1
|
Degiacomi G, Chiarelli LR, Riabova O, Loré NI, Muñoz-Muñoz L, Recchia D, Stelitano G, Postiglione U, Saliu F, Griego A, Scoffone VC, Kazakova E, Scarpa E, Ezquerra-Aznárez JM, Stamilla A, Buroni S, Tortoli E, Rizzello L, Sassera D, Ramón-García S, Cirillo DM, Makarov V, Pasca MR. The novel drug candidate VOMG kills Mycobacterium abscessus and other pathogens by inhibiting cell division. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 64:107278. [PMID: 39069229 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
AIMS The incidence of lung infections is increasing worldwide in individuals suffering from cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Mycobacterium abscessus is associated with chronic lung deterioration in these populations. The intrinsic resistance of M. abscessus to most conventional antibiotics jeopardizes treatment success rates. To date, no single drug has been developed targeting M. abscessus specifically. The objective of this study was to characterize VOMG, a pyrithione-core drug-like small molecule, as a new compound active against M. abscessus and other pathogens. METHODS A multi-disciplinary approach including microbiological, chemical, biochemical and transcriptomics procedures was used to validate VOMG as a promising anti-M. abscessus drug candidate. RESULTS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first study to report the in-vitro and in-vivo bactericidal activity of VOMG against M. abscessus and other pathogens. Besides being active against M. abscessus biofilm, the compound showed a favourable pharmacological (ADME-Tox) profile. Frequency of resistance studies were unable to isolate resistant mutants. VOMG inhibits cell division, particularly the FtsZ enzyme. CONCLUSIONS VOMG is a new drug-like molecule active against M. abscessus, inhibiting cell division with broad-spectrum activity against other microbial pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Degiacomi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Laurent R Chiarelli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Olga Riabova
- Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicola Ivan Loré
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Muñoz-Muñoz
- Department of Microbiology/Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Deborah Recchia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Stelitano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Umberto Postiglione
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Saliu
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Griego
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Viola Camilla Scoffone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elena Kazakova
- Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Edoardo Scarpa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Stamilla
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Buroni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Enrico Tortoli
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Loris Rizzello
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy; National Institute of Molecular Genetics, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Sassera
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Santiago Ramón-García
- Department of Microbiology/Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain; Research and Development Agency of Aragon Foundation, Zaragoza, Spain; Spanish Network for Research on Respiratory Diseases, Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniela Maria Cirillo
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Disease, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.
| | - Vadim Makarov
- Federal Research Centre 'Fundamentals of Biotechnology' of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Maria Rosalia Pasca
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Lazzaro Spallanzani', University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meyer FM, Bramkamp M. Cell wall synthesizing complexes in Mycobacteriales. Curr Opin Microbiol 2024; 79:102478. [PMID: 38653035 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2024.102478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Members of the order Mycobacteriales are distinguished by a characteristic diderm cell envelope, setting them apart from other Actinobacteria species. In addition to the conventional peptidoglycan cell wall, these organisms feature an extra polysaccharide polymer composed of arabinose and galactose, termed arabinogalactan. The nonreducing ends of arabinose are covalently linked to mycolic acids (MAs), forming the immobile inner leaflet of the highly hydrophobic MA membrane. The contiguous outer leaflet of the MA membrane comprises trehalose mycolates and various lipid species. Similar to all actinobacteria, Mycobacteriales exhibit apical growth, facilitated by a polar localized elongasome complex. A septal cell envelope synthesis machinery, the divisome, builds instead of the cell wall structures during cytokinesis. In recent years, a growing body of knowledge has emerged regarding the cell wall synthesizing complexes of Mycobacteriales., focusing particularly on three model species: Corynebacterium glutamicum, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian M Meyer
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Institute for General Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Am Botanischen Garten 1-9, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tyumina E, Bazhutin G, Kostrikina N, Sorokin V, Mulyukin A, Ivshina I. Phenotypic and metabolic adaptations of Rhodococcus cerastii strain IEGM 1243 to separate and combined effects of diclofenac and ibuprofen. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1275553. [PMID: 38125575 PMCID: PMC10730942 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1275553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The increasing use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has raised concerns regarding their environmental impact. To address this, understanding the effects of NSAIDs on bacteria is crucial for bioremediation efforts in pharmaceutical-contaminated environments. The primary challenge in breaking down persistent compounds lies not in the biochemical pathways but in capacity of bacteria to surmount stressors. Methods In this study, we examined the biodegradative activity, morphological and physiological changes, and ultrastructural adaptations of Rhodococcus cerastii strain IEGM 1243 when exposed to ibuprofen, diclofenac, and their mixture. Results and Discussion Our findings revealed that R. cerastii IEGM 1243 exhibited moderate biodegradative activity towards the tested NSAIDs. Cellular respiration assay showed higher metabolic activity in the presence of NSAIDs, indicating their influence on bacterial metabolism. Furthermore, catalase activity in R. cerastii IEGM 1243 exposed to NSAIDs showed an initial decrease followed by fluctuations, with the most significant changes observed in the presence of DCF and the NSAID mixture, likely influenced by bacterial growth phases, active NSAID degradation, and the formation of multicellular aggregates, suggesting potential intercellular synergy and task distribution within the bacterial community. Morphometric analysis demonstrated alterations in size, shape, and surface roughness of cells exposed to NSAIDs, with a decrease in surface area and volume, and an increase in surface area-to-volume ratio (SA/V). Moreover, for the first time, transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of lipid inclusions, polyphosphates, and intracellular membrane-like structures in the ibuprofen-treated cells. Conclusion These results provide valuable insights into the adaptive responses of R. cerastii IEGM 1243 to NSAIDs, shedding light on the possible interaction between bacteria and pharmaceutical compounds in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Tyumina
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Grigory Bazhutin
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Nadezhda Kostrikina
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Sorokin
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Mulyukin
- Winogradsky Institute of Microbiology, Research Center of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Ivshina
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pląskowska K, Zakrzewska-Czerwińska J. Chromosome structure and DNA replication dynamics during the life cycle of the predatory bacterium Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad057. [PMID: 37791401 PMCID: PMC11318664 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus, an obligate predatory Gram-negative bacterium that proliferates inside and kills other Gram-negative bacteria, was discovered more than 60 years ago. However, we have only recently begun to understand the detailed cell biology of this proficient bacterial killer. Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus exhibits a peculiar life cycle and bimodal proliferation, and thus represents an attractive model for studying novel aspects of bacterial cell biology. The life cycle of B. bacteriovorus consists of two phases: a free-living nonreplicative attack phase and an intracellular reproductive phase. During the reproductive phase, B. bacteriovorus grows as an elongated cell and undergoes binary or nonbinary fission, depending on the prey size. In this review, we discuss: (1) how the chromosome structure of B. bacteriovorus is remodeled during its life cycle; (2) how its chromosome replication dynamics depends on the proliferation mode; (3) how the initiation of chromosome replication is controlled during the life cycle, and (4) how chromosome replication is spatiotemporally coordinated with the proliferation program.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pląskowska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University
of Wrocław, ul. Joliot-Curie 14A, Wrocław,
Poland
| | - Jolanta Zakrzewska-Czerwińska
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University
of Wrocław, ul. Joliot-Curie 14A, Wrocław,
Poland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Martinez M, Petit J, Leyva A, Sogues A, Megrian D, Rodriguez A, Gaday Q, Ben Assaya M, Portela MM, Haouz A, Ducret A, Grangeasse C, Alzari PM, Durán R, Wehenkel AM. Eukaryotic-like gephyrin and cognate membrane receptor coordinate corynebacterial cell division and polar elongation. Nat Microbiol 2023; 8:1896-1910. [PMID: 37679597 PMCID: PMC10522489 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-023-01473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
The order Corynebacteriales includes major industrial and pathogenic Actinobacteria such as Corynebacterium glutamicum or Mycobacterium tuberculosis. These bacteria have multi-layered cell walls composed of the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex and a polar growth mode, thus requiring tight coordination between the septal divisome, organized around the tubulin-like protein FtsZ, and the polar elongasome, assembled around the coiled-coil protein Wag31. Here, using C. glutamicum, we report the discovery of two divisome members: a gephyrin-like repurposed molybdotransferase (Glp) and its membrane receptor (GlpR). Our results show how cell cycle progression requires interplay between Glp/GlpR, FtsZ and Wag31, showcasing a crucial crosstalk between the divisome and elongasome machineries that might be targeted for anti-mycobacterial drug discovery. Further, our work reveals that Corynebacteriales have evolved a protein scaffold to control cell division and morphogenesis, similar to the gephyrin/GlyR system that mediates synaptic signalling in higher eukaryotes through network organization of membrane receptors and the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Martinez
