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Tralongo P, Bakacs A, Larocca LM. EBV-Related Lymphoproliferative Diseases: A Review in Light of New Classifications. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2024; 16:e2024042. [PMID: 38882456 PMCID: PMC11178045 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2024.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a prevalent virus that can be detected in the vast majority of the population. Most people are asymptomatic and remain chronically infected throughout their lifetimes. However, in some populations, EBV has been linked to a variety of B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs), such as Burkitt lymphoma, classic Hodgkin lymphoma, and other LPDs. T-cell LPDs have been linked to EBV in part of peripheral T-cell lymphomas, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphomas, extranodal nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphomas, and other uncommon histotypes. This article summarizes the current evidence for EBV-associated LPDs in light of the upcoming World Health Organization classification and the 2022 ICC classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Tralongo
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli"- IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Arianna Bakacs
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli"- IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Maria Larocca
- Division of Anatomic Pathology and Histology - Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "Agostino Gemelli"- IRCCS, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito, 1, 00168, Rome, Italy
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2
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Salmerón-Villalobos J, Castrejón-de-Anta N, Guerra-García P, Ramis-Zaldivar JE, López-Guerra M, Mato S, Colomer D, Diaz-Crespo F, Menarguez J, Garrido-Pontnou M, Andrés M, García-Fernández E, Llavador M, Frigola G, García N, González-Farré B, Martín-Guerrero I, Garrido-Colino C, Astigarraga I, Fernández A, Verdú-Amorós J, González-Muñíz S, González B, Celis V, Campo E, Balagué O, Salaverria I. Decoding the molecular heterogeneity of pediatric monomorphic post-solid organ transplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 2023; 142:434-445. [PMID: 37053555 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022019543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs) represent a broad spectrum of lymphoid proliferations, frequently associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The molecular profile of pediatric monomorphic PTLDs (mPTLDs) has not been elucidated, and it is unknown whether they display similar genetic features as their counterpart in adult and immunocompetent (IMC) pediatric patients. In this study, we investigated 31 cases of pediatric mPTLD after solid organ transplantation, including 24 diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs), mostly classified as activated B cell, and 7 cases of Burkitt lymphoma (BL), 93% of which were EBV positive. We performed an integrated molecular approach, including fluorescence in situ hybridization, targeted gene sequencing, and copy number (CN) arrays. Overall, PTLD-BL carried mutations in MYC, ID3, DDX3X, ARID1A, or CCND3 resembling IMC-BL, higher mutational burden than PTLD-DLBCL, and lesser CN alterations than IMC-BL. PTLD-DLBCL showed a very heterogeneous genomic profile with fewer mutations and CN alterations than IMC-DLBCL. Epigenetic modifiers and genes of the Notch pathway were the most recurrently mutated in PTLD-DLBCL (both 28%). Mutations in cell cycle and Notch pathways correlated with a worse outcome. All 7 patients with PTLD-BL were alive after treatment with pediatric B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma protocols, whereas 54% of patients with DLBCL were cured with immunosuppression reduction, rituximab, and/or low-dose chemotherapy. These findings highlight the low complexity of pediatric PTLD-DLBCL, their good response to low-intensity treatment, and the shared pathogenesis between PTLD-BL and EBV-positive IMC-BL. We also suggest new potential parameters that could help in the diagnosis and the design of better therapeutic strategies for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Salmerón-Villalobos
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Castrejón-de-Anta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Guerra-García
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Translational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz - IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Enric Ramis-Zaldivar
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica López-Guerra
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología, Madrid, Spain
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Mato
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolors Colomer
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología, Madrid, Spain
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Diaz-Crespo
- Pathology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Menarguez
- Pathology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Mara Andrés
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Margarita Llavador
- Pathology Department, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gerard Frigola
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noelia García
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blanca González-Farré
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología, Madrid, Spain
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Idoia Martín-Guerrero
- Department of Genetics, Physics Anthropology and Animal Physiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Osakidetza, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
- Departament of Pediatrics, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, Spain
| | - Carmen Garrido-Colino
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Astigarraga
- Department of Pediatrics, Osakidetza, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitario Cruces, Barakaldo, Spain
- Departament of Pediatrics, Universidad del Pais Vasco/Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, Leioa, Spain
| | - Alba Fernández
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaime Verdú-Amorós
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Soledad González-Muñíz
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Berta González
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Translational Research in Pediatric Oncology, Hematopoietic Transplantation and Cell Therapy, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz - IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Verónica Celis
- Pediatric Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elías Campo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología, Madrid, Spain
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Balagué
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología, Madrid, Spain
- Hematopathology Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Itziar Salaverria
