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Akter M, Alam MS, Yang X, Nunes JP, Zomer P, Rahman MM, Mol H, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Hidden risk of terrestrial food chain contamination from organochlorine insecticides in a vegetable cultivation area of Northwest Bangladesh. Sci Total Environ 2024; 912:169343. [PMID: 38097076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine insecticide (OCI) exposures in terrestrial food chains from historical or current applications were studied in a vegetable production area in northwest Bangladesh. A total of 57 subsoil, 57 topsoil, and 57 vegetable samples, as well as 30 cow's milk samples, were collected from 57 farms. Multiple OCI residues were detected using GC-MS/MS with modified QuEChERS in 20 % of subsoils, 21 % of topsoils, 23 % of vegetables, and 7 % of cow's milk samples. Diversified OCI residues were detected in subsoils (17 residues with a concentration of 179.15 ± 148.61 μg kg-1) rather than in topsoils (3 DDT residues with a concentration of 25.76 ± 20.19 μg kg-1). Isomeric ratios indicate intensive historical applications of OCIs. According to Dutch and Chinese standards, the lower concentrations of individual OCI residues in the soil indicate negligible to slight soil pollution, assuming local farmers follow local pesticide use regulations. However, a maximum of 78.24 μg kg-1 ΣAldrines and 35.57 μg kg-1 ΣHCHs were detected (1-4 residues) in 60 % of brinjal, 28 % of cucumber, 29 % of sponge gourd, and 20 % of lady's finger samples, which could be a result of either historical or current OCI applications, or both. A strong positive correlation between aldrines in subsoils and cucurbit vegetables indicates greater bioaccumulation. Cow milk samples contained up to 6.96 μg kg-1 ΣDDTs, which resulted either from rationing contaminated vegetables or grazing on contaminated land. Individual OCI in both vegetables and cow's milk was below the respective maximum residue limits of US and FAO/WHO CODEX and poses little or no risk to human health. However, combined exposure to multiple pesticides could increase human health risks. A cumulative health risk assessment of multiple pesticide residues is suggested to assess the suitability of those soils for cultivation and grazing, as well as the safety of vegetables and cow's milk for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Akter
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shohidul Alam
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6700AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Md Mokhlesur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6700AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Nijssen R, Lommen A, van den Top H, van Dam R, Meuleman-Bot C, Tienstra M, Zomer P, Sunarto S, van Tricht F, Blokland M, Mol H. Assessment of exposure to pesticides: residues in 24 h duplicate diets versus their metabolites in 24 h urine using suspect screening and target analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:635-650. [PMID: 37736840 PMCID: PMC10766712 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Human biomonitoring can add value to chemical risk assessment by reducing the assumptions regarding consumption rates, residue occurrence, and processing effects and by integrating exposures from different sources (diet, household use, environmental). However, the relationship between exposure and concentration in human matrices is unknown for most pesticides. Therefore, we conducted a pilot study to gain more insight into the qualitative and quantitative relationship between dietary intake of pesticides (external exposure) and urinary excretion (reflecting internal exposure). In this cross-sectional observational study, 35 healthy consumers aged 18-65 years from the region of Wageningen, Netherlands, collected an exact duplicate portion of their diets during 24 h. On the same day, they also collected all their urine. The duplicate diets were analyzed using target screening by GC- and LC-HRMS; each duplicate diet contained at least five, up to 21, pesticide residues. The 24 h urine samples were analyzed using LC-HRMS in a suspect screening workflow. Metabolites were tentatively detected in all 24 h urine samples, ranging from six metabolites corresponding to four pesticides up to 40 metabolites originating from 16 pesticides in a single urine sample. In total, 65 metabolites originating from 28 pesticides were tentatively detected. After prioritization and additional confirmation experiments, 28 metabolites originating from 10 pesticides were identified with confidence level 1 or 2b. Next, quantitative analysis was performed for a selection of pesticides in duplicate diets and their metabolites in 24 h urine to assess quantitative relationships. In the quantitative comparisons between duplicate diet and 24 h urine, it was found that some metabolites were already present in the duplicate diet, which may give an overestimation of exposure to the parent pesticide based on measurement of the metabolites in urine. Additionally, the quantitative comparisons suggest a background exposure through other exposure routes. We conclude that suspect screening of 24 h urine samples can disclose exposure to mixtures of pesticide on the same day in the general population. However, more research is needed to obtain quantitative relationships between dietary intake and exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Nijssen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - A Lommen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H van den Top
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R van Dam
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - C Meuleman-Bot
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Tienstra
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - S Sunarto
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F van Tricht
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Blokland
