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Bovee TF, Heusinkveld HJ, Dodd S, Peijnenburg A, Rijkers D, Blokland M, Sprong RC, Crépet A, Nolles A, Zwart EP, Gremmer ER, Ven LTVD. Dose addition in mixtures of compounds with dissimilar endocrine modes of action in in vitro receptor activation assays and the zebrafish sexual development test. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 184:114432. [PMID: 38176580 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human exposure to pesticides is being associated with feminisation for which a decrease of the anogenital distance (AGD) is a sensitive endpoint. Dose addition for the cumulative risk assessment of pesticides in food is considered sufficiently conservative for combinations of compounds with both similar and dissimilar modes of action (MoA). OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to test the dose addition hypothesis in a binary mixture of endocrine active compounds with a dissimilar mode of action for the endpoint feminisation. METHODS Compounds were selected from a list of chemicals of which exposure is related to a decrease of the AGD in rats and completed with reference compounds. These chemicals were characterised using specific in vitro transcriptional activation (TA) assays for estrogenic and androgenic properties, leading to a final selection of dienestrol as an ER-agonist and flutamide, linuron, and deltamethrin as AR-antagonists. These compounds were then tested in an in vivo model, i.e. in zebrafish (Danio rerio), using sex ratio in the population as an endpoint in order to confirm their feminising effect and MoA. Ultimately, the fish model was used to test a binary mixture of flutamide and dienestrol. RESULTS Statistical analysis of the binary mixture of flutamide and dienestrol in the fish sexual development tests (FSDT) with zebrafish supported dose addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toine Fh Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Sophie Dodd
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R Corinne Sprong
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Amélie Crépet
- ANSES, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Risk Assessment Department, Methodology and Studies Unit, 947001, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Antsje Nolles
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin P Zwart
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Eric R Gremmer
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Tm van der Ven
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Meijer N, Zoet L, de Rijk T, Zomer P, Rijkers D, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, van Loon JJA. Effects of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides on reared black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Insect Sci 2023. [PMID: 37697732 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) receive growing interest as a potential alternative animal feed source. These insects may be exposed to insecticide residues in the rearing substrate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of six different pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides on this insect species' performance. The toxicity of two "model" substances for each of these classes (cypermethrin; pirimiphos-methyl) was quantified, with and without the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Critical effect doses corresponding to 10% yield (CED10) for cypermethrin (0.4 mg/kg) and pirimiphos-methyl (4.8 mg/kg) were determined. The addition of PBO to cypermethrin enhanced its relative potency with a factor 2.6. These data were compared against the relative toxicity of two analogue substances in each class (permethrin, deltamethrin; chlorpyrifos-methyl, malathion). Results suggest that exposure to concentrations complying with legal limits can cause significant reductions in yield. Exposure to multiple substances at lower concentrations resulted in negative additive and synergistic effects. Of the tested substances, deltamethrin was most toxic, causing 94% yield at 0.5 mg/kg. Analytical results suggested that transfer of tested substances to the larval biomass was substance- and concentration-specific, but appeared to be correlated to reduced yields and the presence of PBO. Transfer of organophosphates was overall low (<2%), but ranged from 8% to 75% for pyrethroids. Due to very low limits in insect biomass (∼0.01 mg/kg), high transfer may result in noncompliance. It is recommended that rearing companies implement lower contractual thresholds, and that policymakers consider adjusting legally allowed maximum residue levels in insect feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meijer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Zoet
- Bestico B.V., Industrieweg 6, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Theo de Rijk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H J van der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Plant Sciences Group, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Louisse J, Fragki S, Rijkers D, Janssen A, van Dijk B, Leenders L, Staats M, Bokkers B, Zeilmaker M, Piersma A, Luijten M, Hoogenboom R, Peijnenburg A. Determination of in vitro hepatotoxic potencies of a series of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) based on gene expression changes in HepaRG liver cells. