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Wang B, Zheng H, Dong X, Zhang W, Wu J, Chen H, Zhang J, Zhou A. The Identification Distinct Antiviral Factors Regulated Influenza Pandemic H1N1 Infection. Int J Microbiol 2024; 2024:6631882. [PMID: 38229736 PMCID: PMC10791480 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6631882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza pandemic with H1N1 (H1N1pdms) causes severe lung damage and "cytokine storm," leading to higher mortality and global health emergencies in humans and animals. Explaining host antiviral molecular mechanisms in response to H1N1pdms is important for the development of novel therapies. In this study, we organised and analysed multimicroarray data for mouse lungs infected with different H1N1pdm and nonpandemic H1N1 strains. We found that H1N1pdms infection resulted in a large proportion of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the infected lungs compared with normal lungs, and the number of DEGs increased markedly with the time of infection. In addition, we found that different H1N1pdm strains induced similarly innate immune responses and the identified DEGs during H1N1pdms infection were functionally concentrated in defence response to virus, cytokine-mediated signalling pathway, regulation of innate immune response, and response to interferon. Moreover, comparing with nonpandemic H1N1, we identified ten distinct DEGs (AREG, CXCL13, GATM, GPR171, IFI35, IFI47, IFIT3, ORM1, RETNLA, and UBD), which were enriched in immune response and cell surface receptor signalling pathway as well as interacted with immune response-related dysregulated genes during H1N1pdms. Our discoveries will provide comprehensive insights into host responding to pandemic with influenza H1N1 and find broad-spectrum effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Wang
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Zheng
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Xia Dong
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Junjing Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo and Molecular Breeding, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary, Hubei Provincial Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
| | - Ao Zhou
- School of Animal Science and Nutritional Engineering, Laboratory of Genetic Breeding, Reproduction and Precision Livestock Farming, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Center of Technology Innovation for Domestic Animal Breeding, Wuhan 430023, Hubei, China
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2
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Transcriptomic Profiling of Mouse Mast Cells upon Pathogenic Avian H5N1 and Pandemic H1N1 Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020292. [PMID: 35215885 PMCID: PMC8877972 DOI: 10.3390/v14020292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells, widely residing in connective tissues and on mucosal surfaces, play significant roles in battling against influenza A viruses. To gain further insights into the host cellular responses of mouse mast cells with influenza A virus infection, such as the highly pathogenic avian influenza A virus H5N1 and the human pandemic influenza A H1N1, we employed high-throughput RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and related signaling pathways. Our data revealed that H1N1-infected mouse mast P815 cells presented more up- and down-regulated genes compared with H5N1-infected cells. Gene ontology analysis showed that the up-regulated genes in H1N1 infection were enriched for more degranulation-related cellular component terms and immune recognition-related molecular functions terms, while the up-regulated genes in H5N1 infection were enriched for more immune-response-related biological processes. Network enrichment of the KEGG pathway analysis showed that DEGs in H1N1 infection were specifically enriched for the FoxO and autophagy pathways. In contrast, DEGs in H5N1 infection were specifically enriched for the NF-κB and necroptosis pathways. Interestingly, we found that Nbeal2 could be preferentially activated in H5N1-infected P815 cells, where the level of Nbeal2 increased dramatically but decreased in HIN1-infected P815 cells. Nbeal2 knockdown facilitated inflammatory cytokine release in both H1N1- and H5N1-infected P815 cells and aggravated the apoptosis of pulmonary epithelial cells. In summary, our data described a transcriptomic profile and bioinformatic characterization of H1N-1 or H5N1-infected mast cells and, for the first time, established the crucial role of Nbeal2 during influenza A virus infection.