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, part of Wageningen University & Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Beriot N, Zornoza R, Lwanga EH, Zomer P, van Schothorst B, Ozbolat O, Lloret E, Ortega R, Miralles I, Harkes P, van Steenbrugge J, Geissen V. Intensive vegetable production under plastic mulch: A field study on soil plastic and pesticide residues and their effects on the soil microbiome. Sci Total Environ 2023; 900:165179. [PMID: 37385505 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Intensive agriculture relies on external inputs to reach high productivity and profitability. Plastic mulch, mainly in the form of Low-Density Polyethylene (LDPE), is widely used in agriculture to decrease evaporation, increase soil temperature and prevent weeds. The incomplete removal of LDPE mulch after use causes plastic contamination in agricultural soils. In conventional agriculture, the use of pesticides also leaves residues accumulating in soils. Thus, the objective of this study was to measure plastic and pesticide residues in agricultural soils and their effects on the soil microbiome. For this, we sampled soil (0-10 cm and 10-30 cm) from 18 parcels from 6 vegetable farms in SE Spain. The farms were under either organic or conventional management, where plastic mulch had been used for >25 years. We measured the macro- and micro-light density plastic debris contents, the pesticide residue levels, and a range of physiochemical properties. We also carried out DNA sequencing on the soil fungal and bacterial communities. Plastic debris (>100 μm) was found in all samples with an average number of 2 × 103 particles kg-1 and area of 60 cm2 kg-1. We found 4-10 different pesticide residues in all conventional soils, for an average of 140 μg kg-1. Overall, pesticide content was ∼100 times lower in organic farms. The soil microbiomes were farm-specific and related to different soil physicochemical parameters and contaminants. Regarding contaminants, bacterial communities responded to the total pesticide residues, the fungicide Azoxystrobin and the insecticide Chlorantraniliprole as well as the plastic area. The fungicide Boscalid was the only contaminant to influence the fungal community. The wide spread of plastic and pesticide residues in agricultural soil and their effects on soil microbial communities may impact crop production and other environmental services. More studies are required to evaluate the total costs of intensive agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Beriot
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Raúl Zornoza
- Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands; Agroecologia, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Campeche, Mexico
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, PO. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Benjamin van Schothorst
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Onurcan Ozbolat
- Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Eva Lloret
- Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII, 48, 30203 Cartagena, Spain
| | - Raúl Ortega
- Department of Agronomy & Center for Intensive Mediterranean Agrosystems and Agri-food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Isabel Miralles
- Department of Agronomy & Center for Intensive Mediterranean Agrosystems and Agri-food Biotechnology (CIAIMBITAL), University of Almeria, E-04120 Almería, Spain
| | - Paula Harkes
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris van Steenbrugge
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Meijer N, Zoet L, de Rijk T, Zomer P, Rijkers D, van der Fels-Klerx HJ, van Loon JJA. Effects of pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides on reared black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens). Insect Sci 2023. [PMID: 37697732 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) receive growing interest as a potential alternative animal feed source. These insects may be exposed to insecticide residues in the rearing substrate. This study aimed to investigate the effects of six different pyrethroid and organophosphate insecticides on this insect species' performance. The toxicity of two "model" substances for each of these classes (cypermethrin; pirimiphos-methyl) was quantified, with and without the synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO). Critical effect doses corresponding to 10% yield (CED10) for cypermethrin (0.4 mg/kg) and pirimiphos-methyl (4.8 mg/kg) were determined. The addition of PBO to cypermethrin enhanced its relative potency with a factor 2.6. These data were compared against the relative toxicity of two analogue substances in each class (permethrin, deltamethrin; chlorpyrifos-methyl, malathion). Results suggest that exposure to concentrations complying with legal limits can cause significant reductions in yield. Exposure to multiple substances at lower concentrations resulted in negative additive and synergistic effects. Of the tested substances, deltamethrin was most toxic, causing 94% yield at 0.5 mg/kg. Analytical results suggested that transfer of tested substances to the larval biomass was substance- and concentration-specific, but appeared to be correlated to reduced yields and the presence of PBO. Transfer of organophosphates was overall low (<2%), but ranged from 8% to 75% for pyrethroids. Due to very low limits in insect biomass (∼0.01 mg/kg), high transfer may result in noncompliance. It is recommended that rearing companies implement lower contractual thresholds, and that policymakers consider adjusting legally allowed maximum residue levels in insect feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Meijer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Zoet
- Bestico B.V., Industrieweg 6, Berkel en Rodenrijs, The Netherlands
| | - Theo de Rijk
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deborah Rijkers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H J van der Fels-Klerx
- Wageningen Food Safety Research (WFSR), Part of Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Plant Sciences Group, Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Wong JW, Wang J, Chang JS, Chow W, Carlson R, Rajski Ł, Fernández-Alba AR, Self R, Cooke WK, Lock CM, Mercer GE, Mastovska K, Schmitz J, Vaclavik L, Li L, Panawennage D, Pang GF, Zhou H, Miao S, Ho C, Lam TCH, To YBS, Zomer P, Hung YC, Lin SW, Liao CD, Culberson D, Taylor T, Wu Y, Yu D, Lim PL, Wu Q, Schirlé-Keller JPX, Williams SM, Johnson YS, Nason SL, Ammirata M, Eitzer BD, Willis M, Wyatt S, Kwon S, Udawatte N, Priyasantha K, Wan P, Filigenzi MS, Bakota EL, Sumarah MW, Renaud JB, Parinet J, Biré R, Hort V, Prakash S, Conway M, Pyke JS, Yang DHD, Jia W, Zhang K, Hayward DG. Multilaboratory Collaborative Study of a Nontarget Data Acquisition for Target Analysis (nDATA) Workflow Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Accurate Mass Spectrometry for Pesticide Screening in Fruits and Vegetables. J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:13200-13216. [PMID: 34709825 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c04437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nontarget data acquisition for target analysis (nDATA) workflows using liquid chromatography-high-resolution accurate mass (LC-HRAM) spectrometry, spectral screening software, and a compound database have generated interest