1
|
Sun J, Wen S, Wang Z, Liu W, Lin Y, Gu J, Mao W, Xu X, He Q, Cai X. Glaesserella parasuis QseBC two-component system senses epinephrine and regulates capD expression. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0150823. [PMID: 37882555 PMCID: PMC10714720 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01508-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The key bacterial pathogen Glaesserella parasuis, which can cause Glässer's disease, has caused significant financial losses to the swine industry worldwide. Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) is an important virulence factor for bacteria, providing the ability to avoid recognition and killing by the host immune system. Exploring the alteration of CPS synthesis in G. parasuis in response to epinephrine stimulation can lay the groundwork for revealing the pathogenic mechanism of G. parasuis as well as providing ideas for Glässer's disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Siting Wen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Lin
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiayun Gu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weiting Mao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaojuan Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qigai He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xuwang Cai
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Purtov YA, Ozoline ON. Neuromodulators as Interdomain Signaling Molecules Capable of Occupying Effector Binding Sites in Bacterial Transcription Factors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15863. [PMID: 37958845 PMCID: PMC10647483 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormones and neurotransmitters are important components of inter-kingdom signaling systems that ensure the coexistence of eukaryotes with their microbial community. Their ability to affect bacterial physiology, metabolism, and gene expression was evidenced by various experimental approaches, but direct penetration into bacteria has only recently been reported. This opened the possibility of considering neuromodulators as potential effectors of bacterial ligand-dependent regulatory proteins. Here, we assessed the validity of this assumption for the neurotransmitters epinephrine, dopamine, and norepinephrine and two hormones (melatonin and serotonin). Using flexible molecular docking for transcription factors with ligand-dependent activity, we assessed the ability of neuromodulators to occupy their effector binding sites. For many transcription factors, including the global regulator of carbohydrate metabolism, CRP, and the key regulator of lactose assimilation, LacI, this ability was predicted based on the analysis of several 3D models. By occupying the ligand binding site, neuromodulators can sterically hinder the interaction of the target proteins with the natural effectors or even replace them. The data obtained suggest that the direct modulation of the activity of at least some bacterial transcriptional factors by neuromodulators is possible. Therefore, the natural hormonal background may be a factor that preadapts bacteria to the habitat through direct perception of host signaling molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuri A. Purtov
- Department of Functional Genomics of Prokaryotes, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| | - Olga N. Ozoline
- Department of Functional Genomics of Prokaryotes, Institute of Cell Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino 142290, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Niu L, Gao M, Wen S, Wang F, Shangguan H, Guo Z, Zhang R, Ge J. Effects of Catecholamine Stress Hormones Norepinephrine and Epinephrine on Growth, Antimicrobial Susceptibility, Biofilm Formation, and Gene Expressions of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15646. [PMID: 37958634 PMCID: PMC10649963 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a significant contributor to diarrhea. To determine whether ETEC-catecholamine hormone interactions contribute to the development of diarrhea, we tested the effects of catecholamine hormones acting on ETEC in vitro. The results showed that in the presence of norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi), the growth of 9 out of 10 ETEC isolates was promoted, the MICs of more than 60% of the isolates to 6 antibiotics significantly increased, and the biofilm formation ability of 10 ETEC isolates was also promoted. In addition, NE and Epi also significantly upregulated the expression of the virulence genes feaG, estA, estB, and elt. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression of 290 genes was affected by NE. These data demonstrated that catecholamine hormones may augment the diarrhea caused by ETEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingdi Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Mingchun Gao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Shanshan Wen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Haikun Shangguan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Zhiyuan Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Runxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Junwei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Harbin 150030, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Luqman A. The orchestra of human bacteriome by hormones. Microb Pathog 2023; 180:106125. [PMID: 37119938 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Human microbiome interact reciprocally with the host. Recent findings showed the capability of microorganisms to response towards host signaling molecules, such as hormones. Studies confirmed the complex response of bacteria in response to hormones exposure. These hormones impact many aspects on bacteria, such as the growth, metabolism, and virulence. The effects of each hormone seem to be species-specific. The most studied hormones are cathecolamines also known as stress hormones that consists of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine. These hormones affect the growth of bacteria either inhibit or enhance by acting like a siderophore. