies to offer a complementary insight into cellular responses to toxic challenges. Being interested in developing in vitro cellular models as alternative to animal-based toxicity assays, we hypothesize that combining transcriptomics and metabonomics data improves the understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the effects caused by a toxic compound also in vitro in human cells. To test this hypothesis, and with the focus on non-genotoxic carcinogenesis as an endpoint of toxicity, in the present study, the human hepatocarcinoma cell line HepG2 was exposed to the well-known environmental carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). Results Transcriptomics as well as metabonomics analyses demonstrated changes in TCDD-exposed HepG2 in common metabolic processes, e.g. amino acid metabolism, of which some of the changes only being confirmed if both 'omics' were integrated. In particular, this integrated analysis identified unique pathway maps involved in receptor-mediated mechanisms, such as the G-protein coupled receptor protein (GPCR) signaling pathway maps, in which the significantly up-regulated gene son of sevenless 1 (SOS1) seems to play an important role. SOS1 is an activator of several members of the RAS superfamily, a group of small GTPases known for their role in carcinogenesis. Conclusions The results presented here were not only comparable with other in vitro studies but also with in vivo studies. Moreover, new insights on the molecular responses caused by TCDD exposure were gained by the cross-omics analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyel Jennen
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, the Netherlands.
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27
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Katika MR, Hendriksen PJM, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg A. Exposure of Jurkat cells to bis (tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO) induces transcriptomics changes indicative for ER- and oxidative stress, T cell activation and apoptosis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 254:311-22. [PMID: 21601586 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2010] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) is an organotin compound that is widely used as a biocide in agriculture and as an antifouling agent in paints. TBTO is toxic for many cell types, particularly immune cells. The present study aimed to identify the effects of TBTO on the human T lymphocyte cell line Jurkat. Cells were treated with 0.2 and 0.5μM TBTO for 3, 6, 12 and 24h and then subjected to whole genome gene expression microarray analysis. The biological interpretation of the gene expression profiles revealed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is among the earliest effects of TBTO. Simultaneously or shortly thereafter, oxidative stress, activation of NFKB and NFAT, T cell activation, and apoptosis are induced. The effects of TBTO on genes involved in ER stress, NFAT pathway, T cell activation and apoptosis were confirmed by qRT-PCR. Activation and nuclear translocation of NFATC1 and the oxidative stress response proteins NRF2 and KEAP1 were confirmed by immunocytology. Taking advantage of previously published microarray data, we demonstrated that the induction of ER stress, oxidative stress, T cell activation and apoptosis by TBTO is not unique for Jurkat cells but does also occur in mouse thymocytes both ex vivo and in vivo and rat thymocytes ex vivo. We propose that the induction of ER stress leading to a T cell activation response is a major factor in the higher sensitivity of immune cells above other types of cells for TBTO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumohan R Katika
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Ruiz-Aracama A, Peijnenburg A, Kleinjans J, Jennen D, van Delft J, Hellfrisch C, Lommen A. An untargeted multi-technique metabolomics approach to studying intracellular metabolites of HepG2 cells exposed to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. BMC Genomics 2011; 12:251. [PMID: 21599895 PMCID: PMC3141663 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-12-251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro cell systems together with omics methods represent promising alternatives to conventional animal models for toxicity testing. Transcriptomic and proteomic approaches have been widely applied in vitro but relatively few studies have used metabolomics. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to develop an untargeted methodology for performing reproducible metabolomics on in vitro systems. The human liver cell line HepG2, and the well-known hepatotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), were used as the in vitro model system and model toxicant, respectively. Results The study focused on the analysis of intracellular metabolites using NMR, LC-MS and GC-MS, with emphasis on the reproducibility and repeatability of the data. State of the art pre-processing and alignment tools and multivariate statistics were used to detect significantly altered levels of metabolites after exposing HepG2 cells to TCDD. Several metabolites identified using databases, literature and LC-nanomate-Orbitrap analysis were affected by the treatment. The observed changes in metabolite levels are discussed in relation to the reported effects of TCDD. Conclusions Untargeted profiling of the polar and apolar metabolites of in vitro cultured HepG2 cells is a valid approach to studying the effects of TCDD on the cell metabolome. The approach described in this research demonstrates that highly reproducible experiments and correct normalization of the datasets are essential for obtaining reliable results. The effects of TCDD on HepG2 cells reported herein are in agreement with previous studies and serve to validate the procedures used in the present work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Ruiz-Aracama