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:1113-1131. [PMID: 36864359 PMCID: PMC10025204 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent and have been shown to induce a wide range of adverse health effects, including hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, and immunotoxicity. The aim of the present work was to assess whether human HepaRG liver cells can be used to obtain insight into differences in hepatotoxic potencies of a series of PFASs. Therefore, the effects of 18 PFASs on cellular triglyceride accumulation (AdipoRed assay) and gene expression (DNA microarray for PFOS and RT-qPCR for all 18 PFASs) were studied in HepaRG cells. BMDExpress analysis of the PFOS microarray data indicated that various cellular processes were affected at the gene expression level. From these data, ten genes were selected to assess the concentration-effect relationship of all 18 PFASs using RT-qPCR analysis. The AdipoRed data and the RT-qPCR data were used for the derivation of in vitro relative potencies using PROAST analysis. In vitro relative potency factors (RPFs) could be obtained for 8 PFASs (including index chemical PFOA) based on the AdipoRed data, whereas for the selected genes, in vitro RPFs could be obtained for 11-18 PFASs (including index chemical PFOA). For the readout OAT5 expression, in vitro RPFs were obtained for all PFASs. In vitro RPFs were found to correlate in general well with each other (Spearman correlation) except for the PPAR target genes ANGPTL4 and PDK4. Comparison of in vitro RPFs with RPFs obtained from in vivo studies in rats indicate that best correlations (Spearman correlation) were obtained for in vitro RPFs based on OAT5 and CXCL10 expression changes and external in vivo RPFs. HFPO-TA was found to be the most potent PFAS tested, being around tenfold more potent than PFOA. Altogether, it may be concluded that the HepaRG model may provide relevant data to provide insight into which PFASs are relevant regarding their hepatotoxic effects and that it can be applied as a screening tool to prioritize other PFASs for further hazard and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas van Dijk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liz Leenders
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Staats
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Fragki S, Louisse J, Bokkers B, Luijten M, Peijnenburg A, Rijkers D, Piersma AH, Zeilmaker MJ. New approach methodologies: A quantitative in vitro to in vivo extrapolation case study with PFASs. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 172:113559. [PMID: 36535450 PMCID: PMC9890272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2022.113559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PER: and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been associated with increased blood lipids in humans. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been also linked with elevated alanine transferase (ALT) serum levels in humans, and in rodents the liver is a main target organ for many PFASs. With the focus on New Approach Methodologies, the chronic oral equivalent effect doses were calculated for PFOA, PFNA (perfluorononanoic acid), PFHxS (perfluorohexanesulfonic acid) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonic acid) based on in vitro effects measured in the HepaRG cell line. Selected in vitro readouts were considered biomarkers for lipid disturbances and hepatotoxicity. Concentration-response data obtained from HepaRG cells on triglyceride (TG) accumulation and expression changes of 12 selected genes (some involved in cholesterol homeostasis) were converted into corresponding human dose-response data, using physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model-facilitated reverse dosimetry. Next to this, the biokinetics of the chemicals were studied in the cell system. The current European dietary PFASs exposure overlaps with the calculated oral equivalent effect doses, indicating that the latter may lead to interference with hepatic gene expression and lipid metabolism. These findings illustrate an in vitro-in silico methodology, which can be applied for more PFASs, to select those that should be prioritized for further hazard characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Styliani Fragki
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands,Corresponding author.
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Bas Bokkers
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Aldert H. Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80178, 3508 TD, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco J. Zeilmaker
- Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Louisse J, Dellafiora L, van den Heuvel JJMW, Rijkers D, Leenders L, Dorne JLCM, Punt A, Russel FGM, Koenderink JB. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are substrates of the renal human organic anion transporter 4 (OAT4). Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:685-696. [PMID: 36436016 PMCID: PMC9968691 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent in the environment and have been shown to accumulate in humans. Most PFASs are not biotransformed in animals and humans, so that elimination is largely dependent on non-metabolic clearance via bile and urine. Accumulation of certain PFASs in humans may relate to their reabsorption from the pre-urine by transporter proteins in the proximal tubules of the kidney, such as URAT1 and OAT4. The present study assessed the in vitro transport of 7 PFASs (PFHpA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA, PFBS, PFHxS and PFOS) applying URAT1- or OAT4-transfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Virtually no transport of PFASs could be measured in URAT1-transfected HEK cells. All PFASs, except PFBS, showed clear uptake in OAT4-transfected HEK cells. In addition, these in vitro results were further supported by in silico docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies assessing transporter-ligand interactions. Information on OAT4-mediated transport may provide insight into the accumulation potential of PFASs in humans, but other kinetic aspects may play a role and should also be taken into account. Quantitative information on all relevant kinetic processes should be integrated in physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models, to predict congener-specific accumulation of PFASs in humans in a more accurate manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Luca Dellafiora