because of their potential for screening of pesticides in foods. However, these procedures and particularly the instrument processing software need to be thoroughly evaluated before implementation in routine analysis. In this work, 25 laboratories participated in a collaborative study to evaluate an nDATA workflow on high moisture produce (apple, banana, broccoli, carrot, grape, lettuce, orange, potato, strawberry, and tomato). Samples were extracted in each laboratory by quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS), and data were acquired by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled to a high-resolution quadrupole Orbitrap (QOrbitrap) or quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) mass spectrometer operating in full-scan mass spectrometry (MS) data-independent tandem mass spectrometry (LC-FS MS/DIA MS/MS) acquisition mode. The nDATA workflow was evaluated using a restricted compound database with 51 pesticides and vendor processing software. Pesticide identifications were determined by retention time (tR, ±0.5 min relative to the reference retention times used in the compound database) and mass errors (δM) of the precursor (RTP, δM ≤ ±5 ppm) and product ions (RTPI, δM ≤ ±10 ppm). The elution profiles of all 51 pesticides were within ±0.5 min among 24 of the participating laboratories. Successful screening was determined by false positive and false negative rates of <5% in unfortified (pesticide-free) and fortified (10 and 100 μg/kg) produce matrices. Pesticide responses were dependent on the pesticide, matrix, and instrument. The false negative rates were 0.7 and 0.1% at 10 and 100 μg/kg, respectively, and the false positive rate was 1.1% from results of the participating LC-HRAM platforms. Further evaluation was achieved by providing produce samples spiked with pesticides at concentrations blinded to the laboratories. Twenty-two of the 25 laboratories were successful in identifying all fortified pesticides (0-7 pesticides ranging from 5 to 50 μg/kg) for each produce sample (99.7% detection rate). These studies provide convincing evidence that the nDATA comprehensive approach broadens the screening capabilities of pesticide analyses and provide a platform with the potential to be easily extended to a larger number of other chemical residues and contaminants in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon W Wong
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Jian Wang
- Calgary Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3650 36th Street Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2L1, Canada
| | - James S Chang
- ThermoFisher Scientific, 355 River Oaks Parkway, San Jose, California 95134, United States
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei City 10617, Taiwan
| | - Willis Chow
- Calgary Laboratory, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, 3650 36th Street Northwest, Calgary, Alberta T2L 2L1, Canada
| | - Roland Carlson
- Center for Analytical Chemistry, California Department of Food and Agriculture, 3292 Meadowview Road, Sacramento, California 95832, United States
| | - Łukasz Rajski
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 40120 Almería, Spain
| | - Amadeo R Fernández-Alba
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Pesticide Residues in Fruits and Vegetables, University of Almería, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence (ceiA3), Ctra. Sacramento S/N, La Cañada de San Urbano, 40120 Almería, Spain
| | - Randy Self
- Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22201 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - William K Cooke
- Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22201 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Christopher M Lock
- Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22201 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Gregory E Mercer
- Pacific Northwest Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 22201 23rd Drive SE, Bothell, Washington 98021, United States
| | - Katerina Mastovska
- Eurofins Food Chemistry Testing, 6304 Ronald Reagan Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53704, United States
| | - John Schmitz
- Eurofins Food Chemistry Testing, 6304 Ronald Reagan Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53704, United States
| | - Lukas Vaclavik
- Eurofins Food Chemistry Testing, 6304 Ronald Reagan Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53704, United States
| | - Lingyun Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237, United States
| | - Deepika Panawennage
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12237, United States
| | - Guo-Fang Pang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. 11 Ronghua Nanlu, Beijing Economic Technological Development Area, Beijing 100176, People's Republic of China
| | - Heng Zhou
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui Miao
- National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, 1500 Zhangheng Road, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Clare Ho
- Government Laboratory, Analytical and Advisory Services Division, 7/F, Ho Man Tin Government Offices, 88 Chung Hau Street, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tony Chong-Ho Lam
- Government Laboratory, Analytical and Advisory Services Division, 7/F, Ho Man Tin Government Offices, 88 Chung Hau Street, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yim-Bun Sze To
- Government Laboratory, Analytical and Advisory Services Division, 7/F, Ho Man Tin Government Offices, 88 Chung Hau Street, Ho Man Tin, Kowloon, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 230, 6708 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu-Ching Hung
- Division of Research and Analysis, Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, 161-2 Kunyang Street, Nangang, Taipei 11561, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Wei Lin
- Division of Research and Analysis, Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, 161-2 Kunyang Street, Nangang, Taipei 11561, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ding Liao
- Division of Research and Analysis, Taiwan Food and Drug Administration, 161-2 Kunyang Street, Nangang, Taipei 11561, Taiwan
| | - Danny Culberson
- North Carolina Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, 4000 Reedy Creek Road, Raleigh, North Carolina 27607, United States
| | - Tameka Taylor
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, Office of Pesticide Programs, US Environmental Protection Agency, 701 Mapes Road, Ft. Meade, Maryland 20755-5350, United States
| | - Yuansheng Wu
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 10 Perahu Road, Singapore 718837