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Julienne Petit
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alejandro Leyva
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Adrià Sogues
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Structural and Molecular Microbiology, VIB-VUB Center for Structural Biology, VIB, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Daniela Megrian
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Azalia Rodriguez
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Quentin Gaday
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mathildeb Ben Assaya
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria Magdalena Portela
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Plate-forme de cristallographie, C2RT-Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Ducret
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Christophe Grangeasse
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Pedro M Alzari
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Rosario Durán
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | - Anne Marie Wehenkel
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Martinez M, Petit J, Leyva A, Sogues A, Megrian D, Rodriguez A, Gaday Q, Ben Assaya M, Portela M, Haouz A, Ducret A, Grangeasse C, Alzari PM, Durán R, Wehenkel A. Eukaryotic-like gephyrin and cognate membrane receptor coordinate corynebacterial cell division and polar elongation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526586. [PMID: 36778425 PMCID: PMC9915583 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The order Corynebacteriales includes major industrial and pathogenic actinobacteria such as Corynebacterium glutamicum or Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Their elaborate multi-layered cell wall, composed primarily of the mycolyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex, and their polar growth mode impose a stringent coordination between the septal divisome, organized around the tubulin-like protein FtsZ, and the polar elongasome, assembled around the tropomyosin-like protein Wag31. Here, we report the identification of two new divisome members, a gephyrin-like repurposed molybdotransferase (GLP) and its membrane receptor (GLPR). We show that the interplay between the GLPR/GLP module, FtsZ and Wag31 is crucial for orchestrating cell cycle progression. Our results provide a detailed molecular understanding of the crosstalk between two essential machineries, the divisome and elongasome, and reveal that Corynebacteriales have evolved a protein scaffold to control cell division and morphogenesis similar to the gephyrin/GlyR system that in higher eukaryotes mediates synaptic signaling through network organization of membrane receptors and the microtubule cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Martinez
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - J. Petit
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - A. Leyva
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A. Sogues
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - D. Megrian
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - A. Rodriguez
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Q. Gaday
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - M. Ben Assaya
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - M. Portela
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A. Haouz
- Plate-forme de cristallographie, C2RT-Institut Pasteur, CNRS, UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - A. Ducret
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - C. Grangeasse
- Molecular Microbiology and Structural Biochemistry, CNRS UMR 5086, Université de Lyon, 7 passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon, France
| | - P. M. Alzari
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - R. Durán
- Analytical Biochemistry and Proteomics Unit, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A. Wehenkel
- Structural Microbiology Unit, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR 3528, Université Paris Cité, F-75015 Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Subcellular Dynamics of a Conserved Bacterial Polar Scaffold Protein. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020278. [PMID: 35205323 PMCID: PMC8872289 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to survive, bacterial cells rely on precise spatiotemporal organization and coordination of essential processes such as cell growth, chromosome segregation, and cell division. Given the general lack of organelles, most bacteria are forced to depend on alternative localization mechanisms, such as, for example, geometrical cues. DivIVA proteins are widely distributed in mainly Gram-positive bacteria and were shown to bind the membrane, typically in regions of strong negative curvature, such as the cell poles and division septa. Here, they have been shown to be involved in a multitude of processes: from apical cell growth and chromosome segregation in actinobacteria to sporulation and inhibition of division re-initiation in firmicutes. Structural analyses revealed that DivIVA proteins can form oligomeric assemblies that constitute a scaffold for recruitment of other proteins. However, it remained unclear whether interaction with partner proteins influences DivIVA dynamics. Using structured illumination microscopy (SIM), single-particle tracking (SPT) microscopy, and fluorescent recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) experiments, we show that DivIVA from Corynebacterium glutamicum is mobilized by its binding partner ParB. In contrast, we show that the interaction between Bacillus subtilis DivIVA and its partner protein MinJ reduces DivIVA mobility. Furthermore, we show that the loss of the rod-shape leads to an increase in DivIVA dynamics in both organisms. Taken together, our study reveals the modulation of the polar scaffold protein by protein interactors and cell morphology. We reason that this leads to a very simple, yet robust way for actinobacteria to maintain polar growth and their rod-shape. In B. subtilis, however, the DivIVA protein is tailored towards a more dynamic function that allows quick relocalization from poles to septa upon division.
Collapse
|
8
|
Messelink JJB, Meyer F, Bramkamp M, Broedersz CP. Single-cell growth inference of Corynebacterium glutamicum reveals asymptotically linear growth. eLife 2021; 10:e70106. [PMID: 34605403 PMCID: PMC8594916 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulation of growth and cell size is crucial for the optimization of bacterial cellular function. So far, single bacterial cells have been found to grow predominantly exponentially, which implies the need for tight regulation to maintain cell size homeostasis. Here, we characterize the growth behavior of the apically growing bacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum using a novel broadly applicable inference method for single-cell growth dynamics. Using this approach, we find that C. glutamicum exhibits asymptotically linear single-cell growth. To explain this growth mode, we model elongation as being rate-limited by the apical growth mechanism. Our model accurately reproduces the inferred cell growth dynamics and is validated with elongation measurements on a transglycosylase deficient ΔrodA mutant. Finally, with simulations we show that the distribution of cell lengths is narrower for linear than exponential growth, suggesting that this asymptotically linear growth mode can act as a substitute for tight division length and division symmetry regulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joris JB Messelink
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunichGermany
| | - Fabian Meyer
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät BiologiePlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für allgemeine MikrobiologieKielGermany
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät BiologiePlanegg-MartinsriedGermany
- Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Institut für allgemeine MikrobiologieKielGermany
| | - Chase P Broedersz
- Arnold-Sommerfeld-Center for Theoretical Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität MünchenMunichGermany
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdamNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stable inheritance of Sinorhizobium meliloti cell growth polarity requires an FtsN-like protein and an amidase. Nat Commun 2021; 12:545. [PMID: 33483499 PMCID: PMC7822825 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In Rhizobiales bacteria, such as Sinorhizobium meliloti, cell elongation takes place only at new cell poles, generated by cell division. Here, we show that the role of the FtsN-like protein RgsS in S. meliloti extends beyond cell division. RgsS contains a conserved SPOR domain known to bind amidase-processed peptidoglycan. This part of RgsS and peptidoglycan amidase AmiC are crucial for reliable selection of the new cell pole as cell elongation zone. Absence of these components increases mobility of RgsS molecules, as well as abnormal RgsS accumulation and positioning of the growth zone at the old cell pole in about one third of the cells. These cells with inverted growth polarity are able to complete the cell cycle but show partially impaired chromosome segregation. We propose that amidase-processed peptidoglycan provides a landmark for RgsS to generate cell polarity in unipolarly growing Rhizobiales. In Sinorhizobium bacteria, cell elongation takes place only at new cell poles, generated by cell division. Here, Krol et al. show that an FtsN-like protein and a peptidoglycan amidase are crucial for reliable selection of the new cell pole as cell elongation zone.
Collapse
|
10
|
LytR-CpsA-Psr Glycopolymer Transferases: Essential Bricks in Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall Assembly. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020908. [PMID: 33477538 PMCID: PMC7831098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell walls of Gram-positive bacteria contain a variety of glycopolymers (CWGPs), a significant proportion of which are covalently linked to the peptidoglycan (PGN) scaffolding structure. Prominent CWGPs include wall teichoic acids of Staphylococcus aureus, streptococcal capsules, mycobacterial arabinogalactan, and rhamnose-containing polysaccharides of lactic acid bacteria. CWGPs serve important roles in bacterial cellular functions, morphology, and virulence. Despite evident differences in composition, structure and underlaying biosynthesis pathways, the final ligation step of CWGPs to the PGN backbone involves a conserved class of enzymes-the LytR-CpsA-Psr (LCP) transferases. Typically, the enzymes are present in multiple copies displaying partly functional redundancy and/or preference for a distinct CWGP type. LCP enzymes require a lipid-phosphate-linked glycan precursor substrate and catalyse, with a certain degree of promiscuity, CWGP transfer to PGN of different maturation stages, according to in vitro evidence. The prototype attachment mode is that to the C6-OH of N-acetylmuramic acid residues via installation of a phosphodiester bond. In some cases, attachment proceeds to N-acetylglucosamine residues of PGN-in the case of the Streptococcus agalactiae capsule, even without involvement of a phosphate bond. A novel aspect of LCP enzymes concerns a predicted role in protein glycosylation in Actinomyces oris. Available crystal structures provide further insight into the catalytic mechanism of this biologically important class of enzymes, which are gaining attention as new targets for antibacterial drug discovery to counteract the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria.