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have also been reported to activate QseBC, a quorum sensing in Gram-negative bacteria and eventually enhances the virulence of pathogens. Other hormones were also reported to play a role in shaping human microbiome composition and affect their behavior. Considering the complex response of bacteria on hormones, it highlights the necessity to take the impact of hormones on bacteria into account in studying human health in relation to human microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arif Luqman
- Biology Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Surabaya, Indonesia.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan X, Dai K, Gu C, Yu Z, He M, Xiao W, Zhao M, He L. Deletion of two-component system QseBC weakened virulence of Glaesserella parasuis in a murine acute infection model and adhesion to host cells. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13648. [PMID: 35769141 PMCID: PMC9235811 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread two-component system (TCS), QseBC, involves vital virulence regulators in Enterobacteriaceae and Pasteurellaceae. Here we studied the function of QseBC in Glaesserella parasuis. A ΔqseBC mutant was constructed using a Glaesserella parasuis serovar 11 clinical strain SC1401 by natural transformation. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate cellular adhesion, the levels of inflammation and apoptosis. The ability of ΔqseBC and ΔqseC mutant strains to adhere to PAM and MLE-12 cells was significantly reduced. Additionally, by focusing on the clinical signs, H&E, and IFA for inflammation and apoptosis, we found that the ΔqseBC mutant weakened virulence in the murine models. Together, these findings suggest that QseBC plays an important role in the virulence of Glaesserella parasuis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ke Dai
- Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Congwei Gu
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zehui Yu
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Manli He
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | | | - Lvqin He
- Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lyte JM, Martinez DA, Robinson K, Donoghue AM, Daniels KM, Lyte M. A neurochemical biogeography of the broiler chicken intestinal tract. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101671. [PMID: 35066383 PMCID: PMC8783147 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of neurochemical-based interkingdom signaling and its impact on host-microbe interaction is called microbial endocrinology. Neurochemicals play a recognized role in determining bacterial colonization and interaction with the gut epithelium. While much attention has been devoted to the determination of neurochemical concentrations in the mammalian gut to better understand tissue and region-specific microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms of host-microbe interaction, little is known regarding the biogeography of neurochemicals in the avian gut. Greater resolution of avian gut neurochemical concentrations is needed especially as recent microbial endocrinology-based investigations into bacterial foodborne pathogen colonization of the chicken gut have demonstrated neurochemicals to affect Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella spp. in vivo and in vitro. The aim of the present study was to determine the concentrations of stress-related neurochemicals in the tissue and luminal content of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon of the broiler intestinal tract, and to investigate if this biogeography changes with age of the bird. While all neurochemicals measured were detected in the intestinal tract, many displayed differences in regional concentrations. Whereas the catecholamine norepinephrine was detected in each region of the intestinal tract, epinephrine was present only in the cecum and colon. Likewise, dopamine, and its metabolite 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid were found in the greatest quantities in the cecum and colon. Serotonin and histamine were identified in each gut region. Region-specific age-related changes were observed (P < 0.05) for serotonin, its metabolite 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid as well as for histamine. Several neurochemicals, including norepinephrine, were found in the contents of each gut region. Epinephrine was not detected in the gut content of any region. Salsolinol, a microbial-produced neuroactive compound was detected in the gut content but not in tissue. Together, our data establish a neurochemical biogeography of the broiler chicken intestinal tract. By providing researchers with a region-by-region map of in vivo gut neurochemical concentrations of a modern broiler chicken breed, this neurochemical map is expected to inform future investigations that seek to utilize avian enteric neurochemistry.