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Blaess M, Kaiser L, Sommerfeld O, Csuk R, Deigner HP. Drugs, Metabolites, and Lung Accumulating Small Lysosomotropic Molecules: Multiple Targeting Impedes SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Progress to COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041797. [PMID: 33670304 PMCID: PMC7918659 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomotropism is a biological characteristic of small molecules, independently present of their intrinsic pharmacological effects. Lysosomotropic compounds, in general, affect various targets, such as lipid second messengers originating from lysosomal enzymes promoting endothelial stress response in systemic inflammation; inflammatory messengers, such as IL-6; and cathepsin L-dependent viral entry into host cells. This heterogeneous group of drugs and active metabolites comprise various promising candidates with more favorable drug profiles than initially considered (hydroxy) chloroquine in prophylaxis and treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections/Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and cytokine release syndrome (CRS) triggered by bacterial or viral infections. In this hypothesis, we discuss the possible relationships among lysosomotropism, enrichment in lysosomes of pulmonary tissue, SARS-CoV-2 infection, and transition to COVID-19. Moreover, we deduce further suitable approved drugs and active metabolites based with a more favorable drug profile on rational eligibility criteria, including readily available over-the-counter (OTC) drugs. Benefits to patients already receiving lysosomotropic drugs for other pre-existing conditions underline their vital clinical relevance in the current SARS-CoV2/COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
| | - Lars Kaiser
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 25, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Sommerfeld
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany;
| | - René Csuk
- Organic Chemistry, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Furtwangen University, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; (M.B.); (L.K.)
- Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, EXIM Department, Schillingallee 68, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
- Faculty of Science, Tuebingen University, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-7720-307-4232
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Mandary MB, Masomian M, Poh CL. Impact of RNA Virus Evolution on Quasispecies Formation and Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4657. [PMID: 31546962 PMCID: PMC6770471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses are known to replicate by low fidelity polymerases and have high mutation rates whereby the resulting virus population tends to exist as a distribution of mutants. In this review, we aim to explore how genetic events such as spontaneous mutations could alter the genomic organization of RNA viruses in such a way that they impact virus replications and plaque morphology. The phenomenon of quasispecies within a viral population is also discussed to reflect virulence and its implications for RNA viruses. An understanding of how such events occur will provide further evidence about whether there are molecular determinants for plaque morphology of RNA viruses or whether different plaque phenotypes arise due to the presence of quasispecies within a population. Ultimately this review gives an insight into whether the intrinsically high error rates due to the low fidelity of RNA polymerases is responsible for the variation in plaque morphology and diversity in virulence. This can be a useful tool in characterizing mechanisms that facilitate virus adaptation and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiiha Bibi Mandary
- Center for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Malihe Masomian
- Center for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Center for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Kuala Lumpur, Selangor 47500, Malaysia.
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Gong YN, Tsao KC, Chen GW, Wu CJ, Chen YH, Liu YC, Yang SL, Huang YC, Shih SR. Population dynamics at neuraminidase position 151 of influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus in clinical specimens. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:752-759. [PMID: 30994443 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus mutates rapidly, allowing it to escape natural and vaccine-induced immunity. Neuraminidase (NA) is a surface protein capable of cleaving the glycosidic linkages of neuraminic acids to release newly formed virions from infected cells. Genetic variants within a viral population can influence the emergence of pandemic viruses as well as drug susceptibility and vaccine effectiveness. In the present study, 55 clinical specimens from patients infected with the 2009 pandemic influenza A/H1N1 virus, abbreviated as A(H1N1)pdm09, during the 2015-2016 outbreak season in Taiwan were collected. Whole genomes were obtained through next-generation sequencing. Based on the published sequences from A(H1N1)pdm09 strains worldwide, a mixed population of two distinct variants at NA position 151 was revealed. We initially reasoned that such a mixed population may have emerged during cell culture. However, additional investigations confirmed that these mixed variants were detectable in the specimens of patients. To further investigate the role of the two NA-151 variants in a dynamic population, a reverse genetics system was employed to generate recombinant A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses. It was observed that the mixture of the two distinct variants was characterized by a higher replication rate compared to the recombinant viruses harbouring a single variant. Moreover, an NA inhibition assay revealed that a high frequency of the minor NA-151 variant in A(H1N1)pdm09 was associated with a reduced susceptibility to NA inhibitors. We conclude that two distinct NA-151 variants can be identified in patient specimens and that such variants may increase viral replication and NA activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Nong Gong
- 1Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Kuo-Chien Tsao