Collapse
|
11
|
Genome-wide identification of novel genes involved in Corynebacteriales cell envelope biogenesis using Corynebacterium glutamicum as a model. PLoS One 2021; 15:e0240497. [PMID: 33383576 PMCID: PMC7775120 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Corynebacteriales are Actinobacteria that possess an atypical didermic cell envelope. One of the principal features of this cell envelope is the presence of a large complex made up of peptidoglycan, arabinogalactan and mycolic acids. This covalent complex constitutes the backbone of the cell wall and supports an outer membrane, called mycomembrane in reference to the mycolic acids that are its major component. The biosynthesis of the cell envelope of Corynebacteriales has been extensively studied, in particular because it is crucial for the survival of important pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is therefore a key target for anti-tuberculosis drugs. In this study, we explore the biogenesis of the cell envelope of Corynebacterium glutamicum, a non-pathogenic Corynebacteriales, which can tolerate dramatic modifications of its cell envelope as important as the loss of its mycomembrane. For this purpose, we used a genetic approach based on genome-wide transposon mutagenesis. We developed a highly effective immunological test based on the use of anti-cell wall antibodies that allowed us to rapidly identify bacteria exhibiting an altered cell envelope. A very large number (10,073) of insertional mutants were screened by means of this test, and 80 were finally selected, representing 55 different loci. Bioinformatics analyses of these loci showed that approximately 60% corresponded to genes already characterized, 63% of which are known to be directly involved in cell wall processes, and more specifically in the biosynthesis of the mycoloyl-arabinogalactan-peptidoglycan complex. We identified 22 new loci potentially involved in cell envelope biogenesis, 76% of which encode putative cell envelope proteins. A mutant of particular interest was further characterized and revealed a new player in mycolic acid metabolism. Because a large proportion of the genes identified by our study is conserved in Corynebacteriales, the library described here provides a new resource of genes whose characterization could lead to a better understanding of the biosynthesis of the envelope components of these bacteria.
Collapse
|
12
|
Singhi D, Srivastava P. How similar or dissimilar cells are produced by bacterial cell division? Biochimie 2020; 176:71-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
13
|
Tol-Pal System and Rgs Proteins Interact to Promote Unipolar Growth and Cell Division in Sinorhizobium meliloti. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.00306-20. [PMID: 32605980 PMCID: PMC7327166 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00306-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell proliferation involves cell growth and septum formation followed by cell division. For cell growth, bacteria have evolved different complex mechanisms. The most prevalent growth mode of rod-shaped bacteria is cell elongation by incorporating new peptidoglycans in a dispersed manner along the sidewall. A small share of rod-shaped bacteria, including the alphaproteobacterial Rhizobiales, grow unipolarly. Here, we identified and initially characterized a set of Rgs (rhizobial growth and septation) proteins, which are involved in cell division and unipolar growth of Sinorhizobium meliloti and highly conserved in Rhizobiales. Our data expand the knowledge of components of the polarly localized machinery driving cell wall growth and suggest a complex of Rgs proteins with components of the divisome, differing in composition between the polar cell elongation zone and the septum. Sinorhizobium meliloti is an alphaproteobacterium belonging to the Rhizobiales. Bacteria from this order elongate their cell wall at the new cell pole, generated by cell division. Screening for protein interaction partners of the previously characterized polar growth factors RgsP and RgsM, we identified the inner membrane components of the Tol-Pal system (TolQ and TolR) and novel Rgs (rhizobial growth and septation) proteins with unknown functions. TolQ, Pal, and all Rgs proteins, except for RgsE, were indispensable for S. meliloti cell growth. Six of the Rgs proteins, TolQ, and Pal localized to the growing cell pole in the cell elongation phase and to the septum in predivisional cells, and three Rgs proteins localized to the growing cell pole only. The putative FtsN-like protein RgsS contains a conserved SPOR domain and is indispensable at the early stages of cell division. The components of the Tol-Pal system were required at the late stages of cell division. RgsE, a homolog of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens growth pole ring protein GPR, has an important role in maintaining the normal growth rate and rod cell shape. RgsD is a periplasmic protein with the ability to bind peptidoglycan. Analysis of the phylogenetic distribution of the Rgs proteins showed that they are conserved in Rhizobiales and mostly absent from other alphaproteobacterial orders, suggesting a conserved role of these proteins in polar growth.
Collapse
|
14
|
Milner DS, Ray LJ, Saxon EB, Lambert C, Till R, Fenton AK, Sockett RE. DivIVA Controls Progeny Morphology and Diverse ParA Proteins Regulate Cell Division or Gliding Motility in Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:542. [PMID: 32373080 PMCID: PMC7186360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The predatory bacterium B. bacteriovorus grows and divides inside the periplasm of Gram-negative bacteria, forming a structure known as a bdelloplast. Cell division of predators inside the dead prey cell is not by binary fission but instead by synchronous division of a single elongated filamentous cell into odd or even numbers of progeny cells. Bdellovibrio replication and cell division processes are dependent on the finite level of nutrients available from inside the prey bacterium. The filamentous growth and division process of the predator maximizes the number of progeny produced by the finite nutrients in a way that binary fission could not. To learn more about such an unusual growth profile, we studied the role of DivIVA in the growing Bdellovibrio cell. This protein is well known for its link to polar cell growth and spore formation in Gram-positive bacteria, but little is known about its function in a predatory growth context. We show that DivIVA is expressed in the growing B. bacteriovorus cell and controls cell morphology during filamentous cell division, but not the number of progeny produced. Bacterial Two Hybrid (BTH) analysis shows DivIVA may interact with proteins that respond to metabolic indicators of amino-acid biosynthesis or changes in redox state. Such changes may be relevant signals to the predator, indicating the consumption of prey nutrients within the sealed bdelloplast environment. ParA, a chromosome segregation protein, also contributes to bacterial septation in many species. The B. bacteriovorus genome contains three ParA homologs; we identify a canonical ParAB pair required for predatory cell division and show a BTH interaction between a gene product encoded from the same operon as DivIVA with the canonical ParA. The remaining ParA proteins are both expressed in Bdellovibrio but are not required for predator cell division. Instead, one of these ParA proteins coordinates gliding motility, changing the frequency at which the cells reverse direction. Our work will prime further studies into how one bacterium can co-ordinate its cell division with the destruction of another bacterium that it dwells within.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S Milner
- Laboratory C15, Division of Infections, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Luke J Ray
- Laboratory C15, Division of Infections, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emma B Saxon
- Laboratory C15, Division of Infections, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Carey Lambert
- Laboratory C15, Division of Infections, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rob Till
- Laboratory C15, Division of Infections, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Fenton
- Laboratory C15, Division of Infections, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Renee Elizabeth Sockett
- Laboratory C15, Division of Infections, Immunity and Microbes, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pióro M, Jakimowicz D. Chromosome Segregation Proteins as Coordinators of Cell Cycle in Response to Environmental Conditions. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:588. [PMID: 32351468 PMCID: PMC7174722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation is a crucial stage of the cell cycle. In general, proteins involved in this process are DNA-binding proteins, and in most bacteria, ParA and ParB are the main players; however, some bacteria manage this process by employing other proteins, such as condensins. The dynamic interaction between ParA and ParB drives movement and exerts positioning of the chromosomal origin of replication (oriC) within the cell. In addition, both ParA and ParB were shown to interact with the other proteins, including those involved in cell division or cell elongation. The significance of these interactions for the progression of the cell cycle is currently under investigation. Remarkably, DNA binding by ParA and ParB as well as their interactions with protein partners conceivably may be modulated by intra- and extracellular conditions. This notion provokes the question of whether chromosome segregation can be regarded as a regulatory stage of the cell cycle. To address this question, we discuss how environmental conditions affect chromosome segregation and how segregation proteins influence other cell cycle processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pióro
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jakimowicz
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Essential dynamic interdependence of FtsZ and SepF for Z-ring and septum formation in Corynebacterium glutamicum. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1641. [PMID: 32242019 PMCID: PMC7118173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15490-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of Z-ring assembly and regulation in bacteria are poorly understood, particularly in non-model organisms. Actinobacteria, a large bacterial phylum that includes the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lack the canonical FtsZ-membrane anchors and Z-ring regulators described for E. coli. Here we investigate the physiological function of Corynebacterium glutamicum SepF, the only cell division-associated protein from Actinobacteria known to interact with the conserved C-terminal tail of FtsZ. We show an essential interdependence of FtsZ and SepF for formation of a functional Z-ring in C. glutamicum. The crystal structure of the SepF–FtsZ complex reveals a hydrophobic FtsZ-binding pocket, which defines the SepF homodimer as the functional unit, and suggests a reversible oligomerization interface. FtsZ filaments and lipid membranes have opposing effects on SepF polymerization, indicating that SepF has multiple roles at the cell division site, involving FtsZ bundling, Z-ring tethering and membrane reshaping activities that are needed for proper Z-ring assembly and function. The mechanisms of Z-ring assembly and regulation in bacteria are poorly understood, particularly in non-model organisms. Here, Sogues et al. study the interaction between FtsZ and SepF in Corynebacterium glutamicum, showing an essential interdependence of these proteins for formation of a functional Z-ring.