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Oncología, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Al-Khreisat MJ, Ismail NH, Tabnjh A, Hussain FA, Mohamed Yusoff AA, Johan MF, Islam MA. Worldwide Prevalence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Patients with Burkitt Lymphoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2068. [PMID: 37370963 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13122068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is a form of B-cell malignancy that progresses aggressively and is most often seen in children. While Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a double-stranded DNA virus that has been linked to a variety of cancers, it can transform B lymphocytes into immortalized cells, as shown in BL. Therefore, the estimated prevalence of EBV in a population may assist in the prediction of whether this population has a high risk of increased BL cases. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in patients with Burkitt lymphoma. Using the appropriate keywords, four electronic databases were searched. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's critical appraisal tool. The results were reported as percentages with a 95% confidence interval using a random-effects model (CI). PROSPERO was used to register the protocol (CRD42022372293), and 135 studies were included. The prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus in patients with Burkitt lymphoma was 57.5% (95% CI: 51.5 to 63.4, n = 4837). The sensitivity analyses demonstrated consistent results, and 65.2% of studies were of high quality. Egger's test revealed that there was a significant publication bias. EBV was found in a significantly high proportion of BL patients (more than 50% of BL patients). This study recommends EBV testing as an alternative for predictions and the assessment of the clinical disease status of BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutaz Jamal Al-Khreisat
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hayati Ismail
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abedelmalek Tabnjh
- Department of Applied Dental Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Faezahtul Arbaeyah Hussain
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Farid Johan
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Md Asiful Islam
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Global Women's Health, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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4
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Zhang Y, Lyu H, Guo R, Cao X, Feng J, Jin X, Lu W, Zhao M. Epstein‒Barr virus-associated cellular immunotherapy. Cytotherapy 2023:S1465-3249(23)00099-3. [PMID: 37149797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Epstein‒Barr virus (EBV) is a human herpes virus that is saliva-transmissible and universally asymptomatic. It has been confirmed that more than 90% of the population is latently infected with EBV for life. EBV can cause a variety of related cancers, such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. Currently, many clinical studies have demonstrated that EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and other cell therapies can be safely and effectively transfused to prevent and treat some diseases caused by EBV. This review will mainly focus on discussing EBV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and will touch on therapeutic EBV vaccines and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhang
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China.
| | - Hairong Lyu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ruiting Guo
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinping Cao
- First Center Clinic College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Tianjin Jizhou District People's Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyi Lu
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Mingfeng Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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5
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The roles of DNA methylation on the promotor of the Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) gene and the genome in patients with EBV-associated diseases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4413-4426. [PMID: 35763069 PMCID: PMC9259528 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is an oncogenic virus that is closely associated with several malignant and lymphoproliferative diseases. Studies have shown that the typical characteristic of EBV-associated diseases is aberrant methylation of viral DNA and the host genome. EBV gene methylation helps EBV escape from immune monitoring and persist in host cells. EBV controls viral gene promoter methylation by hijacking host epigenetic machinery to regulate the expression of viral genes. EBV proteins also interact with host epigenetic regulatory factors to mediate the methylation of the host’s important tumour suppressor gene promoters, thereby participating in the occurrence of tumorigenesis. Since epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, are reversible in nature, drugs that target DNA methylation can be developed for epigenetic therapy against EBV-associated tumours. Various methylation modes in the host and EBV genomes may also be of diagnostic and prognostic value. This review summarizes the regulatory roles of DNA methylation on the promotor of EBV gene and host genome in EBV-associated diseases, proposes the application prospect of DNA methylation in early clinical diagnosis and treatment, and provides insight into methylation-based strategies against EBV-associated diseases. Key points • Methylation of both the host and EBV genomes plays an important role in EBV-associateddiseases. • The functions of methylation of the host and EBV genomes in the occurrence and development of EBV-associated diseases are diverse. • Methylation may be a therapeutic target or biomarker in EBV-associated diseases.
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6
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Chen W, Xie Y, Wang T, Wang L. New insights into Epstein‑Barr virus‑associated tumors: Exosomes (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 47:13. [PMID: 34779497 PMCID: PMC8600424 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is endemic worldwide and is associated with a number of human tumors. EBV-associated tumors have unique mechanisms of tumorigenesis. EBV encodes multiple oncogenic molecules that can be loaded into exosomes released by EBV+ tumor cells to mediate intercellular communication. Moreover, different EBV+ tumor cells secrete exosomes that act on various target cells with various biological functions. In addition to oncogenicity, EBV+ exosomes have potential immunosuppressive effects. Investigating EBV+ exosomes could identify the role of EBV in tumorigenesis and progression. The present review summarized advances in studies focusing on exosomes and the functions of EBV+ exosomes derived from different EBV-associated tumors. EBV+ exosomes are expected to become a new biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, exosome-targeted therapy displays potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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7
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Verdu-Bou M, Tapia G, Hernandez-Rodriguez A, Navarro JT. Clinical and Therapeutic Implications of Epstein-Barr Virus in HIV-Related Lymphomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:5534. [PMID: 34771697 PMCID: PMC8583310 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13215534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of lymphomas is increased in people living with HIV (PLWH). Aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs) are the most common and are considered an AIDS-defining cancer (ADC). Although Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) is not considered an ADC, its incidence is also increased in PLWH. Among all HIV-related lymphomas (HRL), the prevalence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is high. It has been shown that EBV is involved in different lymphomagenic mechanisms mediated by some of its proteins, contributing to the development of different lymphoma subtypes. Additionally, cooperation between both HIV and EBV can lead to the proliferation of aberrant B-cells, thereby being an additional lymphomagenic mechanism in EBV-associated HRL. Despite the close relationship between EBV and HRL, the impact of EBV on clinical aspects has not been extensively studied. These lymphomas are treated with the same therapeutic regimens as the general population in combination with cART. Nevertheless, new therapeutic strategies targeting EBV are promising for these lymphomas. In this article, the different types of HRL are extensively reviewed, focusing on the influence of EBV on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and pathological characteristics of each lymphoma subtype. Moreover, novel therapies targeting EBV and future strategies to treat HRL harboring EBV are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Verdu-Bou