Collapse
|
7
|
Boukerb AM, Cambronel M, Rodrigues S, Mesguida O, Knowlton R, Feuilloley MGJ, Zommiti M, Connil N. Inter-Kingdom Signaling of Stress Hormones: Sensing, Transport and Modulation of Bacterial Physiology. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:690942. [PMID: 34690943 PMCID: PMC8526972 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.690942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have coexisted for millions of years. The hormonal communication between microorganisms and their hosts, dubbed inter-kingdom signaling, is a recent field of research. Eukaryotic signals such as hormones, neurotransmitters or immune system molecules have been shown to modulate bacterial physiology. Among them, catecholamines hormones epinephrine/norepinephrine, released during stress and physical effort, or used therapeutically as inotropes have been described to affect bacterial behaviors (i.e., motility, biofilm formation, virulence) of various Gram-negative bacteria (e.g., Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio sp.). More recently, these molecules were also shown to influence the physiology of some Gram-positive bacteria like Enterococcus faecalis. In E. coli and S. enterica, the stress-associated mammalian hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine trigger a signaling cascade by interacting with the QseC histidine sensor kinase protein. No catecholamine sensors have been well described yet in other bacteria. This review aims to provide an up to date report on catecholamine sensors in eukaryotes and prokaryotes, their transport, and known effects on bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Mohamed Boukerb
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Melyssa Cambronel
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Sophie Rodrigues
- EA 3884, LBCM, IUEM, Université de Bretagne-Sud, Lorient, France
| | - Ouiza Mesguida
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Rikki Knowlton
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marc G J Feuilloley
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Mohamed Zommiti
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| | - Nathalie Connil
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Signaux et Microenvironnement EA 4312, Université de Rouen, Normandie Université, Évreux, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guo F, Guo J, Cui Y, Cao X, Zhou H, Su X, Yang B, Blackall PJ, Xu F. Exposure to Sublethal Ciprofloxacin Induces Resistance to Ciprofloxacin and Cross-Antibiotics, and Reduction of Fitness, Biofilm Formation, and Apx Toxin Secretion in Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Microb Drug Resist 2021; 27:1290-1300. [PMID: 33739878 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, the etiological agent of porcine pleuropneumonia, is increasingly resistant to antibiotics. However, little is known about the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in this pathogen. In this study, we experimentally evolved the reference strain of both A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 and serovar 7, the most prevalent serovars worldwide, to quinolone resistance by sequential exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin. The adaptive ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of A. pleuropneumoniae serovar 1 and serovar 7 had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) increment from 0.004 to 1 or 2 μg/mL, respectively. Adaptation to ciprofloxacin was shown to confer quinolone resistance with a 32- to 512-fold increase (serovars 1 and 7, respectively) as well as cross-resistance to ampicillin with an increased MIC by 16,384- and 64-fold (serovars 1 and 7, respectively). The genetic analysis of quinolone resistance-determining region mutations showed that substitutions occurred in gyrA (S83A) and parC (D84N) of serovar 1, and gyrA (D87N) of serovar 7. The ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants showed significantly reduced bacterial fitness. The mutants also showed changes in efflux ability and biofilm formation. Notably, the transcription and secretion levels of Apx toxins were dramatically reduced in ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants compared with their wild-type strains. Altogether, these results demonstrated marked phenotypic changes in ciprofloxacin-resistant mutants of A. pleuropneumoniae. The results stress the need for further studies on the impact of both the genotypic and phenotypic characteristics of A. pleuropneumoniae following exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yifang Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Patrick J Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Fuzhou Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Serotonin modulates Campylobacter jejuni physiology and invitro interaction with the gut epithelium. Poult Sci 2021; 100:100944. [PMID: 33652538 PMCID: PMC7936195 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial endocrinology, which is the study of neurochemical-based host–microbe interaction, has demonstrated that neurochemicals affect bacterial pathogenicity. A variety of neurochemicals, including norepinephrine, were shown to enhance intestinal epithelial colonization by Campylobacter jejuni. Yet, little is known whether serotonin, an abundant neurochemical produced in the gut, affects the physiology of C. jejuni and its interaction with the host gut epithelium. Considering the avian gut produces serotonin and serves as a major reservoir of C. jejuni, we sought to investigate whether serotonin can affect C. jejuni physiology and gut epithelial colonization in vitro. We first determined the biogeographical distribution of serotonin concentrations in the serosa, mucosa, as well as the luminal contents of the broiler chicken ileum, cecum, and colon. Serotonin concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in the mucosa and serosa compared to the luminal content in each gut region examined. Among the ileum, colon, and cecum, the colon was found to contain the greatest concentrations of serotonin. We then investigated whether serotonin may effect changes in C. jejuni growth and motility in vitro. The C. jejuni used in this study was previously isolated from the broiler chicken ceca. Serotonin at concentrations of 1mM or below did not elicit changes in growth (P > 0.05) or motility (P > 0.05) of C. jejuni. Next, we utilized liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry to investigate whether serotonin affected the proteome of C. jejuni. Serotonin caused (P < 0.05) the downregulation of a protein (CJJ81176_1037) previously identified to be essential in C. jejuni colonization. Based on our findings, we evaluated whether serotonin would cause a functional change in C. jejuni adhesion and invasion of the HT29MTX-E12 colonic epithelial cell line. Serotonin was found to cause a reduction in adhesion (P < 0.05) but not invasion (P > 0.05). Together, we have identified a potential role for serotonin in modulating C. jejuni colonization in the gut in vitro. Further studies are required to understand the practical implications of these findings for the control of C. jejuni enteric colonization in vivo.