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Jeroen J. M. W. van den Heuvel
- grid.461760.20000 0004 0580 1253Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Liz Leenders
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Lou C. M. Dorne
- grid.483440.f0000 0004 1792 4701Methodological and Scientific Support Unit, European Food Safety Authority, Via Carlo Magno 1A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ans Punt
- grid.4818.50000 0001 0791 5666Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans G. M. Russel
- grid.461760.20000 0004 0580 1253Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan B. Koenderink
- grid.461760.20000 0004 0580 1253Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Center, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Janssen AWF, Louisse J, Rijkers D, Pinckaers NET, Hoekstra SA, Hoogenboom RLAP, Peijnenburg AACM, Beekmann K. Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) decrease the expression of recombination-activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) in human B lymphoma Namalwa cells. Arch Toxicol 2022; 97:10.1007/s00204-022-03405-z. [PMID: 36326898 PMCID: PMC9859925 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03405-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent and have been shown to induce a wide range of adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity. So far, little information is available about the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of PFASs, including those related to their immunotoxicity. Reported immunotoxic effects of PFASs include decreased antibody responses in experimental animals and humans, indicating that PFASs may, among others, affect B cell function. In the present study, we first assessed the effects of PFOA on the transcriptome of the human Namalwa B cell line using RNA seq analysis. Gene expression changes, analyzed using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, pointed to various cellular processes affected by PFOA, including 'B cell development' and 'Primary immunodeficiency signaling'. Interestingly, PFOA decreased the expression of RAG1 and RAG2, genes involved in immunoglobulin and T cell receptor V(D)J recombination. As a next step, time- and concentration-dependent changes in the expression of RAG1 and RAG2 upon exposure to PFOA, PFNA, PFHxS and PFOS were studied through RT-qPCR analysis. Analysis with the concentration-response modeling software PROAST resulted in the following potency ranking: PFNA > PFOA > PFOS > PFHxS. Altogether, the present in vitro study provides insights into the effects of selected PFASs on B cells, identifying RAG1 and RAG2 expression as possible relevant targets that may play a role in the immunotoxicity of PFASs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole E T Pinckaers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerdtje A Hoekstra
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron L A P Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karsten Beekmann
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Attema B, Janssen AW, Rijkers D, van Schothorst EM, Hooiveld GJ, Kersten S. Exposure to low-dose perfluorooctanoic acid promotes hepatic steatosis and disrupts the hepatic transcriptome in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101602. [PMID: 36115532 PMCID: PMC9526138 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are man-made chemicals with demonstrated endocrine-disrupting properties. Exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) has been linked to disturbed metabolism via the liver, although the exact mechanism is not clear. Moreover, information on the metabolic effects of the new PFAS alternative GenX is limited. We examined whether exposure to low-dose PFOA and GenX induces metabolic disturbances in mice, including NAFLD, dyslipidemia, and glucose tolerance, and studied the involvement of PPARα. METHODS Male C57BL/6J wildtype and PPARα-/- mice were given 0.05 or 0.3 mg/kg body weight/day PFOA, or 0.3 mg/kg body weight/day GenX while being fed a high-fat diet for 20 weeks. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were performed after 18 and 19 weeks. Plasma metabolite levels were measured next to a detailed assessment of the liver phenotype, including lipid content and RNA sequencing. RESULTS Exposure to high-dose PFOA decreased body weight and increased liver weight in wildtype and PPARα-/- mice. High-dose but not low-dose PFOA reduced plasma triglycerides and cholesterol, which for triglycerides was dependent on PPARα. PFOA and GenX increased hepatic triglycerides in a PPARα-dependent manner. RNA sequencing showed that the effects of GenX on hepatic gene expression were entirely dependent on PPARα, while the effects of PFOA were mostly dependent on PPARα. In the absence of PPARα, the involvement of PXR and CAR became more prominent. CONCLUSION Overall, we show that long-term and low-dose exposure to PFOA and GenX disrupts hepatic lipid metabolism in mice. Whereas the effects of PFOA are mediated by multiple nuclear receptors, the effects of GenX are entirely mediated by PPARα. Our data underscore the potential of PFAS to disrupt metabolism by altering signaling pathways in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecht Attema
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | | | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Guido J.E.J. Hooiveld
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, the Netherlands,Corresponding author. Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, Netherlands.