| | - Dingyi Yu
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 10 Perahu Road, Singapore 718837
| | - Poh Leong Lim
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 10 Perahu Road, Singapore 718837
| | - Qiong Wu
- National Centre for Food Science, Singapore Food Agency, 10 Perahu Road, Singapore 718837
| | - Jean-Paul X Schirlé-Keller
- Laboratory Services Division, Minnesota Department of Agriculture, 601 North Robert Street, St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-2531, United States
| | - Sheldon M Williams
- Laboratory Services Division, Minnesota Department of Agriculture, 601 North Robert Street, St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-2531, United States
| | - Yoko S Johnson
- Laboratory Services Division, Minnesota Department of Agriculture, 601 North Robert Street, St. Paul, Minnesota 55155-2531, United States
| | - Sara L Nason
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Michael Ammirata
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Brian D Eitzer
- Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, 123 Huntington Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Michelle Willis
- Virginia Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, 600 5th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - Shane Wyatt
- Virginia Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services, 600 5th Street, Richmond, Virginia 23219, United States
| | - SoYoung Kwon
- Pesticide Laboratories at the Office of Indiana State Chemist, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Nayane Udawatte
- Pesticide Laboratories at the Office of Indiana State Chemist, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kandalama Priyasantha
- Pesticide Laboratories at the Office of Indiana State Chemist, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ping Wan
- Pesticide Laboratories at the Office of Indiana State Chemist, 175 South University Street, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Michael S Filigenzi
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, University of California, Davis, 620 West Health Sciences Drive, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Erica L Bakota
- Kansas City Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 11510 West 80th Street, Lenexa, Kansas 66214, United States
| | - Mark W Sumarah
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Justin B Renaud
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada
| | - Julien Parinet
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Ronel Biré
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Vincent Hort
- Laboratory for Food Safety, ANSES, Université Paris-Est, F-94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Shristi Prakash
- OMIC USA Inc., 3344 Northwest Industrial Street, Portland, Oregon 97210, United States
| | - Michael Conway
- OMIC USA Inc., 3344 Northwest Industrial Street, Portland, Oregon 97210, United States
| | - James S Pyke
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Dan-Hui Dorothy Yang
- Agilent Technologies Inc., 5301 Stevens Creek Boulevard, Santa Clara, California 95051, United States
| | - Wei Jia
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Douglas G Hayward
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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6
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Geissen V, Silva V, Lwanga EH, Beriot N, Oostindie K, Bin Z, Pyne E, Busink S, Zomer P, Mol H, Ritsema CJ. Cocktails of pesticide residues in conventional and organic farming systems in Europe - Legacy of the past and turning point for the future. Environ Pollut 2021; 278:116827. [PMID: 33744785 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Considering that pesticides have been used in Europe for over 70 years, a system for monitoring pesticide residues in EU soils and their effects on soil health is long overdue. In an attempt to address this problem, we tested 340 EU agricultural topsoil samples for multiple pesticide residues. These samples originated from 4 representative EU case study sites (CSS), which covered 3 countries and four of the main EU crops: vegetable and orange production in Spain (S-V and S-O, respectively), grape production in Portugal (P-G), and potato production in the Netherlands (N-P). Soil samples were collected between 2015 and 2018 after harvest or before the start of the growing season, depending on the CSS. Conventional and organic farming results were compared in S-V, S-O and N-P. Soils from conventional farms presented mostly mixtures of pesticide residues, with a maximum of 16 residues/sample. Soils from organic farms had significantly fewer residues, with a maximum of 5 residues/sample. The residues with the highest frequency of detection and the highest content in soil were herbicides: glyphosate and its main metabolite AMPA (P-G, N-P, S-O), and pendimethalin (S-V). Total residue content in soil reached values of 0.8 mg kg-1 for S-V, 2 mg kg-1 for S-O and N-P, and 12 mg kg-1 for P-G. Organic soils presented 70-90% lower residue concentrations than the corresponding conventional soils. There is a severe knowledge gap concerning the effects of the accumulated and complex mixtures of pesticide residues found in soil on soil biota and soil health. Safety benchmarks should be defined and introduced into (soil) legislation as soon as possible. Furthermore, the process of transitioning to organic farming should take into consideration the residue mixtures at the conversion time and their residence time in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Vera Silva
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Agroecología, El Colegio de La Frontera Sur - Unidad Campeche, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Nicolas Beriot
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Spain
| | - Klaas Oostindie
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Zhaoqi Bin
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Erin Pyne
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sjors Busink