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu M, Lyte M. Pyruvate is required for catecholamine-stimulated growth of different strains of Campylobacter jejuni. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10011. [PMID: 33062434 PMCID: PMC7528810 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans and food-producing animals are constantly exposed to and affected by stress. As a consequence of stress, the release of stress-related catecholamines, such as norepinephrine (NE) and dopamine (DA), from nerve terminals in the gastrointestinal tract potentiates both the growth and the virulence of pathogenic bacteria. This may lead to the enhancement of gastrointestinal infections in humans or food-producing animals. Compared with foodborne bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp., less is known about the effect of stress catecholamines on Campylobacter jejuni subsp. jejuni. The present study focuses on the effect(s) of stress catecholamines DA and NE in iron-restricted media and how they affect the growth of different C. jejuni strains NCTC 11168, 81-176, and ML2126. Results demonstrated that DA- and NE-enhanced growth of C. jejuni in iron-restricted media may involve different mechanisms that cannot be explained by current understanding which relies on catecholamine-mediated iron delivery. Specifically, we found that DA-enhanced growth requires pyruvate, whereas NE-enhanced growth does not. We further report significant strain-specific dependence of C. jejuni growth on various catecholamines in the presence or absence of pyruvate. These data provide novel insights into the effect(s) of stress catecholamines on the in vitro growth of C. jejuni in iron-restricted environments, such as the intestinal tract. They suggest a mechanism by which stress-related catecholamines affect the growth of C. jejuni in the intestinal tract of food-producing animals, which in turn may influence colonization and transmission to humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meicen Liu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| | - Mark Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Unexpected Cell Wall Alteration-Mediated Bactericidal Activity of the Antifungal Caspofungin against Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcus faecium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.01261-20. [PMID: 32778553 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01261-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecium has become a major opportunistic pathogen with the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE). As part of the gut microbiota, they have to cope with numerous stresses, including effects of antibiotics and other xenobiotics, especially in patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs) who receive many medications. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the most frequently prescribed xenobiotics for ICU patients on fitness, pathogenicity, and antimicrobial resistance of the vanB-positive E. faecium Aus0004 reference strain. Several phenotypic analyses were carried out, and we observed that caspofungin, an antifungal agent belonging to the family of echinocandins, had an important effect on E. faecium growth in vitro We confirmed this effect by electron microscopy and peptidoglycan analysis and showed that, even at a subinhibitory concentration (1/4× MIC, 8 mg/liter), caspofungin had an impact on cell wall organization, especially with respect to the abundance of some muropeptide precursors. By transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), it was also shown that around 20% of the transcriptome was altered in the presence of caspofungin, with 321 and 259 significantly upregulated and downregulated genes, respectively. Since the fungal target of caspofungin (i.e., β-1,3-glucan synthase) was absent in bacteria, the mechanistic pathway of caspofungin activity was investigated. The repression of genes involved in the metabolism of pyruvate seemed to have a drastic impact on bacterial cell viability, while a decrease of glycerol metabolism could explain the conformational modifications of peptidoglycan. This is the first report of caspofungin antibacterial activity against E. faecium, highlighting the potential impact of nonantibiotic xenobiotics against bacterial pathogens.
Collapse
|
12
|
An Investigation of the Effect of Catecholamines and Glucocorticoids on the Growth and Pathogenicity of Campylobacter jejuni. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070555. [PMID: 32664224 PMCID: PMC7400237 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter spp. are major causes of foodborne illness globally, and are mostly transmitted through the consumption and handling of poultry. Campylobacter infections have widely variable outcomes, ranging from mild enteritis to severe illness, which are attributed to host interactions and the virulence of the infecting strain. In this study, in order to investigate the effect of host stress on the growth and pathogenicity of C. jejuni, three strains associated with human infection and two strains from broilers were subject to growth, motility, adhesion and invasion assays, in response to exposure to catecholamines; epinephrine, norepinephrine and the glucocorticoid neuroendocrine hormones corticosterone, cortisol and cortisone which are associated with stress in humans and broilers. Catecholamines resulted in significantly increased growth, adhesion and invasion of Caco-2 cells. Corticosterone promoted growth in one of five strains, and cortisone resulted in a significant increase in motility in two out of five strains, while no significant differences were observed with the addition of cortisol. It was concluded that stress-associated hormones, especially catecholamines, may promote growth and virulence in Campylobacter.