- Lymphoid Neoplasms Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Gustavo Tapia
- Department of Pathology, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Agueda Hernandez-Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology, Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Jose-Tomas Navarro
- Lymphoid Neoplasms Group, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute, Can Ruti Campus, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Department of Hematology, Institut Català d’Oncologia-Germans Trias i Pujol Hospital, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08916 Badalona, Spain
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8
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Bagaloni I, Visani A, Biagiotti S, Ruzzo A, Navari M, Etebari M, Mundo L, Granai M, Lazzi S, Isidori A, Loscocco F, Li J, Leoncini L, Visani G, Magnani M, Piccaluga PP. Metabolic Switch and Cytotoxic Effect of Metformin on Burkitt Lymphoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:661102. [PMID: 34557403 PMCID: PMC8454268 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.661102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered cellular energetic metabolism has recently emerged as important feature of neoplastic cells. Indeed, interfering with cancer cell metabolism might represent a suitable therapeutic strategy. In this study, we aimed to assess glucose metabolism activation in human lymphomas and evaluate how metformin can exert its action on lymphoma cells. We studied a large series of human lymphomas (N = 252) and an in vitro model of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) cells. We combined molecular biology techniques, including global gene expression profiling (GEP) analysis, quantitative PCR (qPCR) and Western blotting, and biochemical assays, aimed to assess pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, and aerobic glycolysis rates. We found that glucose metabolism is overall enhanced in most lymphoma subtypes, based on gene expression profiling (GEP), with general shift to aerobic glycolysis. By contrast, normal B cells only showed an overall increase in glucose usage during germinal center transition. Interestingly, not only highly proliferating aggressive lymphomas but also indolent ones, like marginal zone lymphomas, showed the phenomenon. Consistently, genes involved in glycolysis were confirmed to be overexpressed in BL cells by qPCR. Biochemical assays showed that while aerobic glycolysis is increased, TCA cycle is reduced. Finally, we showed that metformin can induce cell death in BL cells by stressing cellular metabolism through the induction of GLUT1, PKM2, and LDHA. In conclusion, we unveiled glucose metabolism abnormalities in human lymphomas and characterized the mechanism of action of metformin in Burkitt lymphoma model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bagaloni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Axel Visani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Sara Biagiotti
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Annamaria Ruzzo
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Etebari
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Lucia Mundo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Massimo Granai
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Tubingen University, Tubingen, Germany
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Jiejin Li
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Visani
- Hematology and Transplant Center, AORMN Marche Nord, Pesaro, Italy
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences (DISB), University of Urbino, Urbino, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy.,School of Health, Department of Pathology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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9
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Rochford R. Reframing Burkitt lymphoma: virology not epidemiology defines clinical variants. ANNALS OF LYMPHOMA 2021; 5:22. [PMID: 34888589 PMCID: PMC8654190 DOI: 10.21037/aol-21-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In 1964, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) was identified in a biopsy from a patient with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) launching a new field of study into this ubiquitous human virus. Almost 60 years later, insights into the role of EBV in lymphomagenesis are still emerging. While all BL carry the hallmark c-myc translocation, the epidemiologic classification of BL (e.g., endemic, sporadic or immunodeficiency-associated) has traditionally been used to define BL clinical variants. However, recent studies using molecular methods to characterize the transcriptional and genetic landscape of BL have identified several unique features are observed that distinguish EBV+ BL including a high level of activation induced deaminase mutation load, evidence of antigen selection in the B cell receptor, and a decreased mutation frequency of TCF3/ID3, all found predominantly in EBV+ compared to EBV- BL. In this review, the focus will be on summarizing recent studies that have done in depth characterization of genetic and transcriptional profiles of BL, describing the differences and similarities of EBV+ and EBV- BL, and what they reveal about the etiology of BL. The new studies put forth a compelling argument that the association with EBV should be the defining etiologic feature of clinical variants of BL. This reframing of BL has important implications for therapeutic interventions for BL that distinguish the EBV+ from the EBV- lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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10
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Soltani S, Zakeri A, Tabibzadeh A, Zakeri AM, Zandi M, Siavoshi S, Seifpour S, Farahani A. A review on EBV encoded and EBV-induced host microRNAs expression profile in different lymphoma types. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:1801-1817. [PMID: 33523370 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Previous literature supports the variations in microRNAs expression levels among lymphoma patients due to EBV infection. These alterations can be observed in both EBV-encoded-microRNAs and EBV-induced cellular microRNAs. Moreover, changes in the microRNA profile could be significant in disease progression. This study aimed to assess published literature to obtain a microRNA profile for both EBV-encoded microRNAs and EBV-induced cellular microRNAs among lymphoma patients. We searched common available electronic databases by using relevant keywords. The result demonstrated that EBV infection could alter the microRNA expression levels among lymphoma patients. In Burkitt lymphoma, hsa-miR197 and miR510 were most frequently assessed human micro RNAs. Also, miR-BART6-3P and miR-BART17-5P were the most frequent viral micro RNAs in Burkitt lymphoma. Other human important micro RNAs were hsa-miR155 (in Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)), hsa-miR145 (in Nasal natural killer T cell lymphoma (NNKTCL)), miR-96, miR-128a, miR-128b, miR-129, and miR-205 (in Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL)), miR-21, miR-142-3P, miR-126, miR-451 and miR-494-3P (in Nasal natural killer cell lymphoma (NNKCL)). Also, viral assessed micro RNAs were miR-BART1-5P (in DLBCL and NNKTCL), miR-BART-5 (in CHL), and EBV-miR-BART20-5P (in NNKCL). In conclusion, it could be suggested that EBV-encoded-microRNAs and EBV-induced cellular-microRNAs can be utilized as helpful factors for different types of lymphoma diagnoses or prognostic factors. Moreover, the mentioned microRNAs can also be promising therapeutic targets and can be used to modulate the oncogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Soltani