Collapse
|
17
|
Lee JH, Jeong H, Kim Y, Lee HS. Corynebacterium glutamicum whiA plays roles in cell division, cell envelope formation, and general cell physiology. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2019; 113:629-641. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-019-01370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Abstract
Reproduction in the bacterial kingdom predominantly occurs through binary fission-a process in which one parental cell is divided into two similarly sized daughter cells. How cell division, in conjunction with cell elongation and chromosome segregation, is orchestrated by a multitude of proteins has been an active area of research spanning the past few decades. Together, the monumental endeavors of multiple laboratories have identified several cell division and cell shape regulators as well as their underlying regulatory mechanisms in rod-shaped Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, which serve as model organisms for Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, respectively. Yet our understanding of bacterial cell division and morphology regulation is far from complete, especially in noncanonical and non-rod-shaped organisms. In this review, we focus on two proteins that are highly conserved in Gram-positive organisms, DivIVA and its homolog GpsB, and attempt to summarize the recent advances in this area of research and discuss their various roles in cell division, cell growth, and chromosome segregation in addition to their interactome and posttranslational regulation.
Collapse
|
19
|
Veyron-Churlet R, Locht C. In Vivo Methods to Study Protein-Protein Interactions as Key Players in Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Virulence. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040173. [PMID: 31581602 PMCID: PMC6963305 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies on protein–protein interactions (PPI) can be helpful for the annotation of unknown protein functions and for the understanding of cellular processes, such as specific virulence mechanisms developed by bacterial pathogens. In that context, several methods have been extensively used in recent years for the characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPI to further decipher tuberculosis (TB) pathogenesis. This review aims at compiling the most striking results based on in vivo methods (yeast and bacterial two-hybrid systems, protein complementation assays) for the specific study of PPI in mycobacteria. Moreover, newly developed methods, such as in-cell native mass resonance and proximity-dependent biotinylation identification, will have a deep impact on future mycobacterial research, as they are able to perform dynamic (transient interactions) and integrative (multiprotein complexes) analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Veyron-Churlet
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| | - Camille Locht
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, CHU Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Université de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, F-59000 Lille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kraxner KJ, Polen T, Baumgart M, Bott M. The conserved actinobacterial transcriptional regulator FtsR controls expression of ftsZ and further target genes and influences growth and cell division in Corynebacterium glutamicum. BMC Microbiol 2019; 19:179. [PMID: 31382874 PMCID: PMC6683498 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-019-1553-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Key mechanisms of cell division and its regulation are well understood in model bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. In contrast, current knowledge on the regulation of cell division in Actinobacteria is rather limited. FtsZ is one of the key players in this process, but nothing is known about its transcriptional regulation in Corynebacterium glutamicum, a model organism of the Corynebacteriales. Results In this study, we used DNA affinity chromatography to search for transcriptional regulators of ftsZ in C. glutamicum and identified the Cg1631 protein as candidate, which was named FtsR. Both deletion and overexpression of ftsR caused growth defects and an altered cell morphology. Plasmid-based expression of native ftsR or of homologs of the pathogenic relatives Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the ΔftsR mutant could at least partially reverse the mutant phenotype. Absence of ftsR caused decreased expression of ftsZ, in line with an activator function of FtsR. In vivo crosslinking followed by affinity purification of FtsR and next generation sequencing of the enriched DNA fragments confirmed the ftsZ promoter as in vivo binding site of FtsR and revealed additional potential target genes and a DNA-binding motif. Analysis of strains expressing ftsZ under control of the gluconate-inducible gntK promoter revealed that the phenotype of the ΔftsR mutant is not solely caused by reduced ftsZ expression, but involves further targets. Conclusions In this study, we identified and characterized FtsR as the first transcriptional regulator of FtsZ described for C. glutamicum. Both the absence and the overproduction of FtsR had severe effects on growth and cell morphology, underlining the importance of this regulatory protein. FtsR and its DNA-binding site in the promoter region of ftsZ are highly conserved in Actinobacteria, which suggests that this regulatory mechanism is also relevant for the control of cell division in related Actinobacteria. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-019-1553-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kim Julia Kraxner
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute for Bio- und Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Tino Polen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute for Bio- und Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Meike Baumgart
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute for Bio- und Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute for Bio- und Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Disseminated nocardiosis is a rare infection associated with underlying immunosuppression, and patients usually have some identifiable risk factor affecting cellular immunity. Due to advances in taxonomy and microbiology identification methods, infections by Nocardia species are more frequent, making the discussion of its approach and choice of antibiotherapy increasingly relevant. A 77-year-old man presented to the emergency department with marked pain on the right lower limb, weakness, and upper leg edema. He had been diagnosed with organized cryptogenic pneumonia one year before and was chronically immunosuppressed with methylprednisolone 32 mg/day. Blood cultures isolated Nocardia cyriacigeorgica. Computed tomography revealed a gas collection in the region of the right iliacus muscle with involvement of the gluteal and obturator muscles upwardly and on the supragenicular plane inferiorly. Triple therapy with imipenem, amikacin, and cotrimoxazole was started, and the patient was submitted for emergent surgical decompression, fasciotomy, and drainage due to acute compartment syndrome. The patient had a good outcome and was discharged from the hospital after 30 days of intravenous therapy. This case illustrates the severity of Nocardia infection and highlights the need for a meticulous approach in the diagnosis and treatment of these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines M Leite
- Serviço De Medicina 2, Hospital De Santa Maria, Lisboa, PRT
| | | | | | - Marina Fonseca
- Serviço De Medicina 2, Hospital De Santa Maria, Lisboa, PRT
| | - Tiago Marques
- Serviço De Doenças Infecciosas, Hospital De Santa Maria, Lisboa, PRT
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lim HC, Sher JW, Rodriguez-Rivera FP, Fumeaux C, Bertozzi CR, Bernhardt TG. Identification of new components of the RipC-FtsEX cell separation pathway of Corynebacterineae. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008284. [PMID: 31437147 PMCID: PMC6705760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Several important human pathogens are represented in the Corynebacterineae suborder, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. These bacteria are surrounded by a multilayered cell envelope composed of a cytoplasmic membrane, a peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall, a second polysaccharide layer called the arabinogalactan (AG), and finally an outer membrane-like layer made of mycolic acids. Several anti-tuberculosis drugs target the biogenesis of this complex envelope, but their efficacy is declining due to resistance. New therapies are therefore needed to treat diseases caused by these organisms, and a better understanding of the mechanisms of envelope assembly should aid in their discovery. To this end, we generated the first high-density library of transposon insertion mutants in the model organism C. glutamicum. Transposon-sequencing was then used to define its essential gene set and identify loci that, when inactivated, confer hypersensitivity to ethambutol (EMB), a drug that targets AG biogenesis. Among the EMBs loci were genes encoding RipC and the FtsEX complex, a PG cleaving enzyme required for proper cell division and its predicted regulator, respectively. Inactivation of the conserved steAB genes (cgp_1603-1604) was also found to confer EMB hypersensitivity and cell division defects. A combination of quantitative microscopy, mutational analysis, and interaction studies indicate that SteA and SteB form a complex that localizes to the cytokinetic ring to promote cell separation by RipC-FtsEX and may coordinate its PG remodeling activity with the biogenesis of other envelope layers during cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoong Chuin Lim
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel W. Sher
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Coralie Fumeaux
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Carolyn R. Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas G. Bernhardt
- Department of Microbiology, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
How do mycobacteria divide? Cell division has been studied extensively in the model rod-shaped bacteria Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, but much less is understood about cell division in mycobacteria, a genus that includes the major human pathogens M. tuberculosis and M. leprae. In general, bacterial cell division requires the concerted effort of many proteins in both space and time to elongate the cell, replicate and segregate the chromosome, and construct and destruct the septum - processes which result in the creation of two new daughter cells. Here, we describe these distinct stages of cell division in B. subtilis and follow with the current knowledge in mycobacteria. As will become apparent, there are many differences between mycobacteria and B. subtilis in terms of both the broad outline of cell division and the molecular details. So, while the fundamental challenge of spatially and temporally organizing cell division is shared between these rod-shaped bacteria, they have solved these challenges in often vastly different ways.