Collapse
|
13
|
Tejera N, Crossman L, Pearson B, Stoakes E, Nasher F, Djeghout B, Poolman M, Wain J, Singh D. Genome-Scale Metabolic Model Driven Design of a Defined Medium for Campylobacter jejuni M1cam. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1072. [PMID: 32636809 PMCID: PMC7318876 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, the most frequent cause of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis, is a fastidious organism when grown in the laboratory. Oxygen is required for growth, despite the presence of the metabolic mechanism for anaerobic respiration. Amino acid auxotrophies are variably reported and energy metabolism can occur through several electron donor/acceptor combinations. Overall, the picture is one of a flexible, but vulnerable metabolism. To understand Campylobacter metabolism, we have constructed a fully curated, metabolic model for the reference organism M1 (our variant is M1cam) and validated it through laboratory experiments. Our results show that M1cam is auxotrophic for methionine, niacinamide, and pantothenate. There are complete biosynthesis pathways for all amino acids except methionine and it can produce energy, but not biomass, in the absence of oxygen. M1cam will grow in DMEM/F-12 defined media but not in the previously published Campylobacter specific defined media tested. Using the model, we identified potential auxotrophies and substrates that may improve growth. With this information, we designed simple defined media containing inorganic salts, the auxotrophic substrates, L-methionine, niacinamide, and pantothenate, pyruvate and additional amino acids L-cysteine, L-serine, and L-glutamine for growth enhancement. Our defined media supports a 1.75-fold higher growth rate than Brucella broth after 48 h at 37°C and sustains the growth of other Campylobacter jejuni strains. This media can be used to design reproducible assays that can help in better understanding the adaptation, stress resistance, and the virulence mechanisms of this pathogen. We have shown that with a well-curated metabolic model it is possible to design a media to grow this fastidious organism. This has implications for the investigation of new Campylobacter species defined through metagenomics, such as C. infans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Tejera
- Microbes in Food Chain, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa Crossman
- Microbes in Food Chain, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom.,SequenceAnalysis.co.uk, NRP Innovation Centre, Norwich, United Kingdom.,University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce Pearson
- Microbes in Food Chain, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Stoakes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Fauzy Nasher
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bilal Djeghout
- Microbes in Food Chain, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Poolman
- Cell Systems Modelling Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John Wain
- Microbes in Food Chain, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Dipali Singh
- Microbes in Food Chain, Quadram Institute Biosciences, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Xi D, Alter T, Einspanier R, Sharbati S, Gölz G. Campylobacter jejuni genes Cj1492c and Cj1507c are involved in host cell adhesion and invasion. Gut Pathog 2020; 12:8. [PMID: 32064001 PMCID: PMC7011364 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-020-00347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) has been assigned as an important food-borne pathogen for human health but many pathogenicity factors of C. jejuni and human host cell responses related to the infection have not yet been adequately clarified. This study aimed to determine further C. jejuni pathogenicity factors and virulence genes based on a random mutagenesis approach. A transposon mutant library of C. jejuni NCTC 11168 was constructed and the ability of individual mutants to adhere to and invade human intestinal epithelial cells was evaluated compared to the wild type. We identified two mutants of C. jejuni possessing altered phenotypes with transposon insertions in the genes Cj1492c and Cj1507c. Cj1492c is annotated as a two-component sensor and Cj1507c is described as a regulatory protein. However, functions of both mutated genes are not clarified so far. Results In comparison to the wild type, Cj::1492c and Cj::1507c showed around 70-80% relative motility and Cj::1492c had around 3-times enhanced adhesion and invasion rates whereas Cj::1507c had significantly impaired adhesive and invasive capability. Moreover, Cj::1492c had a longer lag phase and slower growth rate while Cj::1507c showed similar growth compared to the wild type. Between 5 and 24 h post infection, more than 60% of the intracellular wild type C. jejuni were eliminated in HT-29/B6 cells, however, significantly fewer mutants were able to survive intracellularly. Nevertheless, no difference in host cell viability and induction of the pro-inflammatory chemokine IL-8 were determined between both mutants and the wild type. Conclusion We conclude that genes regulated by Cj1507c have an impact on efficient adhesion, invasion and intracellular survival of C. jejuni in HT-29/B6 cells. Furthermore, potential signal sensing by Cj1492c seems to lead to limiting attachment and hence internalisation of C. jejuni. However, as the intracellular survival capacities are reduced, we suggest that signal sensing by Cj1492c impacts several processes related to pathogenicity of C. jejuni.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- De Xi
- 1Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Alter
- 2Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Einspanier
- 1Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Soroush Sharbati