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Armin Zakeri
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Tabibzadeh
- Department of Virology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Zakeri
- Pediatric Surgery Research Center, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Zandi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Siavoshi
- Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Saba Seifpour
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Farahani
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
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11
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Li W, He C, Wu J, Yang D, Yi W. Epstein barr virus encodes miRNAs to assist host immune escape. J Cancer 2020; 11:2091-2100. [PMID: 32127936 PMCID: PMC7052931 DOI: 10.7150/jca.42498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-barr virus (EBV) is a definite tumorigenic virus, which can form life-long latency in the host, which is difficult to be recognized and completely eliminated by the immune system. It is closely related to the occurrence and development of nasopharyngeal cancer, gastric cancer and various types of lymphoma. At present, a total of 44 Epstein-barr virus-encoded microRNAs (EBV miRNAs) have been found. In response to the immune system of the body, EBV miRNAs can inhibit the expression and presentation of viral antigens, inhibit immune activation and immunotoxicity, assisting host cells to escape from immunity, and providing conditions for further immortalized tumorigenesis of the host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Li
- Department of orthopedics, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong He
- Department of orthopedics, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Department of orthopedics, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Department of orthopedics, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of orthopedics, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Weihong Yi
- Department of orthopedics, Union Shenzhen Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of orthopedics, The 6th Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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12
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Piccaluga PP, Navari M, Visani A, Rigotti F, Agostinelli C, Righi S, Diani E, Ligozzi M, Carelli M, Ponti C, Bon I, Zipeto D, Landolfo S, Gibellini D. Interferon gamma inducible protein 16 (IFI16) expression is reduced in mantle cell lymphoma. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02643. [PMID: 31840115 PMCID: PMC6893061 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
IFI16, member of the IFN-inducible PYHIN-200 gene family, modulates proliferation, survival and differentiation of different cell lineages. In particular, IFI16 expression, which is regulated during the differentiation of B cells, was recently studied in B-CLL as well. Here, we compared IFI16 expression in several lymphomas including Burkitt lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, marginal zone lymphoma and mantle cell lymphoma with respect to normal cell counterparts. We observed that IFI16 expression was significantly deregulated only in mantle cell lymphoma (p < 0.05). Notably, IFI16 was associated with the expression of genes involved in interferon response, cell cycle, cell death and proliferation and, interestingly, lipid and glucose metabolism, suggesting that IFI16 deregulation might be associated with relevant changes in cell biology. In our group of mantle cell lymphoma samples a correlation between patient survival and IFI16 expression was not detected even though mantle cell lymphoma prognosis is known to be associated with cell proliferation. Altogether, these results suggest a complex relationship between IFI16 expression and MCL which needs to be analyzed in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Istituto Euro-Mediterraneo di Scienza e Tecnologia (IEMEST) Palermo, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran.,Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Axel Visani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Flavia Rigotti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Righi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Microbiology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Ligozzi
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Microbiology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Carelli
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Microbiology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Cristina Ponti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Isabella Bon
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Microbiology Unit, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Santo Landolfo
- Department of Public Health and Microbiology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Microbiology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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13
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A unique genome in EBV-positive BL. Blood 2019; 133:1269-1270. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2019-01-897603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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14
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Carvalho de Oliveira J, Molinari Roberto G, Baroni M, Bezerra Salomão K, Alejandra Pezuk J, Sol Brassesco M. MiRNA Dysregulation in Childhood Hematological Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092688. [PMID: 30201877 PMCID: PMC6165337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For decades, cancer biology focused largely on the protein-encoding genes that have clear roles in tumor development or progression: cell-cycle control, apoptotic evasion, genome instability, drug resistance, or signaling pathways that stimulate growth, angiogenesis, or metastasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), however, represent one of the more abundant classes of cell modulators in multicellular organisms and largely contribute to regulating gene expression. Many of the ~2500 miRNAs discovered to date in humans regulate vital biological processes, and their aberrant expression results in pathological and malignant outcomes. In this review, we highlight what has been learned about the roles of miRNAs in some of the most common human pediatric leukemias and lymphomas, along with their value as diagnostic/prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gabriela Molinari Roberto
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Mirella Baroni
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Karina Bezerra Salomão
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
| | - Julia Alejandra Pezuk
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmácia, Anhanguera University of São Paulo, UNIAN/SP, 05145-200 São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - María Sol Brassesco
- Departamento de Biologia, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.
