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Repositioning itraconazole for amelioration of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis: Targeting HMGB1/TLR4 Axis, NLRP3 inflammasome/NF-κB signaling, and autophagy. Life Sci 2023; 313:121288. [PMID: 36528079 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bleomycin (BLM) is one of the antitumor medications that had proven efficacy in the treatment of a wide range of malignant conditions. Pulmonary fibrosis which is frequently encountered during the course of bleomycin therapy may significantly reduce the potential efficacy of bleomycin in cancer therapy. This study tested the hypothesis that itraconazole may have mitigating effects on BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis and tried to delineate the potential mechanisms of these effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS In a rat model of pulmonary fibrosis elicited by BLM, the effect of different doses of itraconazole was explored at the biochemical, histopathological, and electron microscopic levels. KEY FINDINGS Itraconazole, in a dose-dependent manner, exhibited significant effects on the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance, the inflammatory consequences, high-mobility group box 1/toll-like receptor-4 Axis, autophagy and nuclear factor kappa B/Nod-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome signaling and alleviated the histopathological, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic perturbations induced by BLM in the pulmonary tissues. SIGNIFICANCE In view of the afore-mentioned data, itraconazole may be a promising drug that efficiently mitigates the deleterious effects of BLM on the pulmonary tissues.
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Itoh K, Shigemi H, Chihara K, Sada K, Yamauchi T, Iwasaki H. Caspofungin suppresses zymosan-induced cytokine and chemokine release in THP-1 cells: possible involvement of the spleen tyrosine kinase pathway. Transl Res 2021; 227:53-63. [PMID: 32687976 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome and sepsis are considered to contribute to hypercytokinemia in both patients with severe infection and immunocompromised condition. Past research has demonstrated that antibiotics and antifungals not only have antimicrobial efficacy but also affect the immune system. We previously examined whether immune cells were modulated by antibiotics such as tetracyclines or macrolides. The modulation of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells by those agents was elucidated. However, few reports about the modulation of the immune system by antifungal agents were found. In this study, the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and signaling pathways involved were investigated in zymosan-activated THP-1 cells. The effects were examined using antifungal agents such as echinocandin including caspofungin (CAS) and micafungin. Pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine levels were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Protein phosphorylation was evaluated by western blot analysis. CAS significantly decreased zymosan-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine release in THP-1 cells. CAS (30 µg/mL) also downregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha levels, as shown by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In western blot analysis, inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappa-B alpha, p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and nuclear factor of activated T-cells phosphorylation and activation of caspase-1 and spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) were downregulated. The major underlying mechanism of pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine suppression by CAS is to inhibit activation of Syk and its downstream signaling molecules. Based on the results, it can be concluded that CAS activity possibly involves Syk signaling pathways and has potential to prevent hypercytokinemia in fungal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Itoh
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan; Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan.
| | - Hiroko Shigemi
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Chihara
- Department of Genome Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Kiyonao Sada
- Department of Genome Science and Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamauchi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Iwasaki
- Division of Infection Control and Prevention, University of Fukui Hospital, Fukui, Japan
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The Role of Toll-Like Receptors in Skin Host Defense, Psoriasis, and Atopic Dermatitis. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:1824624. [PMID: 31815151 PMCID: PMC6877906 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1824624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As the key defense molecules originally identified in Drosophila, Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily members play a fundamental role in detecting invading pathogens or damage and initiating the innate immune system of mammalian cells. The skin, the largest organ of the human body, protects the human body by providing a critical physical and immunological active multilayered barrier against invading pathogens and environmental factors. At the first line of defense, the skin is constantly exposed to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and TLRs, expressed in a cell type-specific manner by various skin cells, serve as key molecules to recognize PAMPs and DAMPs and to initiate downstream innate immune host responses. While TLR-initiated inflammatory responses are necessary for pathogen clearance and tissue repair, aberrant activation of TLRs will exaggerate T cell-mediated autoimmune activation, leading to unwanted inflammation, and the development of several skin diseases, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, systemic lupus erythematosus, diabetic foot ulcers, fibrotic skin diseases, and skin cancers. Together, TLRs are at the interface between innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In this review, we will describe current understanding of the role of TLRs in skin defense and in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and atopic dermatitis, and we will also discuss the development and therapeutic effect of TLR-targeted therapies.