- 1Institute of Veterinary Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Greta Gölz
- 2Institute of Food Safety and Food Hygiene, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang C, Zhou H, Guo F, Yang B, Su X, Lin J, Xu F. Oral Immunization of Chickens with Lactococcus lactis Expressing cjaA Temporarily Reduces Campylobacter jejuni Colonization. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2019; 17:366-372. [PMID: 31718285 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2019.2727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of human foodborne enteritis worldwide. Poultry products are regarded as the main source of human campylobacteriosis. Strategies are being developed to reduce colonization of poultry by Campylobacter. The membrane transport protein CjaA was reported to stimulate mucosal immune responses, which can reduce the C. jejuni load in chickens. In this study, oral immunization of broilers with food-grade Lactococcus lactis NZ3900/pNZ8149 carrying the C. jejuni cjaA gene was examined for the ability to reduce colonization of broilers by Campylobacter. The Usp45 signal peptide and the Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) gene fragments were inserted into the upstream and downstream of the cjaA gene for secretory expression and immune enhancement, respectively. The cjaA gene and the fusion cjaA-ltb gene were both expressed in recombinant L. lactis, and the single cjaA gene was secretory expressed in the recombinant strain. Oral administration of two recombinant L. lactis strains expressing the cjaA gene and the fusion cjaA-ltb gene both stimulated specific anti-CjaA serum IgY responses significantly. While the average intestinal sIgA responses in these groups were higher compared with the control groups, they were not significantly different. Chicken challenge experiments showed that the colonization levels of C. jejuni in the groups provided oral immunization with two recombinant L. lactis-delivered CjaA strains were significantly lower than that of the control group at 5 d postinoculation, but there was no significant difference in C. jejuni colonization among all groups at 9 d. These results indicated that recombinant L. lactis with secretory expression of CjaA is a promising live vector vaccine against C. jejuni colonization of chickens. The immunization regimen requires further optimization to ideally stimulate detectable levels of intestinal sIgA to enhance the level of inhibition of C. jejuni colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanwen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongzhuan Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Lin
- Department of Animal Science, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Fuzhou Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Prevention and Control of Infectious Diseases in Livestock and Poultry, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Lyte JM, Lyte M. Review: Microbial endocrinology: intersection of microbiology and neurobiology matters to swine health from infection to behavior. Animal 2019; 13:2689-2698. [PMID: 30806347 DOI: 10.1017/s1751731119000284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
From birth to slaughter, pigs are in constant interaction with microorganisms. Exposure of the skin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, and other systems allows microorganisms to affect the developmental trajectory and function of porcine physiology as well as impact behavior. These routes of communication are bi-directional, allowing the swine host to likewise influence microbial survival, function and community composition. Microbial endocrinology is the study of the bi-directional dialogue between host and microbe. Indeed, the landmark discovery of host neuroendocrine systems as hubs of host-microbe communication revealed neurochemicals act as an inter-kingdom evolutionary-based language between microorganism and host. Several such neurochemicals are stress catecholamines, which have been shown to drastically increase host susceptibility to infection and augment virulence of important swine pathogens, including Clostridium perfringens. Catecholamines, the production of which increase in response to stress, reach the epithelium of multiple tissues, including the gastrointestinal tract and lung, where they initiate diverse responses by members of the microbiome as well as transient microorganisms, including pathogens and opportunistic pathogens. Multiple laboratories have confirmed the evolutionary role of microbial endocrinology in infectious disease pathogenesis extending from animals to even plants. More recent investigations have now shown that microbial endocrinology also plays a role in animal behavior through the microbiota-gut-brain axis. As stress and disease are ever-present, intersecting concerns during each stage of swine production, novel strategies utilizing a microbial endocrinology-based approach will likely prove invaluable to the swine industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Lyte
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - M Lyte