- RIKILT-Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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van Kol SW, Hendriksen PJ, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg A. The effects of deoxynivalenol on gene expression in the murine thymus. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 250:299-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Peijnenburg A, Riethof-Poortman J, Baykus H, Portier L, Bovee T, Hoogenboom R. AhR-agonistic, anti-androgenic, and anti-estrogenic potencies of 2-isopropylthioxanthone (ITX) as determined by in vitro bioassays and gene expression profiling. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 24:1619-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 06/08/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Osman AM, Pennings JLA, Blokland M, Peijnenburg A, van Loveren H. Protein expression profiling of mouse thymoma cells upon exposure to the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON): implications for its mechanism of action. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:147-156. [PMID: 20672443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this work was to investigate whether proteomic analysis of thymoma cells treated with the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON) as compared to non-treated (control) cells would reveal differential protein expression, and thus would contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of its toxicity. For that purpose the mouse thymoma cell line EL4 was exposed to 0.5 microM DON for 6 hr. A total of 30 proteins were affected after exposure of EL4 cells to DON. Most of these proteins were up-regulated and included key metabolic enzymes (e.g., fatty acid synthase, aldose reductase, carbamoyl phosphate synthetase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase), chaperones (e.g., HSP9AB1 and HSP70), enzymes implicated in protein folding (PDI and ERO1-l alpha), and proteins involved in protein degradation (ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E1) and proteasome subunit alpha type-1). In addition, an IgE-binding protein with a molecular weight of 60 kDa and My-binding protein 1a (MYBBP1A), a transcription factor, were found to be up-regulated by DON. The observed up-regulation of MYBBP1A, a known repressor of a number of transcription factors such as PGC-1 alpha, C-myb, and p65 of the NF-kappaB family, suggests that this protein might play a role in the mechanism of DON toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Osman
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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Osman AM, Pennings JLA, Blokland M, Peijnenburg A, van Loveren H. Protein expression profiling of mouse thymoma cells upon exposure to the trichothecene deoxynivalenol (DON): Implications for its mechanism of action. J Immunotoxicol 2009; 6:174-83. [DOI: 10.3109/15476910903496691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Peijnenburg A, Hendriksen P, Baykus H, van Loveren H, Katika M. Unraveling of the mode of action of immunotoxicity of TBTO using GSEA. Toxicol Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2009.06.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Howlett J, Edwards D, Cockburn A, Hepburn P, Kleiner J, Knorr D, Kozianowski G, Müller D, Peijnenburg A, Perrin I, Poulsen M, Walker R. The safety assessment of Novel Foods and concepts to determine their safety in use. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/09637480310001610308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Osman AM, Kol SV, Peijnenburg A, Blokland M, Pennings JLA, Kleinjans JCS, Loveren HV. Proteomic analysis of mouse thymoma EL4 cells treated with bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO). J Immunotoxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15476910903051723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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36
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Langkilde S, Mandimika T, Schrøder M, Meyer O, Slob W, Peijnenburg A, Poulsen M. A 28-day repeat dose toxicity study of steroidal glycoalkaloids, α-solanine and α-chaconine in the Syrian Golden hamster. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:1099-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Mandimika T, Baykus H, Poortman J, Garza C, Kuiper H, Peijnenburg A. PI3K/AKT, JNK, and ERK pathways are not crucial for the induction of cholesterol biosynthesis gene transcription in intestinal epithelial cells following treatment with the potato glycoalkaloid alpha-chaconine. J Agric Food Chem 2008; 56:8745-8752. [PMID: 18729378 DOI: 10.1021/jf800911m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We previously reported that exposure of the intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cell line to noncytotoxic concentrations of potato glycoalkaloids resulted in increased expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. Genes involved in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homologue (AKT) pathways and their downstream effectors such as Jun, c-Myc, and Fos also were induced. MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways have been described to regulate the activity of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factors (SREBPs) and consequently the expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes. In