Collapse
|
24
|
Altinoglu I, Merrifield CJ, Yamaichi Y. Single molecule super-resolution imaging of bacterial cell pole proteins with high-throughput quantitative analysis pipeline. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6680. [PMID: 31040310 PMCID: PMC6491441 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria show sophisticated control of their cellular organization, and many bacteria deploy different polar landmark proteins to organize the cell pole. Super-resolution microscopy, such as Photo-Activated Localization Microscopy (PALM), provides the nanoscale localization of molecules and is crucial for better understanding of organization and dynamics in single-molecule. However, analytical tools are not fully available yet, in particular for bacterial cell biology. For example, quantitative and statistical analyses of subcellular localization with multiple cells from multiple fields of view are lacking. Furthermore, brightfield images are not sufficient to get accurate contours of small and low contrast bacterial cells, compared to subpixel presentation of target molecules. Here we describe a novel analytic tool for PALM which integrates precisely drawn cell outlines, of either inner membrane or periplasm, labelled by PALM-compatible fluorescent protein fusions, with molecule data for >10,000 molecules from >100 cells by fitting each cell into an oval arc. In the vibrioid bacterium Vibrio cholerae, the polar anchor HubP constitutes a big polar complex which includes multiple proteins involved in chemotaxis and the flagellum. With this pipeline, HubP is shown to be slightly skewed towards the inner curvature side of the cell, while its interaction partners showed rather loose polar localization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ipek Altinoglu
- Department of Genome Biology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France.,Graduate School of Structure and Dynamics of Living Systems, Univ. Paris-Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Christien J Merrifield
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Yoshiharu Yamaichi
- Department of Genome Biology, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris Sud, Gif sur Yvette, France.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Actinobacteria is a group of diverse bacteria. Most species in this class of bacteria are filamentous aerobes found in soil, including the genus Streptomyces perhaps best known for their fascinating capabilities of producing antibiotics. These bacteria typically have a Gram-positive cell envelope, comprised of a plasma membrane and a thick peptidoglycan layer. However, there is a notable exception of the Corynebacteriales order, which has evolved a unique type of outer membrane likely as a consequence of convergent evolution. In this chapter, we will focus on the unique cell envelope of this order. This cell envelope features the peptidoglycan layer that is covalently modified by an additional layer of arabinogalactan . Furthermore, the arabinogalactan layer provides the platform for the covalent attachment of mycolic acids , some of the longest natural fatty acids that can contain ~100 carbon atoms per molecule. Mycolic acids are thought to be the main component of the outer membrane, which is composed of many additional lipids including trehalose dimycolate, also known as the cord factor. Importantly, a subset of bacteria in the Corynebacteriales order are pathogens of human and domestic animals, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The surface coat of these pathogens are the first point of contact with the host immune system, and we now know a number of host receptors specific to molecular patterns exposed on the pathogen's surface, highlighting the importance of understanding how the cell envelope of Actinobacteria is structured and constructed. This chapter describes the main structural and biosynthetic features of major components found in the actinobacterial cell envelopes and highlights the key differences between them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C Rahlwes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ian L Sparks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Pióro M, Małecki T, Portas M, Magierowska I, Trojanowski D, Sherratt D, Zakrzewska-Czerwińska J, Ginda K, Jakimowicz D. Competition between DivIVA and the nucleoid for ParA binding promotes segrosome separation and modulates mycobacterial cell elongation. Mol Microbiol 2018; 111:204-220. [PMID: 30318635 PMCID: PMC7379644 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although mycobacteria are rod shaped and divide by simple binary fission, their cell cycle exhibits unusual features: unequal cell division producing daughter cells that elongate with different velocities, as well as asymmetric chromosome segregation and positioning throughout the cell cycle. As in other bacteria, mycobacterial chromosomes are segregated by pair of proteins, ParA and ParB. ParA is an ATPase that interacts with nucleoprotein ParB complexes – segrosomes and non‐specifically binds the nucleoid. Uniquely in mycobacteria, ParA interacts with a polar protein DivIVA (Wag31), responsible for asymmetric cell elongation, however the biological role of this interaction remained unknown. We hypothesised that this interaction plays a critical role in coordinating chromosome segregation with cell elongation. Using a set of ParA mutants, we determined that disruption of ParA‐DNA binding enhanced the interaction between ParA and DivIVA, indicating a competition between the nucleoid and DivIVA for ParA binding. Having identified the ParA mutation that disrupts its recruitment to DivIVA, we found that it led to inefficient segrosomes separation and increased the cell elongation rate. Our results suggest that ParA modulates DivIVA activity. Thus, we demonstrate that the ParA‐DivIVA interaction facilitates chromosome segregation and modulates cell elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Pióro
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Tomasz Małecki
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Magda Portas
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Izabela Magierowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Damian Trojanowski
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - David Sherratt
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jolanta Zakrzewska-Czerwińska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ginda
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dagmara Jakimowicz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Microorganisms, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland.,Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Wrocław, Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bush MJ. The actinobacterial WhiB-like (Wbl) family of transcription factors. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:663-676. [PMID: 30179278 PMCID: PMC6282962 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The WhiB‐like (Wbl) family of proteins are exclusively found in Actinobacteria. Wbls have been shown to play key roles in virulence and antibiotic resistance in Mycobacteria and Corynebacteria, reflecting their importance during infection by the human pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium leprae and Corynebacterium diphtheriae. In the antibiotic‐producing Streptomyces, several Wbls have important roles in the regulation of morphological differentiation, including WhiB, a protein that controls the initiation of sporulation septation and the founding member of the Wbl family. In recent years, genome sequencing has revealed the prevalence of Wbl paralogues in species throughout the Actinobacteria. Wbl proteins are small (generally ~80–140 residues) and each contains four invariant cysteine residues that bind an O2‐ and NO‐sensitive [4Fe–4S] cluster, raising the question as to how they can maintain distinct cellular functions within a given species. Despite their discovery over 25 years ago, the Wbl protein family has largely remained enigmatic. Here I summarise recent research in Mycobacteria, Corynebacteria and Streptomyces that sheds light on the biochemical function of Wbls as transcription factors and as potential sensors of O2 and NO. I suggest that Wbl evolution has created diversity in protein–protein interactions, [4Fe–4S] cluster‐sensitivity and the ability to bind DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bush
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oliveira AF, Folador EL, Gomide ACP, Goes-Neto A, Azevedo VAC, Wattam AR. Cell Division in genus Corynebacterium: protein-protein interaction and molecular docking of SepF and FtsZ in the understanding of cytokinesis in pathogenic species. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2018; 90:2179-2188. [PMID: 29451601 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765201820170385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Corynebacterium includes species of great importance in medical, veterinary and biotechnological fields. The genus-specific families (PLfams) from PATRIC have been used to observe conserved proteins associated to all species. Our results showed a large number of conserved proteins that are associated with the cellular division process. Was not observe in our results other proteins like FtsA and ZapA that interact with FtsZ. Our findings point that SepF overlaps the function of this proteins explored by molecular docking, protein-protein interaction and sequence analysis. Transcriptomic analysis showed that these two (Sepf and FtsZ) proteins can be expressed in different conditions together. The work presents novelties on molecules participating in the cell division event, from the interaction of FtsZ and SepF, as new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto F Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Edson L Folador
- Centro de Biotecnologia/CBiotec, Universidade Federal da Paraíba/UFPB, s/n, Castelo Branco III, 58051-085 João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Anne C P Gomide
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Aristóteles Goes-Neto
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Computacional de Fungos, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Vasco A C Azevedo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Laboratório de Genética Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Pres. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alice R Wattam
- Biocomplexity Institute of Virginia Tech, 1015 Life Science Circle, Virginia Tech, 24060, Blacksburg, VA, U.S.A
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bergé M, Viollier PH. End-in-Sight: Cell Polarization by the Polygamic Organizer PopZ. Trends Microbiol 2017; 26:363-375. [PMID: 29198650 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how asymmetries in cellular constituents are achieved and how such positional information directs the construction of structures in a nonrandom fashion is a fundamental problem in cell biology. The recent identification of determinants that self-assemble into macromolecular complexes at the bacterial cell pole provides new insight into the underlying organizational principles in bacterial cells. Specifically, polarity studies in host-associated or free-living α-proteobacteria, a lineage of Gram-negative (diderm) bacteria, reveals that functional and cytological mono- and bipolarity is often conferred by the multivalent polar organizer PopZ, originally identified as a component of a polar chromosome anchor in the cell cycle model system Caulobacter crescentus. PopZ-dependent polarization appears to be widespread and also functional in obligate intracellular pathogens. Here, we discuss how PopZ polarization and the establishment of polar complexes occurs, and we detail the physiological roles of these complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Bergé
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Patrick H Viollier
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Rue Michel Servet 1, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gao Y, Hu X, Wang J, Li H, Wang X. Impact of mycolic acid deficiency on cells of Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13869. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2017; 65:435-445. [PMID: 29072327 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Mycolic acid (MA) plays important role in Corynebacterium glutamicum, but the key enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway of MA in C. glutamicum ATCC13869 have not been characterized. Since the locus BBD29_RS14045 in C. glutamicum ATCC13869 shows high similarity to the gene Cgl2871, which encodes Pks13, the key enzyme for synthesizing MA in C. glutamicum ATCC13032, it was deleted, resulting in the mutant WG001. Compared with the wild-type ATCC13869, MA was not synthesized in WG001, but more phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol containing longer unsaturated fatty acids were produced. WG001 cells also show hindered cell growth and defective cell separation when compared with ATCC13869 cells. Transcriptomic analysis shows that many genes relevant to the pathways of fatty acids, inositol, phospholipids, cell wall, and cell division were significantly regulated in WG001 cells when compared with ATCC13869 cells. This study demonstrates that the locus BBD29_RS14045 encodes a key enzyme that plays important role for synthesizing MA in C. glutamicum ATCC13869.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianli Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Huazhong Li
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Wuxi, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Forde AJ, Albrecht N, Klingl A, Donovan C, Bramkamp M. Polymerization Dynamics of the Prophage-Encoded Actin-Like Protein AlpC Is Influenced by the DNA-Binding Adapter AlpA. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1429. [PMID: 28824563 PMCID: PMC5539076 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC 13032 prophage CGP3 encodes an actin-like protein, AlpC that was shown to be involved in viral DNA transport and efficient viral DNA replication. AlpC binds to an adapter, AlpA that in turn binds to specific DNA sequences, termed alpS sites. Thus, the AlpAC system is similar to the known plasmid segregation system ParMRS. So far it is unclear how the AlpACS system mediates DNA transport and, whether AlpA and AlpC functionally interact. We show here that AlpA modulates AlpC filamentation dynamics in a dual way. Unbound AlpA stimulates AlpC filament disassembly, while AlpA bound to alpS sites allows for AlpC filament formation. Based on these results we propose a simple search and capture model that explains DNA segregation by viral AlpACS DNA segregation system.