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8
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Fragki S, Rijkers D, Janssen A, Staats M, Zeilmaker M, Piersma A, Luijten M, Hoogenboom R, Peijnenburg A, Louisse J. Study on the effects of 19 perfluoroalkyl substances on gene expression and biokinetics of PFOS and PFOA in human HepaRG liver cells. Toxicol Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(21)00511-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Punt A, Lautz L, Stoopen G, Pinckaers N, Rijkers D, Essers M, Hoogenboom R. In vitro metabolism of lidocaine in subcellular post-mitochondrial fractions and precision cut slices from cattle liver. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 76:105228. [PMID: 34311064 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In vitro models are widely used to study the biotransformation of xenobiotics and to provide input parameters to physiologically based kinetic models required to predict the kinetic behavior in vivo. For farm animals this is not common practice yet. The use of slaughterhouse-derived tissue material may provide opportunities to study biotransformation reactions in farm animals. The goal of the present study was to explore the potential of slaughterhouse-derived bovine liver S9 (S9) and precision cut liver slices (PCLSs) to capture observed biotransformation reactions of lidocaine in cows. The in vitro data obtained with both S9 and PCLSs confirm in vivo findings that 2,6-dimethylaniline (DMA) is an important metabolite of lidocaine in cows, being for both PCLSs and S9 the end-product. In case of S9, also conversion of lidocaine to lidocaine-N-oxide and monoethylglycinexylidine (MEXG) was observed. MEGX is considered as intermediate for DMA formation, given that this metabolite was metabolized to DMA by both PLCSs and S9. In contrast to in vivo, no in vitro conversion of DMA to 4-OH-DMA was observed. Further work is needed to explain this lack of conversion and to further evaluate the use of slaughterhouse-derived tissue materials to predict the biotransformation of xenobiotics in farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ans Punt
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leonie Lautz
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Geert Stoopen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole Pinckaers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Martien Essers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Janssen AWF, Duivenvoorde LPM, Rijkers D, Nijssen R, Peijnenburg AACM, van der Zande M, Louisse J. Correction to: Cytochrome P450 expression, induction and activity in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids and comparison with primary human intestinal epithelial cells and Caco-2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:923. [PMID: 33594459 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes P M Duivenvoorde
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Nijssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Janssen AWF, Duivenvoorde LPM, Rijkers D, Nijssen R, Peijnenburg AACM, van der Zande M, Louisse J. Cytochrome P450 expression, induction and activity in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived intestinal organoids and comparison with primary human intestinal epithelial cells and Caco-2 cells. Arch Toxicol 2020; 95:907-922. [PMID: 33263786 PMCID: PMC7904554 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02953-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are a promising in vitro model consisting of different intestinal cell types with a 3D microarchitecture resembling native tissue. In the current study, we aimed to assess the expression of the most common intestinal CYP enzymes in a human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived HIO model, and the suitability of that model to study chemical-induced changes in CYP expression and activity. We compared this model with the commonly used human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line Caco-2 and with a human primary intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-based model, closely resembling in vivo tissue. We optimized an existing protocol to differentiate hiPSCs into HIOs and demonstrated that obtained HIOs contain a polarized epithelium with tight junctions consisting of enterocytes, goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells and Paneth cells. We extensively characterized the gene expression of CYPs and activity of CYP3A4/5, indicating relatively high gene expression levels of the most important intestinal CYP enzymes in HIOs compared to the other models. Furthermore, we showed that CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 were induced by β-naphtoflavone in all three models, whereas CYP3A4 was induced by phenobarbital and rifampicin in HIOs, in the IEC-based model (although not statistically significant), but not in Caco-2 cells. Interestingly, CYP2B6 expression was not induced in any of the models by the well-known liver CYP2B6 inducer phenobarbital. In conclusion, our study indicates that hiPSC-based HIOs are a useful in vitro intestinal model to study biotransformation of chemicals in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aafke W F Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Loes P M Duivenvoorde
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rosalie Nijssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad A C M Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen University and Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Louisse J, Rijkers D, Stoopen G, Janssen A, Staats M, Hoogenboom R, Kersten S, Peijnenburg A. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) increase triglyceride levels and decrease cholesterogenic gene expression in human HepaRG liver cells. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3137-3155. [PMID: 32588087 PMCID: PMC7415755 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are omnipresent in the environment, food chain, and humans. Epidemiological studies have shown a positive association between serum levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS), and increased serum cholesterol and, in some cases, also triglyceride levels. However, causality has been questioned, as animal studies, as well as a human trial, showed a decrease in serum cholesterol and no effects or a decrease in plasma triglycerides. To obtain more insight into the effects of PFASs on these processes, the present study investigated the effects of PFOA, PFOS, and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) on intracellular triglyceride and cholesterol levels in human HepaRG liver cells. DNA microarray analyses were performed to provide insight into underlying mechanisms. All PFASs induced an increase in cellular triglyceride levels, but had no effect on cholesterol levels. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of the microarray data indicated that gene sets related to cholesterol biosynthesis were repressed by PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA. Other gene sets commonly affected by all PFAS were related to PERK/ATF4 signaling (induced), tRNA amino-acylation (induced), amino acid transport (induced), and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (repressed). Moreover, numerous target genes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) were found to be upregulated. Altogether, the present study shows that PFOA, PFOS, and PFNA increase triglyceride levels and inhibit cholesterogenic gene expression in HepaRG cells. In addition, the present study indicates that PFASs induce endoplasmic reticulum stress, which may be an important mechanism underlying some of the toxic effects of these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert Stoopen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Aafke Janssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Staats
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Hoogenboom
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ad Peijnenburg
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Lichtenstein D, Luckert C, Alarcan J, de Sousa G, Gioutlakis M, Katsanou ES, Konstantinidou P, Machera K, Milani ES, Peijnenburg A, Rahmani R, Rijkers D, Spyropoulou A, Stamou M, Stoopen G, Sturla SJ, Wollscheid B, Zucchini-Pascal N, Braeuning A, Lampen A. An adverse outcome pathway-based approach to assess steatotic mixture effects of hepatotoxic pesticides in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 139:111283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Bouwmeester H, Kulthong K, Grouls M, Duivenvoorde L, Rijkers D, ten Dam G, de Haan L, van der Zande M. Human gut-on-a-chip model as an improved intestinal barrier model to predict compound bioavailability and toxicity. Toxicol Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.06.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Luckert C, Braeuning A, de Sousa G, Durinck S, Katsanou ES, Konstantinidou P, Machera K, Milani ES, Peijnenburg AACM, Rahmani R, Rajkovic A, Rijkers D, Spyropoulou A, Stamou M, Stoopen G, Sturla S, Wollscheid B, Zucchini-Pascal N, Lampen A. Adverse Outcome Pathway-Driven Analysis of Liver Steatosis in Vitro: A Case Study with Cyproconazole. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:784-798. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Luckert
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georges de Sousa
- INRA Unit 1331, TOXALIM, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille - BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France
| | - Sigrid Durinck
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Roger Rahmani
- INRA Unit 1331, TOXALIM, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille - BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Department of Food Technology, Food Safety and Health, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Geert Stoopen
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Nathalie Zucchini-Pascal
- INRA Unit 1331, TOXALIM, French National Institute for Agricultural Research, 180 chemin de Tournefeuille - BP.93173 F-31027 TOULOUSE cedex 3, France
| | - Alfonso Lampen
- Department Food Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 10589 Berlin, Germany
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Kulthong K, Duivenvoorde L, Mizera BZ, Rijkers D, Dam GT, Oegema G, Puzyn T, Bouwmeester H, van der Zande M. Implementation of a dynamic intestinal gut-on-a-chip barrier model for transport studies of lipophilic dioxin congeners. RSC Adv 2018; 8:32440-32453. [PMID: 35547722 PMCID: PMC9086222 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra05430d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel microfluidic technologies allow the manufacture of in vitro organ-on-a-chip systems that hold great promise to adequately recapitulate the biophysical and functional complexity of organs found in vivo. In this study, a gut-on-a-chip model was developed aiming to study the potential cellular association and transport of food contaminants. Intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2) were cultured on a porous polyester membrane that was tightly clamped between two glass slides to form two separate flow chambers. Glass syringes, polytetrafluoroethylene tubing and glass microfluidic chips were selected to minimize surface adsorption of the studied compounds (i.e. highly lipophilic dioxins), during the transport studies. Confocal microscopy studies revealed that, upon culturing under constant flow for 7 days, Caco-2 cells formed complete and polarized monolayers as observed after culturing for 21 days under static conditions in Transwells. We exposed Caco-2 monolayers in the chip and Transwell to a mixture of 17 dioxin congeners (7 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and 10 polychlorinated dibenzofurans) for 24 h. Gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry was used to assess the cellular association and transport of individual dioxin congeners across the Caco-2 cell monolayers. After 24 h, the amount of transported dioxin mixture was similar in both the dynamic gut-on-a-chip model and the static Transwell model. The transport of individual congeners corresponded with their number of chlorine atoms and substitution patterns as revealed by quantitative structure–property relationship modelling. These results show that the gut-on-a-chip model can be used, as well as the traditional static Transwell system, to study the cellular association and transport of lipophilic compounds like dioxins. Novel microfluidic technologies allow the manufacture of in vitro organ-on-a-chip systems that hold great promise to adequately recapitulate the biophysical and functional complexity of organs found in vivo.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Kornphimol Kulthong
- Division of Toxicology
- Wageningen University
- The Netherlands
- RIKILT-Wageningen Research
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Barbara Z. Mizera
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Gdansk
- Gdansk
- Poland
| | | | | | | | - Tomasz Puzyn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemometrics
- Faculty of Chemistry
- University of Gdansk
- Gdansk
- Poland
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