this study, to understand the mechanism of induction of cholesterol biosynthesis upon alpha-chaconine treatment, its effect on SREBP-2 protein levels was investigated. We also examined whether MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways are required for the observed induction of these genes following exposure of cells to alpha-chaconine. Differentiated Caco-2 cells were pretreated with LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor), PD98059 (MEK1 inhibitor), or SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) or a combination of all inhibitors for 24 h prior to coincubation with 10 microM alpha-chaconine for 6 h. Significant increases in precursor and mature protein levels of SREBP-2 were observed after alpha-chaconine exposure. We also observed that alpha-chaconine treatment resulted in significant phosphorylation of AKT, extracellular signal related protein kinase (ERK), and c-jun N terminal protein kinase (JNK) but not that of p38. In general, the kinase inhibitor experiments revealed that phosphorylation of kinases of PI3K/AKT, ERK, and JNK pathways was not crucial for the induction of expression of cholesterol biosynthesis genes, with the exception of SC5DL. The transcription of this later gene was reduced when all three pathways were inhibited. On the basis of these results, it can be postulated that other mechanisms, which may be independent of the MAPK and PI3K/AKT pathways, including possibly post-translational activation of SREBP-2, may be more pivotal for the induction of cholesterol biosynthesis genes following exposure of intestinal cells to alpha-chaconine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Mandimika
- RIKILTInstitute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Mandimika T, Baykus H, Vissers Y, Jeurink P, Poortman J, Garza C, Kuiper H, Peijnenburg A. Differential gene expression in intestinal epithelial cells induced by single and mixtures of potato glycoalkaloids. J Agric Food Chem 2007; 55:10055-10066. [PMID: 17973450 DOI: 10.1021/jf0724320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine are naturally occurring toxins. They account for 95% of the total glycoalkaloids in potatoes ( Solanum tuberosum L.). At high levels, these glycoalkaloids may be toxic to humans, mainly by disrupting cell membranes of the gastrointestinal tract. Gene-profiling experiments were performed, whereby Caco-2 cells were exposed to equivalent concentrations (10 microM) of pure alpha-chaconine or alpha-solanine or glycoalkaloid mixtures of varying alpha-chaconine/alpha-solanine ratios for 6 h. In addition, lactate dehydrogenase, cell cycle, and apoptosis analyses experiments were also conducted to further elucidate the effects of glycoalkaloids. The main aims of the study were to determine the transcriptional effects of these glycoalkaloid treatments on Caco-2 cells and to investigate DNA microarray utility in conjunction with conventional toxicology in screening for potential toxicities and their severity. Gene expression and pathway analyses identified changes related to cholesterol biosynthesis, growth signaling, lipid and amino acid metabolism, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NF-kappaB cascades, cell cycle, and cell death/apoptosis. To varying extents, DNA microarrays discriminated the severity of the effect among the different glycoalkaloid treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Mandimika
- RIKILT, Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands
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39
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Mandimika T, Baykus H, Poortman J, Garza C, Kuiper H, Peijnenburg A. Induction of the cholesterol biosynthesis pathway in differentiated Caco-2 cells by the potato glycoalkaloid α-chaconine. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45:1918-27. [PMID: 17560705 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 03/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glycoalkaloids are naturally occurring toxins in potatoes, which at high levels may induce toxic effects in humans, mainly on the gastrointestinal tract by cell membrane disruption. In order to better understand the molecular mechanisms underlying glycoalkaloid toxicity, we examined the effects of alpha-chaconine on gene expression in the Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cell line using DNA microarrays. Caco-2 cells were exposed for 6h to 10 microM alpha-chaconine in three independent experiments (randomized block design). The most prominent finding from our gene expression and pathway analyses was the upregulation of expression of several genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis. This to some extent is in line with the literature-described mechanism of cell membrane disruption by glycoalkaloids. In addition, various growth factor signaling pathways were found to be significantly upregulated. This study is useful in understanding the mechanism(s) of alpha-chaconine toxicity, which may be extended to other potato glycoalkaloids more generally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Mandimika
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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40
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Janssen S, Peijnenburg A, Baken K, van Loveren H. The in vitro effect of bis(tri-n)butyltin)oxide (TBTO) on gene expression in mouse thymocytes. Toxicol Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2007.05.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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41