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Part of Wageningen University & Research Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Part of Wageningen University & Research Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Omwenga I, Kanja L, Zomer P, Louisse J, Rietjens IMCM, Mol H. Organophosphate and carbamate pesticide residues and accompanying risks in commonly consumed vegetables in Kenya. Food Addit Contam Part B Surveill 2020; 14:48-58. [PMID: 33353480 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1861661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study was conducted to assess the levels of organophosphates and carbamates in vegetables in Kenya and to examine potential consumer health risks. A total of 90 samples were analysed by liquid chromatography/high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Residues of acephate, chlorpyrifos, methamidophos, omethoate and profenofos were found in 22% of the samples, ranging from 10 to 1343 μg/kg. The EU MRL was exceeded in 21%, 10%, 8% and 22% of the samples of French beans, kales, spinach and tomatoes, respectively. Chlorpyrifos in spinach had an acute HQ of 3.3 and 2.2 for children and adults, respectively, implying that potential health risks with respect to acute dietary exposure cannot be excluded. For chronic dietary exposure, all chronic HQs were below 1. The HI for the pesticides was 0.54 and 0.34 for children and adults. Routine monitoring of OPs and carbamates in vegetables is recommended to minimise consumer's health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Omwenga
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya.,Department of Animal Science, Meru University of Science and Technology , Meru, Kenya
| | - Laetitia Kanja
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Nairobi , Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Part of Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Part of Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Part of Wageningen University and Research , Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Sapozhnikova Y, Zomer P, Gerssen A, Nuñez A, Mol HG. Evaluation of flow injection mass spectrometry approach for rapid screening of selected pesticides and mycotoxins in grain and animal feed samples. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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9
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Beriot N, Zomer P, Zornoza R, Geissen V. A laboratory comparison of the interactions between three plastic mulch types and 38 active substances found in pesticides. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9876. [PMID: 33005488 PMCID: PMC7513747 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In semi-arid regions, the use of plastic mulch and pesticides in conventional agriculture is nearly ubiquitous. Although the sorption of pesticides on Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) has been previously studied, no data are available for other plastics such as Pro-oxidant Additive Containing (PAC) plastics or "biodegradable" (Bio) plastics. The aim of this research was to measure the sorption pattern of active substances from pesticides on LDPE, PAC and Bio plastic mulches and to compare the decay of the active substances in the presence and absence of plastic debris. Methods For this purpose, 38 active substances from 17 insecticides, 15 fungicides and six herbicides commonly applied with plastic mulching in South-east Spain were incubated with a 3 × 3 cm2 piece of plastic mulch (LDPE, PAC and Bio). The incubation was done in a solution of 10% acetonitrile and 90% distilled water at 35 °C for 15 days in the dark. The Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe approach was adapted to extract the pesticides. Results The sorption behavior depended on both the pesticide and the plastic mulch type. On average, the sorption percentage was ~23% on LDPE and PAC and ~50% on Bio. The decay of active substances in the presence of plastic was ~30% lesser than the decay of active substances in solution alone. This study is the first attempt at assessing the behavior of a diversity of plastic mulches and pesticides to further define research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Beriot
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands.,Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Raul Zornoza
- Sustainable Use, Management and Reclamation of Soil and Water Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena, Murcia, Spain
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
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10
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Bhandari G, Zomer P, Atreya K, Mol HGJ, Yang X, Geissen V. Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetables and potential health risks. Environ Res 2019; 172:511-521. [PMID: 30852454 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We conducted this study in order to assess the pesticide residues in vegetables and examine the related human health risk. Therefore, residues of 23 pesticides (organophosphates, organochlorines, acaricides, fungicides, and insecticides of biological origin) were analysed in the three main vegetable crops grown in Southern Nepal: 27 eggplant, 27 chilli and 32 tomato samples representing (i) conventional (N = 67) and ii) integrated pest management (IPM) fields (N = 19). Pesticide residues were found in 93% of the eggplant samples and in all of the chilli and tomato samples. Multiple residues were observed in 56% of the eggplant samples, 96% of chilli samples and all of the tomato samples. The range (µg/kg) of total detected pesticide residues in eggplants, chillies and tomatoes was 1.71-231, 4.97-507, 13.1-3465, respectively. The most frequently detected pesticides in these vegetables were carbendazim and chloropyrifos. Pesticide residues in 4% of the eggplant, 44% of the tomato and 19% of the chilli samples exceeded the EU maximum residue limits (MRLs). The residues of triazophos, omethoate, chloropyrifos and carbendazim exceeded the EU MRLs. Compared to chilli and eggplant crops, more carbendazim was sprayed onto tomato crops (p < 0.05). We assessed adolescent and adult dietary exposure using hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) equations for the identified pesticides. HQ> 1 was observed for chloropyrifos, triazophos and carbendazim in eggplants; profenofos, triazophos, dimethoate, omethoate, chloropyrifos and carbendazim in tomatoes; and dichlorvos and chloropyrifos in chillies. Of all of the HQs, the highest acute HQ (aHQ) was for triazophos (tomato) in adolescents (aHQ=657) and adults (aHQ=677), showing the highest risks of dietary exposure. The cumulative dietary exposure showed a higher HI for organophosphates (HI>83) and a lower HI for organochlorines, acaricides and biological insecticides (HI<1). The concentration of pesticide residues in the vegetable crops from the IPM field was considerably lower, suggesting a greater ability of IPM systems to reduce the dietary risks from exposure to pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govinda Bhandari
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Progressive Sustainable Developers Nepal (PSD-Nepal), Kathmandu, Nepal.
