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Wang X, Zheng J, Luo L, Hong Y, Li X, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Bai L. Thermal inactivation kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes in milk under isothermal and dynamic conditions. Food Res Int 2024; 179:114010. [PMID: 38342535 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Thermal processing is a widely used method to ensure the microbiological safety of milk. Predictive microbiology plays a crucial role in quantifying microbial growth and decline, providing valuable guidance on the design and optimization of food processing operations. This study aimed to investigate the thermal inactivation kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes in milk under both isothermal and dynamic conditions. The thermal inactivation of L. monocytogenes was conducted under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions in sterilized and pasteurized milk, with and without background microbiota, respectively. Furthermore, a secondary model was developed between the shoulder effect and temperature, which was then integrated into the dynamic model. The results showed that L. monocytogenes grown in Tryptic Soy Yeast Extract Broth (TSBYE) prior to thermal inactivation exhibited higher heat resistance compared to cells grown in sterilized milk at isothermal temperatures of 60.0, 62.5, and 65℃. Moreover, the presence of background microbiota in milk significantly enhanced the heat resistance of L. monocytogenes, as evidenced by the increased D-values from 1.13 min to 2.34 min, from 0.46 min to 0.53 min, and from 0.25 min to 0.34 min at 60.0, 62.5, and 65 °C, respectively, regardless of whether the background microbiota was inactivated after co-growth or co-inactivated with L. monocytogenes. For non-isothermal inactivation, the one-step dynamic model based on the log-linear with shoulder model effectively described the microbial inactivation curve and exhibited satisfactory model performance. The model developed contributes to improved risk assessment, enabling dairy processors to optimize thermal treatment and ensure microbiological safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wang
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiaming Zheng
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Linyin Luo
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yi Hong
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yuqi Zhu
- School of Health Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Yufan Wu
- Centre of Analysis and Test, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China.
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2
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Haque M, Wang B, Leandre Mvuyekure A, Chaves BD. Validation of competition and dynamic models for Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) growth in raw ground pork during temperature abuse. Food Microbiol 2024; 117:104400. [PMID: 37919008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological evidence suggests that pork products may be a vehicle for STEC transmission to humans. This study was conducted to validate competition and dynamic models for the growth of STEC during simulated temperature abuse of raw ground pork. Maximum specific growth rates μmax were modeled as a function of temperature using the Cardinal parameter equation, and a dynamic model was validated using sinusoidal temperature profiles. The Acceptable Prediction Zone (APZ) method was used to evaluate the model's performance. The competition model was well fitted to the experimental data having 93% (1849/1981) residual errors within the desired APZ. Growth rates were not different between STEC O157 and non-O157; however, serogroup O91 showed two to three times lower μmax than other STEC at 10, 25, and 30 °C. The theoretical minimum and optimum growth temperature for all STEC groups ranged from 3.4 to 7.8 °C and 33-35 °C, respectively. The dynamic model showed good prediction performance (pAPZ = 0.98) with the experimental data. These results can be used to inform risk assessment models and to support the implementation of risk mitigation strategies to improve the microbiological safety of raw pork products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manirul Haque
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Aime Leandre Mvuyekure
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
| | - Byron D Chaves
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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3
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Gowda TKGM, De Zutter L, Van Royen G, Van Damme I. Exploring the microbiological quality and safety of dry-aged beef: A cross-sectional study of loin surfaces during ripening and dry-aged beef steaks from commercial meat companies in Belgium. Food Microbiol 2021; 102:103919. [PMID: 34809945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2021.103919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional survey was undertaken in Belgian beef producing companies to study the current practices and the microbiological load of dry-aged loins (during production) and trimmed steaks (final product). In each company, the temperature and relative humidity of the ripening chamber were measured, and two loins (each in a different stage of the ripening process) were sampled. From the surface of each loin, a lean meat and adipose tissue sample was analysed separately, and different groups of bacteria, yeasts and moulds were enumerated. The average relative humidity in the ripening chambers was 72 ± 13% and the temperature ranged between 0.0 °C and 5.9 °C. During the drying process, most of the lean meat and adipose tissue samples showed high numbers of total psychrotrophic aerobic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., psychrotrophic lactic acid bacteria, and yeasts, but the variation between loins was high. The microbiological load on freshly cut dry-aged steaks was generally lower than on loin surfaces, but both psychrotrophic aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were present inside several steaks. The water activity inside dry-aged beef steaks was high (aw ≥ 0.98), which could allow growth of psychrotrophic pathogens, though more in-depth studies are necessary to determine potential growth during the storage of (trimmed) steaks or even inside loins during the dry-aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanuja K G M Gowda
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - Lieven De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium
| | - Geert Van Royen
- Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Technology and Food Science Unit, Brusselsesteenweg 370, Melle, B-9090, Belgium
| | - Inge Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke, B-9820, Belgium.