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Heneweer M, Houtman R, Poortman J, Groot M, Maliepaard C, Peijnenburg A. Estrogenic Effects in the Immature Rat Uterus after Dietary Exposure to Ethinylestradiol and Zearalenone Using a Systems Biology Approach. Toxicol Sci 2007; 99:303-14. [PMID: 17557909 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfm151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Residues of illegally used hormones are regularly detected in animal products, feed, or cocktails recovered at farms. In order to better understand the effects of dietary exposure to ethinyl estradiol (EE2, 0.03-1 microg/kg body weight [bw]) and zearalenone (ZEA, 0.03-1 mg/kg bw), an immature rat uterotrophic assay was performed and effects were studied at morphological, histological, and gene expression levels. Ligand-mediated coregulator recruitment by estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) was studied in vitro. Uterine weight and epithelial cell height were increased dose dependently after a 3-day oral exposure of rats to the highest tested doses of EE2 or ZEA, respectively. At low doses 0.03 microg/kg EE2 and 0.1 mg/kg ZEA, edema, and vacuolization could already be observed in some animals. Exposure to 1 mg/kg ZEA resulted in severe damage of the uterine epithelial layer. Our study suggests similar coregulator recruitment and gene expression patterns for the two estrogenic compounds. Main regulated pathways were remodeling of extracellular matrix, alternative complement activation, cell proliferation, and estrogen-mediated calcium signaling. The level of regulation differed between EE2 and ZEA, attributing a much lower estrogenic potency to ZEA than to EE2. A major difference was their ability to recruit coregulator inhibitor of kappa B beta and induce expression of the matrix metalloproteinase 7 gene (381.4- and 6.9-fold upregulation by EE2 and ZEA, respectively), which plays an important role in the maintenance of the integrity of the epithelial layer of the uterus during proliferation and growth. This observation may explain the observed differences at the histological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjoke Heneweer
- RIKILT - Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen UR, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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42
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Stierum R, Burgemeister R, van Helvoort A, Peijnenburg A, Schütze K, Seidelin M, Vang O, van Ommen B. Functional food ingredients against colorectal cancer. An example project integrating functional genomics, nutrition and health. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2001; 11:94-98. [PMID: 11894763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Functional Food Ingredients Against Colorectal Cancer is one of the first European Union funded Research Projects at the cross-road of functional genomics [comprising transcriptomics, the measurement of the expression of all messengers RNA (mRNAs) and proteomics, the measurement of expression/state of all proteins], nutrition and human health. The goal of Functional Food Ingredients Against Colorectal Cancer is to develop a colon epithelial cell line-based screening assay for nutrients with presumed anti-colorectal carcinogenic properties. Genes involved in colon carcinogenesis are identified at the RNA and protein level, using a variety of methods (subtractive hybridisation, DNA microarray, proteomics) in combination with models for colorectal cancer development (human biopsies, rat model for colorectal carcinogenesis, colorectal cancer epithelial cell lines). Secondly, colorectal cancer epithelial cell lines are selected, in terms of their capacity to undergo gene/protein expression changes representing different phases in the colorectal carcinogenesis. Thirdly, these cell lines are used to determine the effects of nutrients with presumed anti-carcinogenic properties (e.g. resveratrol, flavonoids) on functional genomics-derived endpoints. Once validated against the effects of these nutrients in in vivo animal models and classical biomarkers for colorectal carcinogenesis, these cell line models combined with functional genomics represent useful tools to study colorectal carcinogenesis and screen for nutrients with anti-carcinogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Stierum
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ Zeist, Netherlands
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Nagarajan UM, Peijnenburg A, Gobin SJ, Boss JM, van den elsen PJ. Novel mutations within the RFX-B gene and partial rescue of MHC and related genes through exogenous class II transactivator in RFX-B-deficient cells. J Immunol 2000; 164:3666-74. [PMID: 10725724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.7.3666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II deficiency or bare lymphocyte syndrome is a severe combined immunodeficiency caused by defects in MHC-specific regulatory factors. Fibroblasts derived from two recently identified bare lymphocyte syndrome patients, EBA and FZA, were found to contain novel mutations in the RFX-B gene. RFX-B encodes a component of the RFX transcription factor that functions in the assembly of multiple transcription factors on MHC class II promoters. Unlike RFX5- and RFXAP-deficient cells, transfection of exogenous class II transactivator (CIITA) into these RFX-B-deficient fibroblasts resulted in the induction of HLA-DR and HLA-DP and, to a lesser extent, HLA-DQ. Similarly, CIITA-mediated induction of MHC class I, beta2-microglobulin, and invariant chain genes was also found in these RFX-B-deficient fibroblasts. Expression of wild-type RFX-B completely reverted the noted deficiencies in these cells. Transfection of CIITA into Ramia cells, a B cell line that does not produce a stable RFX-B mRNA, resulted in induction of an MHC class II reporter, suggesting that CIITA overexpression may partially override the RFX-B defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- U M Nagarajan