Collapse
|
32
|
Novel Chromosome Organization Pattern in Actinomycetales-Overlapping Replication Cycles Combined with Diploidy. mBio 2017; 8:mBio.00511-17. [PMID: 28588128 PMCID: PMC5461407 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00511-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria regulate chromosome replication and segregation tightly with cell division to ensure faithful segregation of DNA to daughter generations. The underlying mechanisms have been addressed in several model species. It became apparent that bacteria have evolved quite different strategies to regulate DNA segregation and chromosomal organization. We have investigated here how the actinobacterium Corynebacterium glutamicum organizes chromosome segregation and DNA replication. Unexpectedly, we found that C. glutamicum cells are at least diploid under all of the conditions tested and that these organisms have overlapping C periods during replication, with both origins initiating replication simultaneously. On the basis of experimental data, we propose growth rate-dependent cell cycle models for C. glutamicum. Bacterial cell cycles are known for few model organisms and can vary significantly between species. Here, we studied the cell cycle of Corynebacterium glutamicum, an emerging cell biological model organism for mycolic acid-containing bacteria, including mycobacteria. Our data suggest that C. glutamicum carries two pole-attached chromosomes that replicate with overlapping C periods, thus initiating a new round of DNA replication before the previous one is terminated. The newly replicated origins segregate to midcell positions, where cell division occurs between the two new origins. Even after long starvation or under extremely slow-growth conditions, C. glutamicum cells are at least diploid, likely as an adaptation to environmental stress that may cause DNA damage. The cell cycle of C. glutamicum combines features of slow-growing organisms, such as polar origin localization, and fast-growing organisms, such as overlapping C periods.
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Members of the genus Mycobacterium are the most prevalent cause of infectious diseases. Mycobacteria have a complex cell envelope containing a peptidoglycan layer and an additional arabinogalactan polymer to which a mycolic acid bilayer is linked; this complex, multilayered cell wall composition (mAGP) is conserved among all CMN group bacteria. The arabinogalactan and mycolic acid synthesis pathways constitute effective drug targets for tuberculosis treatment. Ethambutol (EMB), a classical antituberculosis drug, inhibits the synthesis of the arabinose polymer. Although EMB acts bacteriostatically, its underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here, we used Corynebacterium glutamicum and Mycobacterium phlei as model organisms to study the effects of EMB at the single-cell level. Our results demonstrate that EMB specifically blocks apical cell wall synthesis, but not cell division, explaining the bacteriostatic effect of EMB. Furthermore, the data suggest that members of the family Corynebacterineae have two dedicated machineries for cell elongation (elongasome) and cytokinesis (divisome). Antibiotic treatment of bacterial pathogens has contributed enormously to the increase in human health. Despite the apparent importance of antibiotic treatment of bacterial infections, surprisingly little is known about the molecular functions of antibiotic actions in the bacterial cell. Here, we analyzed the molecular effects of ethambutol, a first-line antibiotic against infections caused by members of the genus Mycobacterium. We find that this drug selectively blocks apical cell growth but still allows for effective cytokinesis. As a consequence, cells survive ethambutol treatment and adopt a pneumococcal cell growth mode with cell wall synthesis only at the site of cell division. However, combined treatment of ethambutol and beta-lactam antibiotics acts synergistically and effectively stops cell proliferation.
Collapse
|
34
|
Lee DS, Kim Y, Lee HS. The whcD gene of Corynebacterium glutamicum plays roles in cell division and envelope formation. Microbiology (Reading) 2017; 163:131-143. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Seok Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si 339-700, Republic of Korea
| | - Younhee Kim
- Department of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, 65 Semyung-ro, Jecheon-si, Chungbuk 390-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung-Shick Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong-si 339-700, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
As discovered over the past 25 years, the cytoskeletons of bacteria and archaea are complex systems of proteins whose central components are dynamic cytomotive filaments. They perform roles in cell division, DNA partitioning, cell shape determination and the organisation of intracellular components. The protofilament structures and polymerisation activities of various actin-like, tubulin-like and ESCRT-like proteins of prokaryotes closely resemble their eukaryotic counterparts but show greater diversity. Their activities are modulated by a wide range of accessory proteins but these do not include homologues of the motor proteins that supplement filament dynamics to aid eukaryotic cell motility. Numerous other filamentous proteins, some related to eukaryotic IF-proteins/lamins and dynamins etc, seem to perform structural roles similar to those in eukaryotes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linda A Amos
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Jan Löwe
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge, CB2 0QH, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Boshoff HI. Caught between two proteins: a mycobacterial inhibitor challenges the mold. Mol Microbiol 2016; 103:2-6. [PMID: 27802567 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the target or mechanism of action of potential drugs in the discovery pipeline is an integral component of most programs. For antibacterial compounds, generation of resistant mutants followed by whole genome sequencing has often been successful in uncovering the proteins involved in regulating compound activation, uptake, efflux and importantly, target processes. When this process succeeds, we are quick to declare a target. In a study reported by Sing and Dhar et al. (in press), the combination of resistant mutant generation, whole genome sequencing and recombineering to identify the target of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis growth inhibitor, pointed to a mechanism involving a scaffolding protein, Wag31, involved in polar elongation of mycobacterial cells. Time-lapse microscopy and electron microscopy confirmed the view that this inhibitor resulted in interruption of nascent cell wall biosynthesis. However, co-expression as well as regulated titration of the putative Wag31 target demonstrated that the wild-type allele was dominant and showed no synergy with the inhibitor. The most plausible explanation from their results was that this inhibitor interfered with the interaction of Wag31 with one of its interacting partners in the elongation complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-3206, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Baumgart M, Schubert K, Bramkamp M, Frunzke J. Impact of LytR-CpsA-Psr Proteins on Cell Wall Biosynthesis in Corynebacterium glutamicum. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:3045-3059. [PMID: 27551018 PMCID: PMC5075034 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00406-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins of the LCP (LytR, CpsA, Psr) family have been shown to inherit important roles in bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. However, their exact function in the formation of the complex cell wall structures of the Corynebacteriales, including the prominent pathogens Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Corynebacterium diphtheriae, remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the role of the LCP proteins LcpA and LcpB of Corynebacterium glutamicum, both of which localize at regions of nascent cell wall biosynthesis. A strain lacking lcpB did not show any growth-related or morphological phenotype under the tested conditions. In contrast, conditional silencing of the essential lcpA gene resulted in severe growth defects and drastic morphological changes. Compared to the wild-type cell wall, the cell wall of this mutant contained significantly less mycolic acids and a reduced amount of arabinogalactan. In particular, rhamnose, a specific sugar component of the linker that connects arabinogalactan and peptidoglycan, was decreased. Complementation studies of the lcpA-silencing strain with several mutated and truncated LcpA variants suggested that both periplasmic domains are essential for function whereas the cytoplasmic N-terminal part is dispensable. Successful complementation experiments with proteins of M. tuberculosis and C. diphtheriae revealed a conserved function of LCP proteins in these species. Finally, pyrophosphatase activity of LcpA was shown in an in vitro assay. Taken together, our results suggest that LCP proteins are responsible for the transfer of arabinogalactan onto peptidoglycan in actinobacterial species and support a crucial function of a so-far-uncharacterized C-terminal domain (LytR_C domain) which is frequently found at the C terminus of the LCP domain in this prokaryotic phylum. IMPORTANCE About one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and multiple-antibiotic resistance provokes the demand for novel antibiotics. The special cell wall architecture of Corynebacteriales is critical for treatments because it is either a direct target or a barrier that the drug has to cross. Here, we present the analysis of LcpA and LcpB of the closely related Corynebacterium glutamicum, the first of which is an essential protein involved in cell wall biogenesis. Our work provides a comprehensive characterization of the impact of LCP proteins on cell wall biogenesis in this medically and biotechnologically important class of bacteria. Special focus is set on the two periplasmic LcpA domains and their contributions to physiological function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meike Baumgart
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Karin Schubert
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät Biologie, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Fakultät Biologie, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julia Frunzke