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15
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Infection of Epstein⁻Barr Virus in Type III Latency Modulates Biogenesis of Exosomes and the Expression Profile of Exosomal miRNAs in the Burkitt Lymphoma Mutu Cell Lines. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10070237. [PMID: 30029522 PMCID: PMC6071279 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10070237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a ubiquitous human gamma herpesvirus, is associated with various malignancies in B lymphocytes and epithelial cells. EBV encodes 49 microRNAs in two separated regions, termed the BART and BHRF1 loci. Although accumulating evidence demonstrates that EBV infection regulates the profile of microRNAs in the cells, little is known about the microRNAs in exosomes released from infected cells. Here, we characterized the expression profile of intracellular and exosomal microRNAs in EBV-negative, and two related EBV-infected Burkitt lymphoma cell lines having type I and type III latency by next-generation sequencing. We found that the biogenesis of exosomes is upregulated in type III latently infected cells compared with EBV-negative and type I latently infected cells. We also observed that viral and several specific host microRNAs were predominantly incorporated in the exosomes released from the cells in type III latency. We confirmed that multiple viral microRNAs were transferred to the epithelial cells cocultured with EBV-infected B cells. Our findings indicate that EBV infection, in particular in type III latency, modulates the biogenesis of exosomes and the profile of exosomal microRNAs, potentially contributing to phenotypic changes in cells receiving these exosomes.
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16
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Piccaluga PP, Weber A, Ambrosio MR, Ahmed Y, Leoncini L. Epstein-Barr Virus-Induced Metabolic Rearrangements in Human B-Cell Lymphomas. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1233. [PMID: 29937761 PMCID: PMC6002739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor metabolism has been the object of several studies in the past, leading to the pivotal observation of a consistent shift toward aerobic glycolysis (so-called Warburg effect). More recently, several additional investigations proved that tumor metabolism is profoundly affected during tumorigenesis, including glucose, lipid and amino-acid metabolism. It is noticeable that metabolic reprogramming can represent a suitable therapeutic target in many cancer types. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) was the first virus linked with cancer in humans when Burkitt lymphoma (BL) was described. Besides other well-known effects, it was recently demonstrated that EBV can induce significant modification in cell metabolism, which may lead or contribute to neoplastic transformation of human cells. Similarly, virus-induced tumorigenesis is characterized by relevant metabolic abnormalities directly induced by the oncoviruses. In this article, the authors critically review the most recent literature concerning EBV-induced metabolism alterations in lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier P Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology, Palermo, Italy.,Department of Pathology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Juja, Kenya
| | - Alessandra Weber
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Specialty Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria R Ambrosio
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Yonis Ahmed
- Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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17
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Navari M, Etebari M, Ibrahimi M, Leoncini L, Piccaluga PP. Pathobiologic Roles of Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded MicroRNAs in Human Lymphomas. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1168. [PMID: 29649101 PMCID: PMC5979337 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human γ-herpesvirus implicated in several human malignancies, including a wide range of lymphomas. Several molecules encoded by EBV in its latent state are believed to be related to EBV-induced lymphomagenesis, among which microRNAs-small RNAs with a posttranscriptional regulating role-are of great importance. The genome of EBV encodes 44 mature microRNAs belonging to two different classes, including BamHI-A rightward transcript (BART) and Bam HI fragment H rightward open reading frame 1 (BHRF1), with different expression levels in different EBV latency types. These microRNAs might contribute to the pathogenetic effects exerted by EBV through targeting self mRNAs and host mRNAs and interfering with several important cellular mechanisms such as immunosurveillance, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. In addition, EBV microRNAs can regulate the surrounding microenvironment of the infected cells through exosomal transportation. Moreover, these small molecules could be potentially used as molecular markers. In this review, we try to present an updated and extensive view of the role of EBV-encoded miRNAs in human lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Navari
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh 9516915169, Iran.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Maryam Etebari
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh 9516915169, Iran.
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Mostafa Ibrahimi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), 90139 Palermo, Italy.
- Department of Pathology, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, P.O. Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya.