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Singh J, Khan MI, Singh Yadav SP, Srivastava A, Sinha KK, Ashish, Das P, Kundu B. L-Asparaginase of Leishmania donovani: Metabolic target and its role in Amphotericin B resistance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2017; 7:337-349. [PMID: 28988014 PMCID: PMC5633258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Emergence of Amphotericin B (AmB) resistant Leishmania donovani has posed major therapeutic challenge against the parasite. Consequently, combination therapy aimed at multiple molecular targets, based on proteome wise network analysis has been recommended. In this regard we had earlier identified and proposed L-asparaginase of Leishmania donovani (LdAI) as a crucial metabolic target. Here we report that both LdAI overexpressing axenic amastigote and promastigote forms of L. donovani survives better when challenged with AmB as compared to wild type strain. Conversely, qRT-PCR analysis showed an upregulation of LdAI in both forms upon AmB treatment. Our data demonstrates the importance of LdAI in imparting immediate protective response to the parasite upon AmB treatment. In the absence of structural and functional information, we modeled LdAI and validated its solution structure through small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) analysis. We identified its specific inhibitors through ligand and structure-based approach and characterized their effects on enzymatic properties (Km, Vmax, Kcat) of LdAI. We show that in presence of two of the inhibitors L1 and L2, the survival of L. donovani is compromised whereas overexpression of LdAI in these cells restores viability. Taken together, our results conclusively prove that LdAI is a crucial metabolic enzyme conferring early counter measure against AmB treatment by Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasdeep Singh
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Mohd Imran Khan
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur, Vaishali 844102, India
| | - Shiv Pratap Singh Yadav
- The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ankit Srivastava
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Kislay K Sinha
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, EPIP Complex, Hajipur, Vaishali 844102, India
| | - Ashish
- The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India
| | - Bishwajit Kundu
- Kusuma School of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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Amphotericin B Increases Transglutaminase 2 Expression Associated with Upregulation of Endocytotic Activity in Mouse Microglial Cell Line BV-2. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:1488-1495. [PMID: 28224343 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB), a polyene antibiotic, is reported to cause the microglial activation to induce nitric oxide (NO) production and proinflammatory cytokines expression, and change neurotrophic factors expression in cultured microglia (Motoyoshi et al. in Neurochem Int 52:1290-1296, 2008). On the other hand, tissue-type transglutaminase (TG2) is involved in connection to phagocytes with apoptotic cells. Engulfment of neurons by activated microglia is thought to cause neurodegenerative diseases but detail is unclear, and involvement of TG2 in phagocytosis has been reported in our previous study using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV-2 cells (Kawabe et al. in Neuroimmunomodulation 22(4):243-249, 2015). In the present study, we examined the changes of TG2 expression, phagocytosis and pinocytosis in BV-2 cells stimulated by AmB. AmB stimulation increased TG2 expression and TG activity. Phagocytosis of dead cells and pinocytosis of fluorescent microbeads were also up-regulated by AmB stimulation in BV-2 cells. Blockade of TG activity by cystamine, an inhibitor of TGs, suppressed AmB-enhanced TG2 expression, TG activity, NO production, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Excessive NO production from microglia and/or facilitation of phagocytosis might be involved in neuronal death. To control TG activity might make possible to protect neurons and care for CNS diseases.