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology & Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hadjivasilis A, Tsioutis C, Michalinos A, Ntourakis D, Christodoulou DK, Agouridis AP. New insights into irritable bowel syndrome: from pathophysiology to treatment. Ann Gastroenterol 2019; 32:554-564. [PMID: 31700231 PMCID: PMC6826071 DOI: 10.20524/aog.2019.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common reason to visit a gastroenterologist. IBS was believed to be a functional disease, but many possible pathophysiologic mechanisms can now explain the symptoms. IBS patients are classified into subtypes according to their predominant bowel habit, based on the Rome IV criteria. These include diarrhea-predominant and constipation-predominant IBS, as well as the mixed type, a combination of the two. Usually, IBS treatment is based on the predominant symptoms, with many options for each subtype. A new promising treatment option, fecal microbiota transplantation, seems to have beneficial effects on IBS. However, treating the pathophysiological causative agent responsible for the symptoms is an emerging approach. Therefore, before the appropriate therapeutic option is chosen for treating IBS, a clinical evaluation of its pathophysiology should be performed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Hadjivasilis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
| | - Constantinos Tsioutis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
| | - Adamantios Michalinos
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
| | - Dimitrios Ntourakis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
| | - Dimitrios K Christodoulou
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Ioannina, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Greece (Dimitrios K. Christodoulou)
| | - Aris P Agouridis
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus (Alexandros Hadjivasilis, Constantinos Tsioutis, Adamantios Michalinos, Dimitrios Ntourakis, Aris P. Agouridis)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Taylor AJ, Kelly DJ. The function, biogenesis and regulation of the electron transport chains in Campylobacter jejuni: New insights into the bioenergetics of a major food-borne pathogen. Adv Microb Physiol 2019; 74:239-329. [PMID: 31126532 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a zoonotic Epsilonproteobacterium that grows in the gastrointestinal tract of birds and mammals, and is the most frequent cause of food-borne bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. As an oxygen-sensitive microaerophile, C. jejuni has to survive high environmental oxygen tensions, adapt to oxygen limitation in the host intestine and resist host oxidative attack. Despite its small genome size, C. jejuni is a versatile and metabolically active pathogen, with a complex and highly branched set of respiratory chains allowing the use of a wide range of electron donors and alternative electron acceptors in addition to oxygen, including fumarate, nitrate, nitrite, tetrathionate and N- or S-oxides. Several novel enzymes participate in these electron transport chains, including a tungsten containing formate dehydrogenase, a Complex I that uses flavodoxin and not NADH, a periplasmic facing fumarate reductase and a cytochrome c tetrathionate reductase. This review presents an updated description of the composition and bioenergetics of these various respiratory chains as they are currently understood, including recent work that gives new insights into energy conservation during electron transport to various alternative electron acceptors. The regulation of synthesis and assembly of the electron transport chains is also discussed. A deeper appreciation of the unique features of the respiratory systems of C. jejuni may be helpful in informing strategies to control this important pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aidan J Taylor
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bailey RA, Kranis A, Psifidi A, Watson KA, Rothwell L, Hocking PM, Kaiser P, Stevens MP, Avendano S. Colonization of a commercial broiler line by Campylobacter is under limited genetic control and does not significantly impair performance or intestinal health. Poult Sci 2018; 97:4167-4176. [PMID: 29982748 PMCID: PMC6305830 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter is the leading bacterial cause of foodborne diarrheal illness in humans and source attribution studies unequivocally identify handling or consumption of poultry meat as a key risk factor. Campylobacter colonizes the avian intestines in high numbers and rapidly spreads within flocks. A need therefore exists to devise strategies to reduce Campylobacter populations in poultry flocks. There has been a great deal of research aiming to understand the epidemiology and transmission characteristics of Campylobacter in poultry as a means to reduce carriage rates in poultry and reduce infection in humans. One potential strategy for control is the genetic selection of poultry for increased resistance to colonization by Campylobacter. The potential for genetic control of colonization has been demonstrated in inbred populations following experimental challenge with Campylobacter where quantitative trait loci associated with resistance have been identified. Currently in the literature there is no information of the genetic basis of Campylobacter colonization in commercial broiler lines and it is unknown whether these QTL are found in commercial broiler lines. The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters associated with Campylobacter load and genetic correlations with gut health and production traits following natural exposure of broiler chickens to Campylobacter.The results from the analysis show a low but significant heritability estimate (0.095 ± 0.037) for Campylobacter load which indicates a limited genetic basis and that non-genetic factors have a greater influence on the level of Campylobacter found in the broiler chicken.Furthermore, through examination of macroscopic intestinal health and absorptive capacity, our study indicated that Campylobacter has no detrimental effects on intestinal health and bird growth following natural exposure in the broiler line under study. These data indicate that whilst there is a genetic component to Campylobacter colonization worthy of further investigation, there is a large proportion of phenotypic variance under the influence of non-genetic effects. As such the control of Campylobacter will require understanding and manipulation of non-genetic host and environmental factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Androniki Psifidi