| | - Paul Zomer
- RIKILT-Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Kishor Atreya
- PHASE Nepal, Suryabinayak 4, Dadhikot, Bhaktapur, Nepal
| | - Hans G J Mol
- RIKILT-Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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11
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Silva V, Mol HGJ, Zomer P, Tienstra M, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Pesticide residues in European agricultural soils - A hidden reality unfolded. Sci Total Environ 2019; 653:1532-1545. [PMID: 30759587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Pesticide use is a major foundation of the agricultural intensification observed over the last few decades. As a result, soil contamination by pesticide residues has become an issue of increasing concern due to some pesticides' high soil persistence and toxicity to non-target species. In this study, the distribution of 76 pesticide residues was evaluated in 317 agricultural topsoil samples from across the European Union. The soils were collected in 2015 and originated from 11 EU Member States and 6 main cropping systems. Over 80% of the tested soils contained pesticide residues (25% of samples had 1 residue, 58% of samples had mixtures of two or more residues), in a total of 166 different pesticide combinations. Glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA, DDTs (DDT and its metabolites) and the broad-spectrum fungicides boscalid, epoxiconazole and tebuconazole were the compounds most frequently found in soil samples and the compounds found at the highest concentrations. These compounds occasionally exceeded their predicted environmental concentrations in soil but were below the respective toxic endpoints for standard in-soil organisms. Maximum individual pesticide content assessed in a soil sample was 2.05 mg kg-1 while maximum total pesticide content was 2.87 mg kg-1. This study reveals that the presence of mixtures of pesticide residues in soils are the rule rather than the exception, indicating that environmental risk assessment procedures should be adapted accordingly to minimize related risks to soil life and beyond. This information can be used to implement monitoring programs for pesticide residues in soil and to trigger toxicity assessments of mixtures of pesticide residues on a wider range of soil species in order to perform more comprehensive and accurate risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Silva
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Hans G J Mol
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marc Tienstra
- RIKILT-Wageningen University & Research, PO Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 4, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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12
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Yang X, Bento CPM, Chen H, Zhang H, Xue S, Lwanga EH, Zomer P, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Influence of microplastic addition on glyphosate decay and soil microbial activities in Chinese loess soil. Environ Pollut 2018; 242:338-347. [PMID: 29990941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of pesticide and plastic mulches has considerably enhanced crop growth and yield. Pesticide residues and plastic debris, however, have caused serious environmental problems. This study investigated the effects of the commonly used herbicide glyphosate and micrometre-sized plastic debris, referred as microplastics, on glyphosate decay and soil microbial activities in Chinese loess soil by a microcosm experiment over 30 days incubation. Results showed that glyphosate decay was gradual and followed a single first-order decay kinetics model. In different treatments (with/without microplastic addition), glyphosate showed similar half-lives (32.8 days). The soil content of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), the main metabolite of glyphosate, steadily increased without reaching plateau and declining phases throughout the experiment. Soil microbial respiration significantly changed throughout the entirety of the experiment, particularly in the treatments with higher microplastic addition. The dynamics of soil β-glucosidase, urease and phosphatase varied, especially in the treatments with high microplastic addition. Particles that were considerably smaller than the initially added microplastic particles were observed after 30 days incubation. This result thus implied that microplastic would hardly affect glyphosate decay but smaller plastic particles accumulated in soils which potentially threaten soil quality would be further concerned especially in the regions with intensive plastic mulching application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China; Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Célia P M Bento
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hao Chen
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hongming Zhang
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; College of Information Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Sha Xue
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Agroecología, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Campeche, Av Poligono S/n, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Paul Zomer
- Institute of Food Safety (RIKILT), Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Acierno V, Alewijn M, Zomer P, van Ruth SM. Making cocoa origin traceable: Fingerprints of chocolates using Flow Infusion - Electro Spray Ionization - Mass Spectrometry. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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14