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18
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Kaymaz Y, Oduor CI, Yu H, Otieno JA, Ong'echa JM, Moormann AM, Bailey JA. Comprehensive Transcriptome and Mutational Profiling of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Reveals EBV Type-Specific Differences. Mol Cancer Res 2018; 15:563-576. [PMID: 28465297 PMCID: PMC5471630 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is the most common pediatric cancer in malaria-endemic equatorial Africa and nearly always contains Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), unlike sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (sBL) that occurs with a lower incidence in developed countries. Given these differences and the variable clinical presentation and outcomes, we sought to further understand pathogenesis by investigating transcriptomes using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) from multiple primary eBL tumors compared with sBL tumors. Within eBL tumors, minimal expression differences were found based on: anatomical presentation site, in-hospital survival rates, and EBV genome type, suggesting that eBL tumors are homogeneous without marked subtypes. The outstanding difference detected using surrogate variable analysis was the significantly decreased expression of key genes in the immunoproteasome complex (PSMB9/β1i, PSMB10/β2i, PSMB8/β5i, and PSME2/PA28β) in eBL tumors carrying type 2 EBV compared with type 1 EBV. Second, in comparison with previously published pediatric sBL specimens, the majority of the expression and pathway differences was related to the PTEN/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway and was correlated most strongly with EBV status rather than geographic designation. Third, common mutations were observed significantly less frequently in eBL tumors harboring EBV type 1, with mutation frequencies similar between tumors with EBV type 2 and without EBV. In addition to the previously reported genes, a set of new genes mutated in BL, including TFAP4, MSH6, PRRC2C, BCL7A, FOXO1, PLCG2, PRKDC, RAD50, and RPRD2, were identified. Overall, these data establish that EBV, particularly EBV type 1, supports BL oncogenesis, alleviating the need for certain driver mutations in the human genome. IMPLICATIONS Genomic and mutational analyses of Burkitt lymphoma tumors identify key differences based on viral content and clinical outcomes suggesting new avenues for the development of prognostic molecular biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Kaymaz
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Cliff I Oduor
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Juliana A Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Ann M Moormann
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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19
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Khan A, Brahim A, Ruiz M, Nagovski N. Relapsed/refractory Burkitt lymphoma and HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS 2017; 29:695-703. [PMID: 29264956 DOI: 10.1177/0956462417748239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The care of patients with HIV and Burkitt lymphoma poses a challenge to clinicians. Due to the limited treatment options that exist for relapsed/refractory Burkitt lymphoma, there is a need for the development of new therapies. This review aims to discuss evidence for current management strategies including chemotherapy and stem cell transplant, and highlight gaps in knowledge that will need to be addressed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Khan
- Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Hospital West, Pembroke Pines, FL, USA
| | - Amanda Brahim
- Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Hospital West, Pembroke Pines, FL, USA
| | - Marco Ruiz
- Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Hospital West, Pembroke Pines, FL, USA
| | - Neil Nagovski
- Memorial Cancer Institute, Memorial Hospital West, Pembroke Pines, FL, USA
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20
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Ambrosio MR, Mundo L, Gazaneo S, Picciolini M, Vara PS, Sayed S, Ginori A, Lo Bello G, Del Porro L, Navari M, Ascani S, Yonis A, Leoncini L, Piccaluga PP, Lazzi S. MicroRNAs sequencing unveils distinct molecular subgroups of plasmablastic lymphoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:107356-107373. [PMID: 29296171 PMCID: PMC5746073 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is an aggressive lymphoma, often arising in the context of immunodeficiency and associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. The most frequently detected genetic alteration is the deregulation of MYC gene through the translocation - t(8;14)(q24;q32). The diagnosis of PBL is often challenging because it has an overlap in morphology, immunophenotype, cytogenetics and virus association with other lymphomas and plasma cell neoplasms; further, its molecular basis remains elusive. In the present study we aimed to better define the possible contribution of EBV infection as well as miRNA deregulation in PBL pathogenesis. We studied 23 cases of PBL, 19 Burkitt lymphomas (BL), and 17 extra-medullary plasmacytoma (EMPC). We used qPCR and immunohistochemistry to assess EBV latency patterns, while micro-RNA (miRNA) profiling was performed by next generation sequencing (Illumina) and validated by qPCR. Our analysis revealed a non-canonical EBV latency program with the partial expression of some proteins characterizing latency II and the activation of an abortive lytic cycle. Moreover, we identified miRNA signatures discriminating PBL from BL and EMPC. Interestingly, based on the miRNA profile, PBL appeared constituted by two discrete subgroups more similar to either BL or EMPC, respectively. This pattern was confirmed in an independent set of cases studied by qPCR and corresponded to different clinico-pathological features in the two groups, including HIV infection, MYC rearrangement and disease localization. In conclusion, we uncovered for the first time 1) an atypical EBV latency program in PBL; 2) a miRNA signature distinguishing PBL from the closest malignant counterparts; 3) the molecular basis of PBL heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Mundo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Gazaneo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Alessandro Ginori
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Ospedale Civico di Carrara, Carrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Lo Bello
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Del Porro
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Ascani
- Section of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera S. Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
- Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and Technology (IEMEST), Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Section of Pathology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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21