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, IBG-1: Biotechnologie, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Matano C, Kolkenbrock S, Hamer SN, Sgobba E, Moerschbacher BM, Wendisch VF. Corynebacterium glutamicum possesses β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:177. [PMID: 27492186 PMCID: PMC4974736 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0795-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Gram-positive Corynebacterium glutamicum and other members of the suborder Corynebacterianeae, which includes mycobacteria, cell elongation and peptidoglycan biosynthesis is mainly due to polar growth. C. glutamicum lacks an uptake system for the peptidoglycan constituent N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), but is able to catabolize GlcNAc-6-phosphate. Due to its importance in white biotechnology and in order to ensure more sustainable processes based on non-food renewables and to reduce feedstock costs, C. glutamicum strains have previously been engineered to produce amino acids from GlcNAc. GlcNAc also is a constituent of chitin, but it is unknown if C. glutamicum possesses chitinolytic enzymes. RESULTS Chitin was shown here not to be growth substrate for C. glutamicum. However, its genome encodes a putative N-acetylglucosaminidase. The nagA 2 gene product was active as β-N-acetylglucosaminidase with 0.27 mM 4-nitrophenyl N,N'-diacetyl-β-D-chitobioside as substrate supporting half-maximal activity. NagA2 was secreted into the culture medium when overproduced with TAT and Sec dependent signal peptides, while it remained cytoplasmic when overproduced without signal peptide. Heterologous expression of exochitinase gene chiB from Serratia marcescens resulted in chitinolytic activity and ChiB secretion was enhanced when a signal peptide from C. glutamicum was used. Colloidal chitin did not support growth of a strain secreting exochitinase ChiB and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase NagA2. CONCLUSIONS C. glutamicum possesses β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. In the wild type, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase activity was too low to be detected. However, overproduction of the enzyme fused to TAT or Sec signal peptides led to secretion of active β-N-acetylglucosaminidase. The finding that concomitant secretion of endogenous NagA2 and exochitinase ChiB from S. marcescens did not entail growth with colloidal chitin as sole or combined carbon source, may indicate the requirement for higher or additional enzyme activities such as processive chitinase or endochitinase activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Matano
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.,Present Address: GSK Vaccines S.r.l., Siena, 53100, Italy
| | - Stephan Kolkenbrock
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU Münster University, 48143, Münster, Germany.,Present address: altona Diagnostics GmbH, 22767, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie N Hamer
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU Münster University, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Elvira Sgobba
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bruno M Moerschbacher
- Institute for Biology and Biotechnology of Plants, WWU Münster University, 48143, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker F Wendisch
- Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology & CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, 33501, Bielefeld, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pahlke J, Dostálová H, Holátko J, Degner U, Bott M, Pátek M, Polen T. The small 6C RNA of Corynebacterium glutamicum is involved in the SOS response. RNA Biol 2016; 13:848-60. [PMID: 27362471 PMCID: PMC5014011 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2016.1205776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The 6C RNA family is a class of small RNAs highly conserved in Actinobacteria, including the genera Mycobacterium, Streptomyces and Corynebacterium whose physiological function has not yet been elucidated. We found that strong transcription of the cgb_03605 gene, which encodes 6C RNA in C. glutamicum, was driven by the SigA- and SigB-dependent promoter Pcgb_03605. 6C RNA was detected at high level during exponential growth phase (180 to 240 molcules per cell) which even increased at the entry of the stationary phase. 6C RNA level did not decrease within 240 min after transcription had been stopped with rifampicin, which suggests high 6C RNA stability. The expression of cgb_03605 further increased approximately twofold in the presence of DNA-damaging mitomycin C (MMC) and nearly threefold in the absence of LexA. Deletion of the 6C RNA gene cgb_03605 resulted in a higher sensitivity of C. glutamicum toward MMC and UV radiation. These results indicate that 6C RNA is involved in the DNA damage response. Both 6C RNA level-dependent pausing of cell growth and branched cell morphology in response to MMC suggest that 6C RNA may also be involved in a control of cell division.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pahlke
- a Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
| | - Hana Dostálová
- b Institute of Microbiology of the CAS , v. v. i. Videnska, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Holátko
- b Institute of Microbiology of the CAS , v. v. i. Videnska, Czech Republic
| | - Ursula Degner
- a Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- a Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
| | - Miroslav Pátek
- b Institute of Microbiology of the CAS , v. v. i. Videnska, Czech Republic
| | - Tino Polen
- a Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH , Jülich , Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Donczew M, Mackiewicz P, Wróbel A, Flärdh K, Zakrzewska-Czerwińska J, Jakimowicz D. ParA and ParB coordinate chromosome segregation with cell elongation and division during Streptomyces sporulation. Open Biol 2016; 6:150263. [PMID: 27248800 PMCID: PMC4852455 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.150263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In unicellular bacteria, the ParA and ParB proteins segregate chromosomes and coordinate this process with cell division and chromosome replication. During sporulation of mycelial Streptomyces, ParA and ParB uniformly distribute multiple chromosomes along the filamentous sporogenic hyphal compartment, which then differentiates into a chain of unigenomic spores. However, chromosome segregation must be coordinated with cell elongation and multiple divisions. Here, we addressed the question of whether ParA and ParB are involved in the synchronization of cell-cycle processes during sporulation in Streptomyces To answer this question, we used time-lapse microscopy, which allows the monitoring of growth and division of single sporogenic hyphae. We showed that sporogenic hyphae stop extending at the time of ParA accumulation and Z-ring formation. We demonstrated that both ParA and ParB affect the rate of hyphal extension. Additionally, we showed that ParA promotes the formation of massive nucleoprotein complexes by ParB. We also showed that FtsZ ring assembly is affected by the ParB protein and/or unsegregated DNA. Our results indicate the existence of a checkpoint between the extension and septation of sporogenic hyphae that involves the ParA and ParB proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Donczew
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14A, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Paweł Mackiewicz
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14A, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Wróbel
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14A, Wrocław 50-383, Poland
| | - Klas Flärdh
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, Lund 22362, Sweden
| | - Jolanta Zakrzewska-Czerwińska
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14A, Wrocław 50-383, Poland Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, Wrocław 53-114, Poland
| | - Dagmara Jakimowicz
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Joliot-Curie 14A, Wrocław 50-383, Poland Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Weigla 12, Wrocław 53-114, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Haeusser DP, Margolin W. Splitsville: structural and functional insights into the dynamic bacterial Z ring. Nat Rev Microbiol 2016; 14:305-19. [PMID: 27040757 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacteria must divide to increase in number and colonize their niche. Binary fission is the most widespread means of bacterial cell division, but even this relatively simple mechanism has many variations on a theme. In most bacteria, the tubulin homologue FtsZ assembles into a ring structure, termed the Z ring, at the site of cytokinesis and recruits additional proteins to form a large protein machine - the divisome - that spans the membrane. In this Review, we discuss current insights into the regulation of the assembly of the Z ring and how the divisome drives membrane invagination and septal cell wall growth while flexibly responding to various cellular inputs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Haeusser
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.,Biology Department, Canisius College, 2001 Main Street, Buffalo, New York 14208, USA
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, McGovern Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Zhang YC, Zhang Y, Zhu BR, Zhang BW, Ni C, Zhang DY, Huang Y, Pang E, Lin K. Genome sequences of two closely related strains of Escherichia coli K-12 GM4792. Stand Genomic Sci 2015; 10:125. [PMID: 26664654 PMCID: PMC4675052 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-015-0114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli lab strains K-12 GM4792 Lac+ and GM4792 Lac- carry opposite lactose markers, which are useful for distinguishing evolved lines as they produce different colored colonies. The two closely related strains are chosen as ancestors for our ongoing studies of experimental evolution. Here, we describe the genome sequences, annotation, and features of GM4792 Lac+ and GM4792 Lac-. GM4792 Lac+ has a 4,622,342-bp long chromosome with 4,061 protein-coding genes and 83 RNA genes. Similarly, the genome of GM4792 Lac- consists of a 4,621,656-bp chromosome containing 4,043 protein-coding genes and 74 RNA genes. Genome comparison analysis reveals that the differences between GM4792 Lac+ and GM4792 Lac- are minimal and limited to only the targeted lac region. Moreover, a previous study on competitive experimentation indicates the two strains are identical or nearly identical in survivability except for lactose utilization in a nitrogen-limited environment. Therefore, at both a genetic and a phenotypic level, GM4792 Lac+ and GM4792 Lac-, with opposite neutral markers, are ideal systems for future experimental evolution studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Cong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China ; Present address: National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Bi-Ru Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Bo-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Chuan Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China ; Present address: The second high school attached to Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100192 China
| | - Da-Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Ying Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, and National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Erli Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China
| | - Kui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology and MOE Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875 China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Adams DW, Wu LJ, Errington J. Cell cycle regulation by the bacterial nucleoid. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 22:94-101. [PMID: 25460802 PMCID: PMC4726725 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2014.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nucleoid occlusion prevents cell division over the bacterial chromosome. Nucleoid occlusion factors identified in B. subtilis, E. coli and S. aureus. Noc and SlmA are sequence specific DNA-binding proteins. They both act as spatial and temporal regulators of cell division. Using some basic general principles bacteria employ diverse regulatory mechanisms.