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Bento CPM, Yang X, Gort G, Xue S, van Dam R, Zomer P, Mol HGJ, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Persistence of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in loess soil under different combinations of temperature, soil moisture and light/darkness. Sci Total Environ 2016; 572:301-311. [PMID: 27505263 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation kinetics of glyphosate and its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) were studied in loess soil, under biotic and abiotic conditions, as affected by temperature, soil moisture (SM) and light/darkness. Nonsterile and sterile soil samples were spiked with 16mgkg-1 of glyphosate, subjected to three SM contents (20% WHC, 60% WHC, saturation), and incubated for 30days at 5°C and 30°C, under dark and light regimes. Glyphosate and AMPA dissipation kinetics were fit to single-first-order (SFO) or first-order-multicompartment (FOMC) models, per treatment combination. AMPA kinetic model included both the formation and decline phases. Glyphosate dissipation kinetics followed SFO at 5°C, but FOMC at 30°C. AMPA followed SFO dissipation kinetics for all treatments. Glyphosate and AMPA dissipation occurred mostly by microbial activity. Abiotic processes played a negligible role for both compounds. Under biotic conditions, glyphosate dissipation and AMPA formation/dissipation were primarily affected by temperature, but also by SM. Light regimes didn't play a significant role. Glyphosate DT50 varied between 1.5 and 53.5days, while its DT90 varied between 8.0 and 280days, depending on the treatment. AMPA persisted longer in soil than glyphosate, with its DT50 at 30°C ranging between 26.4 and 44.5days, and its DT90 between 87.8 and 148days. The shortest DT50/DT90 values for both compounds occurred at 30°C and under optimal/saturated moisture conditions, while the largest occurred at 5°C and reaching drought stress conditions. Based on these results, we conclude that glyphosate and AMPA dissipate rapidly under warm and rainy climate conditions. However, repeated glyphosate applications in fallows or winter crops in countries where cold and dry winters normally occur could lead to on-site soil pollution, with consequent potential risks to the environment and human health. To our knowledge, this study is the first evaluating the combined effect of temperature, soil moisture and light/dark conditions on AMPA formation/dissipation kinetics and behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia P M Bento
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Gerrit Gort
- Biometris, Wageningen University, PO Box 100, 6700 AC Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Sha Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau of Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Ministry of Education, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruud van Dam
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans G J Mol
- RIKILT - Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Institute of Crop Science and Resources Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Mol HG, Tienstra M, Zomer P. Evaluation of gas chromatography – electron ionization – full scan high resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry for pesticide residue analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:161-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Woldegebriel M, Zomer P, Mol HGJ, Vivó-Truyols G. Application of Fragment Ion Information as Further Evidence in Probabilistic Compound Screening Using Bayesian Statistics and Machine Learning: A Leap Toward Automation. Anal Chem 2016; 88:7705-14. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Woldegebriel
- Analytical
Chemistry, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans G. J. Mol
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Vivó-Truyols
- Analytical
Chemistry, Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam P.O. Box 94720, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Fabregat-Cabello N, Zomer P, Sancho J, Roig-Navarro A, Mol H. Comparison of approaches to deal with matrix effects in LC-MS/MS based determinations of mycotoxins in food and feed. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2016. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study deals with one of the major concerns in mycotoxin determinations: the matrix effect related to LC-MS/ MS systems with electrospray ionization sources. To this end, in a first approach, the matrix effect has been evaluated in two ways: monitoring the signal of a compound (added to the mobile phase) during the entire chromatographic run, and by classical post-extraction addition. The study was focused on nine selected mycotoxins: aflatoxin B1, fumonisins B1, B2 and B3, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and zearalenone in various sample extracts giving moderate to strong matrix effects (maize, compound feed, straw, spices). Although the permanent monitoring of a compound provided a qualitative way of evaluating the matrix effects at each retention time, we concluded that it was not adequate as a quantitative approach to correct for the matrix effect. Matrix effects measured by post-extraction addition showed that the strongest ion suppression occurred for the spices (up to -89%). Five different calibration approaches to compensate for matrix effects were compared: multi-level external calibration using isotopically labelled internal standards, multi-level and single level standard addition, and two ways of single-point internal calibration: one point isotopic internal calibration and isotope pattern deconvolution. In general, recoveries and precision meeting the European Union requirements could be achieved with all approaches, with the exception of the single level standard addition at levels too close to the concentration in the sample. When an isotopically labelled internal standard is not available, single-level standard addition is the most efficient option.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Fabregat-Cabello
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - P. Zomer
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J.V. Sancho
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - A.F. Roig-Navarro
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, Universitat Jaume I, 12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - H.G.J. Mol
- RIKILT Wageningen University and Research Centre, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Steinborn A, Alder L, Michalski B, Zomer P, Bendig P, Martinez SA, Mol HGJ, Class TJ, Pinheiro NC. Determination of Glyphosate Levels in Breast Milk Samples from Germany by LC-MS/MS and GC-MS/MS. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:1414-21. [PMID: 26808680 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b05852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the validation and application of two independent analytical methods for the determination of glyphosate in breast milk. They are based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), respectively. For LC-MS/MS, sample preparation involved an ultrafiltration followed by chromatography on an anion exchange column. The analysis by GC-MS/MS involved an extraction step, cleanup on a cation exchange column, and derivatization with heptafluorobutanol and trifluoroacetic acid anhydride. Both methods were newly developed for breast milk and are able to quantify glyphosate residues at concentrations as low as 1 ng/mL. The methods were applied to quantify glyphosate levels in 114 breast milk samples, which had been collected from August to September of 2015 in Germany. The mothers participated at their own request and thus do not form a representative sample. In none of the investigated samples were glyphosate residues above the limit of detection found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Steinborn