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Kaymaz Y, Oduor CI, Yu H, Otieno JA, Ong'echa JM, Moormann AM, Bailey JA. Comprehensive Transcriptome and Mutational Profiling of Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Reveals EBV Type-Specific Differences. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:563-576. [PMID: 28465297 PMCID: PMC5471630 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0305-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is the most common pediatric cancer in malaria-endemic equatorial Africa and nearly always contains Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), unlike sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (sBL) that occurs with a lower incidence in developed countries. Given these differences and the variable clinical presentation and outcomes, we sought to further understand pathogenesis by investigating transcriptomes using RNA sequencing (RNAseq) from multiple primary eBL tumors compared with sBL tumors. Within eBL tumors, minimal expression differences were found based on: anatomical presentation site, in-hospital survival rates, and EBV genome type, suggesting that eBL tumors are homogeneous without marked subtypes. The outstanding difference detected using surrogate variable analysis was the significantly decreased expression of key genes in the immunoproteasome complex (PSMB9/β1i, PSMB10/β2i, PSMB8/β5i, and PSME2/PA28β) in eBL tumors carrying type 2 EBV compared with type 1 EBV. Second, in comparison with previously published pediatric sBL specimens, the majority of the expression and pathway differences was related to the PTEN/PI3K/mTOR signaling pathway and was correlated most strongly with EBV status rather than geographic designation. Third, common mutations were observed significantly less frequently in eBL tumors harboring EBV type 1, with mutation frequencies similar between tumors with EBV type 2 and without EBV. In addition to the previously reported genes, a set of new genes mutated in BL, including TFAP4, MSH6, PRRC2C, BCL7A, FOXO1, PLCG2, PRKDC, RAD50, and RPRD2, were identified. Overall, these data establish that EBV, particularly EBV type 1, supports BL oncogenesis, alleviating the need for certain driver mutations in the human genome. IMPLICATIONS Genomic and mutational analyses of Burkitt lymphoma tumors identify key differences based on viral content and clinical outcomes suggesting new avenues for the development of prognostic molecular biomarkers and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasin Kaymaz
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Cliff I Oduor
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Kisumu, Kenya
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Technology, Maseno University, Maseno, Kenya
| | - Hongbo Yu
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Juliana A Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Ann M Moormann
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey A Bailey
- Program in Bioinformatics and Integrative Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts.
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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22
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Mundo L, Ambrosio MR, Picciolini M, Lo Bello G, Gazaneo S, Del Porro L, Lazzi S, Navari M, Onyango N, Granai M, Bellan C, De Falco G, Gibellini D, Piccaluga PP, Leoncini L. Unveiling Another Missing Piece in EBV-Driven Lymphomagenesis: EBV-Encoded MicroRNAs Expression in EBER-Negative Burkitt Lymphoma Cases. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:229. [PMID: 28298901 PMCID: PMC5331039 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a gammaherpesvirus linked to a number of lymphoid and epithelial malignancies, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in which its frequency ranges from 30% in sporadic cases to 100% in the endemic ones. The possible contribution of EBV to BL pathogenesis is largely unknown. It has been suggested that EBV may be associated with all of the cases, including those diagnosed as EBV negative by a mechanism of hit-and-run. Early during oncogenesis, viral genes are essential for initiating disease. Progressively, viral genome is lost to escape the immune system and host mutations accumulate in proto-oncogenic cell. The main problem with the hit-and-run hypothesis is the lack of evidence in primary tumors. The routine methods applied to detect the virus [i.e., immunohistochemistry and EBV-encoded RNAs (EBER) in situ hybridization (ISH)] have a low specificity and accuracy. The aim of this study was to identify the most suitable method to detect EBV infection in pathology samples by applying conventional and non-conventional methods (i.e., EBV-microRNAs detection and EBV viral load measurement). We investigated a total of 10 cases and we found that all the samples (n = 6) diagnosed as EBV negative by immunohistochemistry and EBER-ISH demonstrated the presence of EBV-microRNAs and EBV genome. This points at the possibility that EBV might have contributed to lymphomagenesis in all our patients, and propose microRNAs detection as the most specific and sensitive tool to recognize EBV vestiges. It is worth noting that our data would have considerable implications for EBV-related diseases control. By using anti-EBV vaccines, one could potentially prevent also some cancers less suspected of a viral origin because of viral genome loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mundo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Maria R Ambrosio
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Lo Bello
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Sara Gazaneo
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Leonardo Del Porro
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Lazzi
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine Bologna, Italy
| | - Noel Onyango
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Nairobi Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Massimo Granai
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Bellan
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia De Falco
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London London, UK
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Virology Unit, Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, University of Verona Verona, Italy
| | - Pier P Piccaluga
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of MedicineBologna, Italy; Euro-Mediterranean Institute of Science and TechnologyPalermo, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Section of Pathology, Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena Siena, Italy
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23