- Department of Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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van Hal NL, Vorst O, van Houwelingen AM, Kok EJ, Peijnenburg A, Aharoni A, van Tunen AJ, Keijer J. The application of DNA microarrays in gene expression analysis. J Biotechnol 2000; 78:271-80. [PMID: 10751688 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(00)00204-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA microarray technology is a new and powerful technology that will substantially increase the speed of molecular biological research. This paper gives a survey of DNA microarray technology and its use in gene expression studies. The technical aspects and their potential improvements are discussed. These comprise array manufacturing and design, array hybridisation, scanning, and data handling. Furthermore, it is discussed how DNA microarrays can be applied in the working fields of: safety, functionality and health of food and gene discovery and pathway engineering in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L van Hal
- RIKILT (State Institute for Quality Control of Agricultural Products), Gene Expression and Detection Centre, PO Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Peijnenburg A, Van den Berg R, Van Eggermond MJ, Sanal O, Vossen JM, Lennon AM, Alcaïde-Loridan C, Van den Elsen PJ. Defective MHC class II expression in an MHC class II deficiency patient is caused by a novel deletion of a splice donor site in the MHC class II transactivator gene. Immunogenetics 2000; 51:42-9. [PMID: 10663561 DOI: 10.1007/s002510050007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II deficiency patients are mutated for transcription factors that regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II genes. Four complementation groups (A-D) are defined and the gene defective in group A has been shown to encode the MHC class II transactivator (CIITA). Here, we report the molecular characterization of a new MHC class II deficiency patient, ATU. Cell fusion experiments indicated that ATU belongs to complementation group A. Subsequent mutation analysis revealed that the CIITA mRNA lacked 84 nucleotides. This deletion was the result of the absence of a splice donor site in the CIITA gene of ATU. As a result of this novel homozygous genomic deletion, ATU CIITA failed to transactivate MHC class II genes. Furthermore, this truncated CIITA of ATU did not display a dominant negative effect on CIITA-mediated transactivation of various isotypic MHC class II promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peijnenburg
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 1, E3-Q, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Peijnenburg A, Van Eggermond MJ, Gobin SJ, Van den Berg R, Godthelp BC, Vossen JM, Van den Elsen PJ. Discoordinate expression of invariant chain and MHC class II genes in class II transactivator-transfected fibroblasts defective for RFX5. J Immunol 1999; 163:794-801. [PMID: 10395672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
MHC class II deficiency or bare lymphocyte syndrome is a severe combined immunodeficiency caused by defects in MHC-specific transcription factors. In the present study, we show that fibroblasts derived from a recently identified bare lymphocyte syndrome patient, SSI, were mutated for RFX5, one of the DNA-binding components of the RFX complex. Despite the lack of functional RFX5 and resulting MHC class II-deficient phenotype, transfection of exogenous class II transactivator (CIITA) in these fibroblasts can overcome this defect, resulting in the expression of HLA-DR, but not of DP, DQ, and invariant chain. The lack of invariant chain expression correlated with lack of CIITA-mediated transactivation of the invariant chain promoter in transient transfection assays in SSI fibroblast cells. Consequently, these CIITA transfectants lacked Ag-presenting functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peijnenburg
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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47
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Peijnenburg A, Van Eggermond MJCA, Gobin SJP, Van den Berg R, Godthelp BC, Vossen JMJJ, Van den Elsen PJ. Discoordinate Expression of Invariant Chain and MHC Class II Genes in Class II Transactivator-Transfected Fibroblasts Defective for RFX5. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.2.794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
MHC class II deficiency or bare lymphocyte syndrome is a severe combined immunodeficiency caused by defects in MHC-specific transcription factors. In the present study, we show that fibroblasts derived from a recently identified bare lymphocyte syndrome patient, SSI, were mutated for RFX5, one of the DNA-binding components of the RFX complex. Despite the lack of functional RFX5 and resulting MHC class II-deficient phenotype, transfection of exogenous class II transactivator (CIITA) in these fibroblasts can overcome this defect, resulting in the expression of HLA-DR, but not of DP, DQ, and invariant chain. The lack of invariant chain expression correlated with lack of CIITA-mediated transactivation of the invariant chain promoter in transient transfection assays in SSI fibroblast cells. Consequently, these CIITA transfectants lacked Ag-presenting functions.