Division site selection presents a fundamental challenge to all organisms. Bacterial cells are small and the chromosome (nucleoid) often fills most of the cell volume. Thus, in order to maximise fitness and avoid damaging the genetic material, cell division must be tightly co-ordinated with chromosome replication and segregation. To achieve this, bacteria employ a number of different mechanisms to regulate division site selection. One such mechanism, termed nucleoid occlusion, allows the nucleoid to protect itself by acting as a template for nucleoid occlusion factors, which prevent Z-ring assembly over the DNA. These factors are sequence-specific DNA-binding proteins that exploit the precise organisation of the nucleoid, allowing them to act as both spatial and temporal regulators of bacterial cell division. The identification of proteins responsible for this process has provided a molecular understanding of nucleoid occlusion but it has also prompted the realisation that substantial levels of redundancy exist between the diverse systems that bacteria employ to ensure that division occurs in the right place, at the right time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David William Adams
- Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Baddiley-Clark Building, Medical School, Newcastle University, Richardson Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE2 4AX, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Single-Domain Peptidyl-Prolyl cis/trans Isomerase FkpA from Corynebacterium glutamicum Improves the Biomass Yield at Increased Growth Temperatures. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:7839-50. [PMID: 26341203 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02113-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) catalyze the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues and were found to be involved in several biological processes, including gene expression, signal transduction, and protein secretion. Representative enzymes were found in almost all sequenced genomes, including Corynebacterium glutamicum, a facultative anaerobic Gram-positive and industrial workhorse for the production of amino acids. In C. glutamicum, a predicted single-domain FK-506 (tacrolimus) binding protein (FKBP)-type PPIase (FkpA) is encoded directly downstream of gltA, which encodes citrate synthase (CS). This gene cluster is also present in other Actinobacteria. Here we carried out in vitro and in vivo experiments to study the function and influence of predicted FkpA in C. glutamicum. In vitro, FkpA indeed shows typical PPIase activity with artificial substrates and is inhibited by FK-506. Furthermore, FkpA delays the aggregation of CS, which is also inhibited by FK-506. Surprisingly, FkpA has a positive effect on the activity and temperature range of CS in vitro. Deletion of fkpA causes a 50% reduced biomass yield compared to that of the wild type when grown at 37°C, whereas there is only a 10% reduced biomass yield at the optimal growth temperature of 30°C accompanied by accumulation of 7 mM l-glutamate and 22 mM 2-oxoglutarate. Thus, FkpA may be exploited for improved product formation in biotechnical processes. Comparative transcriptome analysis revealed 69 genes which exhibit ≥2-fold mRNA level changes in C. glutamicum ΔfkpA, giving insight into the transcriptional response upon mild heat stress when FkpA is absent.
Collapse
|
45
|
Sinha A, Eniyan K, Sinha S, Lynn AM, Bajpai U. Functional analysis of TPM domain containing Rv2345 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis identifies its phosphatase activity. Protein Expr Purif 2015; 111:23-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
46
|
Gola S, Munder T, Casonato S, Manganelli R, Vicente M. The essential role of SepF in mycobacterial division. Mol Microbiol 2015; 97:560-76. [DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Gola
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - CSIC; Calle Darwin 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| | - Thomas Munder
- Department of Medical Engineering and Biotechnology; Ernst-Abbe-Hochschule Jena - University of Applied Sciences; Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 2 07745 Jena Germany
| | - Stefano Casonato
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padova; V. Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Riccardo Manganelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Padova; V. Gabelli 63 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Miguel Vicente
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología - CSIC; Calle Darwin 3 28049 Madrid Spain
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Jahn M, Günther S, Müller S. Non-random distribution of macromolecules as driving forces for phenotypic variation. Curr Opin Microbiol 2015; 25:49-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
48
|
Rowlett VW, Margolin W. The Min system and other nucleoid-independent regulators of Z ring positioning. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:478. [PMID: 26029202 PMCID: PMC4429545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rod-shaped bacteria such as E. coli have mechanisms to position their cell division plane at the precise center of the cell, to ensure that the daughter cells are equal in size. The two main mechanisms are the Min system and nucleoid occlusion (NO), both of which work by inhibiting assembly of FtsZ, the tubulin-like scaffold that forms the cytokinetic Z ring. Whereas NO prevents Z rings from constricting over unsegregated nucleoids, the Min system is nucleoid-independent and even functions in cells lacking nucleoids and thus NO. The Min proteins of E. coli and B. subtilis form bipolar gradients that inhibit Z ring formation most at the cell poles and least at the nascent division plane. This article will outline the molecular mechanisms behind Min function in E. coli and B. subtilis, and discuss distinct Z ring positioning systems in other bacterial species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica W Rowlett
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| | - William Margolin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Medical School at Houston , Houston, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Sieger B, Bramkamp M. Interaction sites of DivIVA and RodA from Corynebacterium glutamicum. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:738. [PMID: 25709601 PMCID: PMC4285798 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Elongation growth in actinobacteria is localized at the cell poles. This is in contrast to many classical model organisms where insertion of new cell wall material is localized around the lateral site. We previously described a role of RodA from Corynebacterium glutamicum in apical cell growth and morphogenesis. Deletion of rodA had drastic effects on morphology and growth, likely a result from misregulation of penicillin-binding proteins and cell wall precursor delivery. We identified the interaction of RodA with the polar scaffold protein DivIVA, thus explaining subcellular localization of RodA to the cell poles. In this study, we describe this interaction in detail and map the interaction sites of DivIVA and RodA. A single amino acid residue in the N-terminal domain of DivIVA was found to be crucial for the interaction with RodA. The interaction site of RodA was mapped to its cytoplasmic, C-terminal domain, in a region encompassing the last 10 amino acids (AAs). Deletion of these 10 AAs significantly decreased the interaction efficiency with DivIVA. Our results corroborate the interaction of DivIVA and RodA, underscoring the important role of DivIVA as a spatial organizer of the elongation machinery in Corynebacterineae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Sieger
- Biocenter - Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Bramkamp
- Biocenter - Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Meier-Kolthoff JP, Hahnke RL, Petersen J, Scheuner C, Michael V, Fiebig A, Rohde C, Rohde M, Fartmann B, Goodwin LA, Chertkov O, Reddy TBK, Pati A, Ivanova NN, Markowitz V, Kyrpides NC, Woyke T, Göker M, Klenk HP. Complete genome sequence of DSM 30083(T), the type strain (U5/41(T)) of Escherichia coli, and a proposal for delineating subspecies in microbial taxonomy. Stand Genomic Sci 2014; 9:2. [PMID: 25780495 PMCID: PMC4334874 DOI: 10.1186/1944-3277-9-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 376] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Escherichia coli is the most widely studied bacterial model organism and often considered to be the model bacterium per se, its type strain was until now forgotten from microbial genomics. As a part of the G enomic E ncyclopedia of B acteria and A rchaea project, we here describe the features of E. coli DSM 30083(T) together with its genome sequence and annotation as well as novel aspects of its phenotype. The 5,038,133 bp containing genome sequence includes 4,762 protein-coding genes and 175 RNA genes as well as a single plasmid. Affiliation of a set of 250 genome-sequenced E. coli strains, Shigella and outgroup strains to the type strain of E. coli was investigated using digital DNA:DNA-hybridization (dDDH) similarities and differences in genomic G+C content. As in the majority of previous studies, results show Shigella spp. embedded within E. coli and in most cases forming a single subgroup of it. Phylogenomic trees also recover the proposed E. coli phylotypes as monophyla with minor exceptions and place DSM 30083(T) in phylotype B2 with E. coli S88 as its closest neighbor. The widely used lab strain K-12 is not only genomically but also physiologically strongly different from the type strain. The phylotypes do not express a uniform level of character divergence as measured using dDDH, however, thus an alternative arrangement is proposed and discussed in the context of bacterial subspecies. Analyses of the genome sequences of a large number of E. coli strains and of strains from > 100 other bacterial genera indicate a value of 79-80% dDDH as the most promising threshold for delineating subspecies, which in turn suggests the presence of five subspecies within E. coli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jan P Meier-Kolthoff
- />Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Richard L Hahnke
- />Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jörn Petersen
- />Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Carmen Scheuner
- />Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Victoria Michael
- />Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Anne Fiebig
- />Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christine Rohde
- />Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- />Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstraße 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - TBK Reddy
- />DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, Ca USA
| | - Amrita Pati
- />DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, Ca USA
| | | | | | - Nikos C Kyrpides
- />DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, Ca USA
- />Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tanja Woyke
- />DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, Ca USA
| | - Markus Göker
- />Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- />Leibniz Institute DSMZ – German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|