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Sakamoto K, Sekizuka T, Uehara T, Hishima T, Mine S, Fukumoto H, Sato Y, Hasegawa H, Kuroda M, Katano H. Next-generation sequencing of miRNAs in clinical samples of Epstein-Barr virus-associated B-cell lymphomas. Cancer Med 2017; 6:605-618. [PMID: 28181423 PMCID: PMC5345668 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) encodes 49 microRNAs (miRNAs) in the BART and BHRF1 regions of its genome. Although expression profiles of EBV-encoded miRNAs have been reported for EBV-positive cell lines and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, to date there is little information about total miRNA expression, including cellular and viral miRNAs, in the primary tumors of EBV-associated B-lymphoproliferative disorders. In this study, next-generation sequencing and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR were used to determine the expression profiles of miRNAs in EBV-infected cell lines and EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas, including AIDS-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), pyothorax-associated lymphoma, methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder, EBV-positive DLBCL of the elderly, and Hodgkin lymphoma. Next-generation sequencing revealed that EBV-encoded miRNAs accounted for up to 34% of total annotated miRNAs in these cases. Expression of three miR-BHRF1s was significantly higher in AIDS-related DLBCL and pyothorax-associated lymphoma compared with methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder and EBV-positive DLBCL of the elderly, suggesting the association of miR-BHRF1s expression with latency III EBV infection. Heat map/clustering analysis of expression of all miRNAs, including cellular and EBV miRNAs, by next-generation sequencing demonstrated that each EBV tumor, except methotrexate-associated lymphoproliferative disorder, formed an isolated cluster. Principal component analysis based on the EBV-encoded miRNA expression showed that each EBV tumor formed a distinguished cluster, but AIDS-related DLBCL and pyothorax-associated lymphoma formed larger clusters than other tumors. These data suggest that expression of miRNAs, including EBV-encoded miRNAs, is associated with the tumor type and status of virus infection in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouta Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekizuka
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Taeko Uehara
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Tsunekazu Hishima
- Department of Pathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8613, Japan
| | - Sohtaro Mine
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hitomi Fukumoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Hideki Hasegawa
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuroda
- Pathogen Genomics Center, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
| | - Harutaka Katano
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8640, Japan
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24
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Epigenetic Impact on EBV Associated B-Cell Lymphomagenesis. Biomolecules 2016; 6:biom6040046. [PMID: 27886133 PMCID: PMC5197956 DOI: 10.3390/biom6040046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications leading to either transcriptional repression or activation, play an indispensable role in the development of human cancers. Epidemiological study revealed that approximately 20% of all human cancers are associated with tumor viruses. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the first human tumor virus, demonstrates frequent epigenetic alterations on both viral and host genomes in associated cancers—both of epithelial and lymphoid origin. The cell type-dependent different EBV latent gene expression patterns appear to be determined by the cellular epigenetic machinery and similarly viral oncoproteins recruit epigenetic regulators in order to deregulate the cellular gene expression profile resulting in several human cancers. This review elucidates the epigenetic consequences of EBV–host interactions during development of multiple EBV-induced B-cell lymphomas, which may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions against EBV-associated B-cell lymphomas by alteration of reversible patho-epigenetic markings.
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25
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Piccaluga PP, Navari M, De Falco G, Ambrosio MR, Lazzi S, Fuligni F, Bellan C, Rossi M, Sapienza MR, Laginestra MA, Etebari M, Rogena EA, Tumwine L, Tripodo C, Gibellini D, Consiglio J, Croce CM, Pileri SA, Leoncini L. Virus-encoded microRNA contributes to the molecular profile of EBV-positive Burkitt lymphomas. Oncotarget 2016; 7:224-40. [PMID: 26325594 PMCID: PMC4807994 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is an aggressive neoplasm characterized by consistent morphology and phenotype, typical clinical behavior and distinctive molecular profile. The latter is mostly driven by the MYC over-expression associated with the characteristic translocation (8;14) (q24; q32) or with variant lesions. Additional genetic events can contribute to Burkitt Lymphoma pathobiology and retain clinical significance. A pathogenetic role for Epstein-Barr virus infection in Burkitt lymphomagenesis has been suggested; however, the exact function of the virus is largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the molecular profiles (genes and microRNAs) of Epstein-Barr virus-positive and -negative BL, to identify specific patterns relying on the differential expression and role of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded microRNAs. First, we found significant differences in the expression of viral microRNAs and in selected target genes. Among others, we identified LIN28B, CGNL1, GCET2, MRAS, PLCD4, SEL1L, SXX1, and the tyrosine kinases encoding STK10/STK33, all provided with potential pathogenetic significance. GCET2, also validated by immunohistochemistry, appeared to be a useful marker for distinguishing EBV-positive and EBV-negative cases. Further, we provided solid evidences that the EBV-encoded microRNAs (e.g. BART6) significantly mold the transcriptional landscape of Burkitt Lymphoma clones. In conclusion, our data indicated significant differences in the transcriptional profiles of EBV-positive and EBV-negative BL and highlight the role of virus encoded miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo Piccaluga
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mohsen Navari
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia De Falco
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.,School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Stefano Lazzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Fabio Fuligni
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiana Bellan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Maura Rossi
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Sapienza
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Antonella Laginestra
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maryam Etebari
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Emily A Rogena
- Department of Pathology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Claudio Tripodo
- Tumour Immunology Unit, Department of Health Science, Human Pathology Section, Palermo University School of Medicine, Palermo, Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Pathology and Diagnostic, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Jessica Consiglio
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Stefano A Pileri
- Diagnostic Hematopathology Unit, European Institute of Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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