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Kellie A Watson
- Aviagen, Newbridge, Midlothian EH28 8SZ, UK
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Lisa Rothwell
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Paul M Hocking
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Pete Kaiser
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Mark P Stevens
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Gao J, Xi B, Chen K, Song R, Qin T, Xie J, Pan L. The stress hormone norepinephrine increases the growth and virulence of Aeromonas hydrophila. Microbiologyopen 2018; 8:e00664. [PMID: 29897673 PMCID: PMC6460269 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is an important contributing factor in the outbreak of infectious fish diseases. To comprehensively understand the impact of catecholamine stress hormone norepinephrine (NE) on the pathogenicity of Aeromonas hydrophila, we assessed variations in bacterial growth, virulence‐related genes expression and virulence factors activity after NE addition in serum‐SAPI medium. Further, we assessed the effects of NE on A. hydrophila virulence in vivo by challenging fish with pathogenic strain AH196 and following with or without NE injection. The NE‐associated stimulation of A. hydrophila strain growth was not linear‐dose‐dependent, and only 100 μM, or higher concentrations, could stimulate growth. Real‐time PCR analyses revealed that NE notably changed 13 out of the 16 virulence‐associated genes (e.g. ompW, ahp, aha, ela, ahyR, ompA, and fur) expression, which were all significantly upregulated in A. hydrophila AH196 (p < 0.01). NE could enhance the protease activity, but not affect the lipase activity, hemolysis, and motility. Further, the mortality of crucian carp challenged with A. hydrophila AH196 was significantly higher in the group treated with NE (p < 0.01). Collectively, our results showed that NE enhanced the growth and virulence of pathogenic bacterium A. hydrophila.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China.,Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingwen Xi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Rui Song
- Hunan Fisheries Science Institute, Changsha, China
| | - Ting Qin
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| | - Jun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China.,College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangkun Pan
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Microbial endocrinology represents the intersection of two seemingly disparate fields, microbiology and neurobiology, and is based on the shared presence of neurochemicals that are exactly the same in host as well as in the microorganism. The ability of microorganisms to not only respond to, but also produce, many of the same neurochemicals that are produced by the host, such as during periods of stress, has led to the introduction of this evolutionary-based mechanism which has a role in the pathogenesis of infectious disease. The consideration of microbial endocrinology-based mechanisms has demonstrated, for example, that the prevalent use of catecholamine-based synthetic drugs in the clinical setting contributes to the formation of biofilms in indwelling medical devices. Production of neurochemicals by microorganisms most often employs the same biosynthetic pathways as those utilized by the host, indicating that acquisition of host neurochemical-based signaling system in the host may have been acquired due to lateral gene transfer from microorganisms. That both host and microorganism produce and respond to the very same neurochemicals means that there is bidirectionality contained with the theoretical underpinnings of microbial endocrinology. This can be seen in the role of microbial endocrinology in the microbiota-gut-brain axis and its relevance to infectious disease. Such shared pathways argue for a role of microorganism-neurochemical interactions in infectious disease.
Collapse
|
22
|
Raskov H, Burcharth J, Pommergaard HC, Rosenberg J. Irritable bowel syndrome, the microbiota and the gut-brain axis. Gut Microbes 2016; 7:365-83. [PMID: 27472486 PMCID: PMC5046167 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2016.1218585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder and it is now evident that irritable bowel syndrome is a multi-factorial complex of changes in microbiota and immunology. The bidirectional neurohumoral integrated communication between the microbiota and the autonomous nervous system is called the gut-brain-axis, which integrates brain and GI functions, such as gut motility, appetite and weight. The gut-brain-axis has a central function in the perpetuation of irritable bowel syndrome and the microbiota plays a critical role. The purpose of this article is to review recent research concerning the epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome, influence of microbiota, probiota, gut-brain-axis, and possible treatment modalities on irritable bowel syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Raskov
- Speciallægecentret ved Diakonissestiftelsen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jakob Burcharth
- Department of Surgery, Zealand University Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Centre for Perioperative Optimization, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans-Christian Pommergaard
- Centre for Perioperative Optimization, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,Department of Surgery, Hvidovre Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Rosenberg
- Centre for Perioperative Optimization, Herlev Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|