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4
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Lambertini E, Ruzante JM, Kowalcyk BB. The Public Health Impact of Implementing a Concentration-Based Microbiological Criterion for Controlling Salmonella in Ground Turkey. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2021; 41:1376-1395. [PMID: 33336499 PMCID: PMC8518656 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite initiatives to improve the safety of poultry products in the United States, progress has stalled, and salmonellosis incidence is still above Healthy People 2020's goal. One strategy to manage Salmonella and verify process control in poultry establishments is to implement microbiological criteria (MC) linked to public health outcomes. Concentration-based MC have been used by the food industry; however, the public health impact of such approaches is only starting to be assessed. This study evaluated the public health impact of a concentration-based MC for Salmonella in raw ground turkey consumed in the United States using a quantitative risk assessment modeling approach. The distribution of Salmonella concentration in ground turkey was derived from USDA-FSIS monitoring surveys. Other variables and parameters were derived from public databases, literature, and expert opinion. Based on considered concentrations, implementing a MC of 1 cell/g led to an estimated 46.1% reduction (preventable fraction, PF) in the mean probability of illness when consumer cooking and cross-contamination were included. The PF was consistent across scenarios including or excluding cross-contamination and cooking, with slightly lower mean PF when cross-contamination was included. The proportion of lots not compliant with the 1 cell/g MC was 1.05% in the main scenarios and increased nonlinearly when higher Salmonella concentrations were assumed. Assumptions on concentration variability across lots and within lots had a large impact, highlighting the benefit of reducing this uncertainty. These approach and results can help inform the development of MC to monitor and control Salmonella in ground turkey products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Lambertini
- RTI International3040 East Cornwallis RoadResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition1701 Rhode Island Ave NWWashingtonDCUSA
| | | | - Barbara B. Kowalcyk
- RTI International3040 East Cornwallis RoadResearch Triangle ParkNCUSA
- The Ohio State University213 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe RoadColumbusOHUSA
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5
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Noviyanti F, Hosotani Y, Inatsu Y, Kawasaki S. A comparison of Listeria monocytogenes growth monitoring in ground pork samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction to conventional agar and most probable number methods. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fia Noviyanti
- National Food Research Institute, Food Hygiene Laboratory
| | - Yukie Hosotani
- National Food Research Institute, Food Hygiene Laboratory
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6
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Furtado MM, Silva BS, Faviero C, Alvarenga VO, Sant’Ana AS. Impact of carrier agents and temperature during storage of dry inocula of Salmonella enterica: A contribution to the validation of low water activity foods processing interventions. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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7
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Growth behaviour and thermal inactivation of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella spp. in ground lean camel meat. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 316:108423. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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8
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Zhang Y, O'Connor AM, Wang C, Dickson JS, Hurd HS, Wang B. Interventions Targeting Deep Tissue Lymph Nodes May Not Effectively Reduce the Risk of Salmonellosis from Ground Pork Consumption: A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2019; 39:2237-2258. [PMID: 31039285 DOI: 10.1111/risa.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of deep tissue lymph nodes (DTLNs) or nonvisceral lymph nodes contaminated with Salmonella in wholesale fresh ground pork (WFGP) production may pose risks to public health. To assess the relative contribution of DTLNs to human salmonellosis occurrence associated with ground pork consumption and to investigate potential critical control points in the slaughter-to-table continuum for the control of human salmonellosis in the United States, a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) model was established. The model predicted an average of 45 cases of salmonellosis (95% CI = [19, 71]) per 100,000 Americans annually due to WFGP consumption. Sensitivity analysis of all stochastic input variables showed that cooking temperature was the most influential parameter for reducing salmonellosis cases associated with WFGP meals, followed by storage temperature and Salmonella concentration on contaminated carcass surface before fabrication. The input variables were grouped to represent three main factors along the slaughter-to-table chain influencing Salmonella doses ingested via WFGP meals: DTLN-related factors, factors at processing other than DTLNs, and consumer-related factors. The evaluation of the impact of each group of factors by second-order Monte Carlo simulation showed that DTLN-related factors had the lowest impact on the risk estimate among the three groups of factors. These findings indicate that interventions to reduce Salmonella contamination in DTLNs or to remove DTLNs from WFGP products may be less critical for reducing human infections attributable to ground pork than improving consumers' cooking habits or interventions of carcass decontamination at processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjunna Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Annette M O'Connor
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Chong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - James S Dickson
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - H Scott Hurd