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Godthelp BC, van Eggermond MC, Peijnenburg A, Tezcan I, van Lierde S, van Tol MJ, Vossen JM, van den Elsen PJ. Incomplete T-cell immune reconstitution in two major histocompatibility complex class II-deficiency/bare lymphocyte syndrome patients after HLA-identical sibling bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1999; 94:348-58. [PMID: 10381532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023] Open
Abstract
To study the effects of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II expression on T-cell development, we have investigated T-cell immune reconstitution in two MHC class II-deficiency patients after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (allo-BMT). Our study showed that the induction of MHC class II antigen expression on BM graft-derived T cells in these allo-BMT recipients was hampered upon T-cell activation. This reduction was most striking in the CD8(+) T-cell subset. Furthermore, the peripheral T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in these graft-derived MHC class II-expressing CD4(+) and in the CD8(+) T-cell fractions was found to be restricted on the basis of TCR complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) size profiles. Interestingly, the T-cell immune response to tetanus toxoid (TT) was found to be comparable to that of the donor. However, when comparing recipient-derived TT-specific T cells with donor-derived T cells, differences were observed in TCR gene segment usage and in the hydropathicity index of the CDR3 regions. Together, these results reveal the impact of an environment lacking endogenous MHC class II on the development of the T-cell immune repertoire after allo-BMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- B C Godthelp
- Department of Pediatrics and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Peijnenburg A, Van Eggermond MC, Van den Berg R, Sanal O, Vossen JM, Van den Elsen PJ. Molecular analysis of an MHC class II deficiency patient reveals a novel mutation in the RFX5 gene. Immunogenetics 1999; 49:338-45. [PMID: 10079298 DOI: 10.1007/s002510050501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Patients suffering from major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II deficiency, a rare primary immunodeficiency, are characterized by a lack of MHC class II expression which is the result of defects in trans-acting factors. At least four complementation groups, A, B, C, and D, can be discerned. The gene affected in group C patients is known to be RFX5 and encodes one of the subunits of the multimeric phosphoprotein complex, RFX. In the present study we fused fibroblasts of a recently identified MHC class II deficiency patient, OSE, with fibroblasts derived from patients representative of each of the four complementation groups. Transient heterokaryon analysis indicated that OSE belonged to complementation group C. Furthermore, transfection of wild-type RFX5 cDNA into OSE fibroblasts resulted in restoration of the defect. Mutation analysis revealed that the RFX5 mRNA lacked four nucleotides and that this deletion was the consequence of a G to A transition in a splice acceptor site. Genomic oligotyping demonstrated that OSE was homozygous for the splice site mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peijnenburg
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, Building 1, E3-Q, Albinusdreef 2, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Gobin SJ, Peijnenburg A, van Eggermond M, van Zutphen M, van den Berg R, van den Elsen PJ. The RFX complex is crucial for the constitutive and CIITA-mediated transactivation of MHC class I and beta2-microglobulin genes. Immunity 1998; 9:531-41. [PMID: 9806639 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80636-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In type III bare lymphocyte syndrome (BLS) patients, defects in the RFX protein complex result in a lack of MHC class II and reduced MHC class I cell surface expression. Using type III BLS cell lines, we demonstrate that the RFX subunits RFX5 and RFXAP are crucial for constitutive and CIITA-induced MHC class I and beta2m transactivation. Similar to MHC class II, the promoters of MHC class I and beta2m contain an S-X-Y region of which the X1 box is crucial for constitutive and CIITA-induced MHC class I and beta2m transactivation. Thus, the RFX complex is part of a regulatory pathway linking the transactivation of MHC class I and II and their accessory genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Gobin
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Bank, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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