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lutz Alder
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Britta Michalski
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Department of Pesticides Safety, Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589 Berlin, Germany
| | - Paul Zomer
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Natural Toxins and Pesticides, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Bendig
- PTRL Europe, Helmholtzstrasse 22, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Hans G J Mol
- RIKILT Wageningen UR, Natural Toxins and Pesticides, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nathalie Costa Pinheiro
- Governmental Institute of Public Health of Lower Saxony , Roesebeckstrasse 4-6, 30449 Hannover, Germany
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Zomer P, Mol HG. Simultaneous quantitative determination, identification and qualitative screening of pesticides in fruits and vegetables using LC-Q-Orbitrap™-MS. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:1628-36. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1085652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Mol HG, Zomer P, García López M, Fussell RJ, Scholten J, de Kok A, Wolheim A, Anastassiades M, Lozano A, Fernandez Alba A. Identification in residue analysis based on liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry: Experimental evidence to update performance criteria. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 873:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Jinap S, De Rijk T, Arzandeh S, Kleijnen H, Zomer P, Van der Weg G, Mol J. Aflatoxin determination using in-line immunoaffinity chromatography in foods. Food Control 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mol HGJ, Zomer P, de Koning M. Qualitative aspects and validation of a screening method for pesticides in vegetables and fruits based on liquid chromatography coupled to full scan high resolution (Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2891-908. [PMID: 22664752 PMCID: PMC3380251 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The analytical capabilities of liquid chromatography with single-stage high-resolution mass spectrometry have been investigated with emphasis on qualitative aspects related to selective detection during screening and to identification. The study involved 21 different vegetable and fruit commodities, a screening database of 556 pesticides for evaluation of false positives, and a test set of 130 pesticides spiked to the commodities at 0.01, 0.05, and 0.20 mg/kg for evaluation of false negatives. The final method involved a QuEChERS-based sample preparation (without dSPE clean up) and full scan acquisition using alternating scan events without/with fragmentation, at a resolving power of 50,000. Analyte detection was based on extraction of the exact mass (±5 ppm) of the major adduct ion at the database retention time ±30 s and the presence of a second diagnostic ion. Various options for the additional ion were investigated and compared (other adduct ions, M + 1 or M + 2 isotopes, fragments). The two-ion approach for selective detection of the pesticides in the full scan data was compared with two alternative approaches based on response thresholds. Using the two-ion approach, the number of false positives out of 11,676 pesticide/commodity combinations targeted was 36 (0.3 %). The percentage of false negatives, assessed for 2,730 pesticide/commodity combinations, was 13 %, 3 %, and 1 % at the 0.01-, 0.05-, and 0.20-mg/kg level, respectively (slightly higher with fully automated detection). Following the SANCO/12495/2011 protocol for validation of screening methods, the screening detection limit was determined for 130 pesticides and found to be 0.01, 0.05, and ≥0.20 mg/kg for 86, 30, and 14 pesticides, respectively. For the detected pesticides in the spiked samples, the ability for unambiguous identification according to EU criteria was evaluated. A proposal for adaption of the criteria was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans G J Mol
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, The Netherlands.
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Cajka T, Riddellova K, Zomer P, Mol H, Hajslova J. Direct analysis of dithiocarbamate fungicides in fruit by ambient mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1372-82. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.590456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Mol H, Van Dam R, Zomer P, Mulder P. Screening of plant toxins in food, feed and botanicals using full-scan high-resolution (Orbitrap) mass spectrometry. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 28:1405-23. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.603704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Mol HGJ, Plaza-Bolaños P, Zomer P, de Rijk TC, Stolker AAM, Mulder PPJ. Toward a Generic Extraction Method for Simultaneous Determination of Pesticides, Mycotoxins, Plant Toxins, and Veterinary Drugs in Feed and Food Matrixes. Anal Chem 2008; 80:9450-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac801557f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hans G. J. Mol
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, E-04071, Almeria, Spain
| | - Patricia Plaza-Bolaños
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, E-04071, Almeria, Spain
| | - Paul Zomer
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, E-04071, Almeria, Spain
| | - Theo C. de Rijk
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, E-04071, Almeria, Spain
| | - Alida A. M. Stolker
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, E-04071, Almeria, Spain
| | - Patrick P. J. Mulder
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Bornsesteeg 45, 6708 PD Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Almeria, E-04071, Almeria, Spain
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