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Channaiah LH, Michael M, Acuff J, Lopez K, Vega D, Milliken G, Thippareddi H, Phebus R. Validation of a Simulated Commercial Frying Process to Control Salmonella in Donuts. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2018; 15:763-769. [PMID: 30407081 PMCID: PMC6306667 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2018.2440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This study validated a typical commercial donut frying process as an effective kill-step against a 7-serovar Salmonella cocktail (Newport, Typhimurium, Senftenberg, Tennessee, and three dry food isolates) when contamination was introduced through inoculated flour. The bread and pastry flour mix (3:1) was inoculated with the Salmonella cocktail, and subsequently dried back to original preinoculation moisture content, achieving a Salmonella population of 7.6 log CFU/g. Inoculated flour was used to prepare a typical commercial donut batter, which was fried using 375°F (190.6°C) oil temperature. No viable Salmonella was detected using an enrichment plating protocol in the donuts after 2 min of frying, resulting in >7-log reduction in Salmonella population. The internal donut temperature increased from ∼30°C to ∼119°C at the end of 2 min of frying. The water activities of the donut crumb and crust after 2 min of frying, followed by 30 min of ambient air cooling, were 0.944 and 0.852, respectively. The donut pH after ambient-air cooling was 5.51. The D- and z-values of the Salmonella cocktail in donut dough were determined using thermal-death-time disks and temperature-controlled water baths. The D-values of the cocktail were 8.6, 2.9, and 2.1 min at 55°C, 58°C, and 61°C, respectively, whereas the z-value was 10°C. This study validated that >7-log reduction could be achieved if donuts are fried for at least 2 min in the oil at 190.6°C, and calculated D- and z-values present the heat resistance of Salmonella in donut dough at the start of the frying processes. However, results from this study should not be extrapolated when donut composition and frying parameters are changed significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minto Michael
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Jennifer Acuff
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Keyla Lopez
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Daniel Vega
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | - George Milliken
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
| | | | - Randall Phebus
- Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas
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10
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Biasino W, De Zutter L, Mattheus W, Bertrand S, Uyttendaele M, Van Damme I. Correlation between slaughter practices and the distribution of Salmonella and hygiene indicator bacteria on pig carcasses during slaughter. Food Microbiol 2017; 70:192-199. [PMID: 29173627 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the distribution of hygiene indicator bacteria and Salmonella on pig carcasses. Moreover, the relation between hygiene indicator counts and Salmonella presence as well as associations between specific slaughter practices and carcass contamination were determined for each carcass area. Seven Belgian pig slaughterhouses were visited three times to swab five randomly selected carcasses at nine different areas, after evisceration and trimming. Information about slaughter practices was collected using a questionaire. In all samples, the E. coli and Salmonella presence was analyzed and Enterobacteriaceae and total aerobic bacteria were quantified. Average total aerobic counts ranged from 3.1 (loin, pelvic duct, ham) to 4.4 log10 CFU/cm2 (foreleg). Median Enterobacteriaceae numbers varied between 0.4 (ham) an 1.8 log10 CFU/cm2 (foreleg). E. coli and Salmonella presence ranged from 15% (elbow) to 89% (foreleg) and 5% (elbow) to 38% (foreleg), respectively. Positive relations were found between hygiene indicator counts and Salmonella presence at the head, sternum, loin and throat. Several slaughter practices, such as splitting the head and incising tonsils, were associated with higher levels of hygiene indicator bacteria and Salmonella. These findings can be used to educate slaughterhouse personnel and estimate the public health risk involved in consumption of different pork cuts.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Biasino
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - L De Zutter
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - W Mattheus
- Section of Bacterial Diseases, NRC Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, J. Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - S Bertrand
- Section of Bacterial Diseases, NRC Salmonella, Scientific Institute of Public Health, J. Wytsmanstreet 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Uyttendaele
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Food Preservation (LFMFP), Department of Food Safety and Food Quality, Faculty of Bio-Science Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - I Van Damme
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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11
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Ye K, Wang K, Liu M, Liu J, Zhu L, Zhou G. Mathematical modelling of growth of Listeria monocytogenes in raw chilled pork. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 64:309-316. [PMID: 28129445 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the growth kinetics of Listeria monocytogenes in naturally contaminated chilled pork. A cocktail of 26 meat-borne L. monocytogenes was inoculated to raw or sterile chilled pork to observe its growth at 4, 10, 16, 22 and 28°C respectively. The growth data were fitted by the Baranyi model and Ratkowsky square-root model. Results showed that the Baranyi model and Ratkowsky square-root model could describe the growth characteristics of L. monocytogenes at different temperatures reasonably well in raw chilled pork (1·0 ≤ Bf ≤ Af ≤ 1·1). Compared with the growth of L. monocytogenes in sterile chilled pork, the background microflora had no impact on the growth parameters of L. monocytogenes, except for the lag phase at low temperature storage. The microbial predictive models developed in this study can be used to predict the growth of L. monocytogenes during natural spoilage, and construct quantitative risk assessments in chilled pork. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study simulated the actual growth of Listeria monocytogenes in chilled pork to the maximum extent, and described its growth characteristics of L. monocytogenes during natural spoilage. This study showed that the background microflora had no impact on the growth parameters of L. monocytogenes, except for the lag phase at low temperature storage. The models developed in this study can be used to predict the growth of L. monocytogenes during refrigerated storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Ye
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - K Wang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - M Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - J Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - L Zhu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - G Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Meat Production and Processing, Quality and Safety Control, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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12
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Thermal inactivation kinetics of surface contaminating Listeria monocytogenes on vacuum-packaged agar surface and ready-to-eat sliced ham and sausage. Food Res Int 2016; 89:843-849. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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