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Roussey JA, Olszewski MA, Osterholzer JJ. Immunoregulation in Fungal Diseases. Microorganisms 2016; 4:microorganisms4040047. [PMID: 27973396 PMCID: PMC5192530 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms4040047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review addresses specific regulatory mechanisms involved in the host immune response to fungal organisms. We focus on key cells and regulatory pathways involved in these responses, including a brief overview of their broader function preceding a discussion of their specific relevance to fungal disease. Important cell types discussed include dendritic cells and regulatory T cells, with a focus on specific studies relating to their effects on immune responses to fungi. We highlight the interleukin-10, programmed cell death 1, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 signaling pathways and emphasize interrelationships between these pathways and the regulatory functions of dendritic cells and regulatory T cells. Throughout our discussion, we identify selected studies best illustrating the role of these cells and pathways in response to specific fungal pathogens to provide a contextual understanding of the tightly-controlled network of regulatory mechanisms critical to determining the outcome of exposure to fungal pathogens. Lastly, we discuss two unique phenomena relating to immunoregulation, protective tolerance and immune reactivation inflammatory syndrome. These two clinically-relevant conditions provide perspective as to the range of immunoregulatory mechanisms active in response to fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A Roussey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
| | - Michal A Olszewski
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - John J Osterholzer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
- Pulmonary Section, Medical Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Rezaei-Matehkolaei A, Shafiei S, Zarei-Mahmoudabadi A. Isolation, molecular identification, and antifungal susceptibility profiles of vaginal isolates of Candida species. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 8:410-417. [PMID: 28491253 PMCID: PMC5420397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Vulvovaginal candidiasis is a common fungal infection among women during reproductive ages. Although, Candida albicans is accounted as the main etiologic agent of vaginitis, non-albicans species have arisen during last years. Resistant to antifungal drugs especially, fluconazole has been more reported by researchers from around the World. The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of vulvovaginal candidiasis among suspected patients with vaginitis, the frequency of Candida species, and the susceptibility profiles of isolates to caspofungin, fluconazole and clotrimazole. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and twenty suspected women with vaginitis were examined by specialist physician and sampled using moisture swabs. Swabs were inoculated on CHROMagar Candida plates, incubated at 35°C and detected all isolated Candida species using morphological, microcopy and molecular methods. The antifungal susceptibility tests with caspofungin, fluconazole and clotrimazole were applied using microdilution and Resazurin dye methods against all isolated yeasts. RESULTS The cultures were positive for 34(28.3%) samples and three Candida species including; C. albicans (88.2%), C. glabrata (8.8%) and C. kefyr (2.9%). Our study shows that only one isolate of C. albicans was resistant to caspofungin at the concentration of 2 μg/ml after 24h incubation that increased to 2 isolates after 48h incubation. All isolates were sensitive to fluconazole at the MIC ranges of 1-0.25 μg/ml, while 88.2% of them were inhibited at 0.25 μg/mL of clotrimazole. Candida albicans remains the most common agent of fungal vaginitis. CONCLUSION Although all of Candida isolates were susceptible to fluconazole in vitro, it should be used with caution for empirical therapy due to more resistant rates in clinic. In addition, due to valuable sensitivity of all tested strains to caspofungin, it potentially can be presented as the first line therapy for Candida vaginitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Rezaei-Matehkolaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Shokoofe Shafiei
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Zarei-Mahmoudabadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran,Corresponding author: Prof. Ali Zarei-Mahmoudabadi, Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran. Tel: +986133330074, Fax: +986133332036,
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Samanta P, Singh N. Complications of invasive mycoses in organ transplant recipients. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2016; 14:1195-1202. [PMID: 27690694 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2016.1242412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Opportunistic mycoses remain a significant complication in organ recipients. Areas covered: This review is an evidence-based presentation of current state-of-knowledge and our perspective on recent developments in the field Expert commentary: Invasive fungal infections are associated with reduced allograft and patient survival, increase in healthcare resource utilization, and newly appreciated but largely unrecognized immunologic sequelae, such as immune reconstitution syndrome. Given adverse outcomes associated with established infections, prophylaxis is a widely used strategy for the prevention of these infections. Currently available biomarkers that detect circulating fungal cell wall constituents i.e., galactomannan and 1, 3-β-D-glucan have not proven to be beneficial as screening tools for employing targeted prophylaxis or as diagnostic assays in this patient population. However, subsets of patients at risk for opportunistic fungal infections can be identified based on clinically identifiable characteristics or events. Preventive strategies targeted towards these patients are a rational approach for optimizing outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palash Samanta
- a Division of Infectious Diseases , University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Nina Singh
- b Division of Infectious Diseases , University of Pittsburgh and VA Pittsburgh Medical Center , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
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Matin N, Tabatabaie O, Mohammadinejad P, Rezaei N. Therapeutic targeting of Toll-like receptors in cutaneous disorders. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 19:1651-63. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2015.1069275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Singh N. Immune recovery gone rogue: Microbe-associated immune reconstitution syndrome in neutropenic host. J Infect 2015; 70:563-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nosanchuk JD, Lin J, Hunter RP, Aminov RI. Low-dose antibiotics: current status and outlook for the future. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:478. [PMID: 25309518 PMCID: PMC4159977 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA ; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA
| | | | - Rustam I Aminov
- Section for Bacteriology, Pathology, and Parasitology, National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark Frederiksberg, Denmark
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