- 1Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,3Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Guang-Wu Chen
- 1Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,4Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chung-Jung Wu
- 1Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Hsiang Chen
- 1Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Chun Liu
- 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Li Yang
- 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,3Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yhu-Chering Huang
- 5Department of Pediatrics, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,6College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- 2Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,7Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety and Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,1Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC.,3Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, ROC
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Evangelatos N, Bauer P, Reumann M, Satyamoorthy K, Lehrach H, Brand A. Metabolomics in Sepsis and Its Impact on Public Health. Public Health Genomics 2018; 20:274-285. [PMID: 29353273 DOI: 10.1159/000486362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis, with its often devastating consequences for patients and their families, remains a major public health concern that poses an increasing financial burden. Early resuscitation together with the elucidation of the biological pathways and pathophysiological mechanisms with the use of "-omics" technologies have started changing the clinical and research landscape in sepsis. Metabolomics (i.e., the study of the metabolome), an "-omics" technology further down in the "-omics" cascade between the genome and the phenome, could be particularly fruitful in sepsis research with the potential to alter the clinical practice. Apart from its benefit for the individual patient, metabolomics has an impact on public health that extends beyond its applications in medicine. In this review, we present recent developments in metabolomics research in sepsis, with a focus on pneumonia, and we discuss the impact of metabolomics on public health, with a focus on free/libre open source software.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Evangelatos
- Intensive Care Medicine Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany.,UNU-MERIT (Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Pia Bauer
- Intensive Care Medicine Unit, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Sleep Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Reumann
- UNU-MERIT (Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,IBM Research - Zurich, Rueschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Hans Lehrach
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Angela Brand
- UNU-MERIT (Maastricht Economic and Social Research Institute on Innovation and Technology), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Public Health Genomics, Department of International Health, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands.,Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
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Almansa R, Martínez-Orellana P, Rico L, Iglesias V, Ortega A, Vidaña B, Martínez J, Expósito A, Montoya M, Bermejo-Martin JF. Pulmonary transcriptomic responses indicate a dual role of inflammation in pneumonia development and viral clearance during 2009 pandemic influenza infection. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3915. [PMID: 29038764 PMCID: PMC5640978 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The interaction between influenza virus and the host response to infection clearly plays an important role in determining the outcome of infection. While much is known on the participation of inflammation on the pathogenesis of severe A (H1N1) pandemic 09-influenza virus, its role in the course of non-fatal pneumonia has not been fully addressed. Methods A systems biology approach was used to define gene expression profiles, histology and viral dynamics in the lungs of healthy immune-competent mice with pneumonia caused by a human influenza A (H1N1) pdm09 virus, which successfully resolved the infection. Results Viral infection activated a marked pro-inflammatory response at the lung level paralleling the emergence of histological changes. Cellular immune response and cytokine signaling were the two signaling pathway categories more representative of our analysis. This transcriptome response was associated to viral clearance, and its resolution was accompanied by resolution of histopathology. Discussion These findings suggest a dual role of pulmonary inflammation in viral clearance and development of pneumonia during non-fatal infection caused by the 2009 pandemic influenza virus. Understanding the dynamics of the host’s transcriptomic and virological changes over the course of the infection caused by A (H1N1) pdm09 virus may help identifying the immune response profiles associated with an effective response against influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Almansa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research in Sepsis (BIOSEPSIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, IRTA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía Rico
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research in Sepsis (BIOSEPSIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Verónica Iglesias
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research in Sepsis (BIOSEPSIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Alicia Ortega
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research in Sepsis (BIOSEPSIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Vidaña
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, UK
| | - Jorge Martínez
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, IRTA, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Expósito
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research in Sepsis (BIOSEPSIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, IRTA, Barcelona, Spain.,African Swine Fever Virus Immunology Group, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, UK
| | - Jesús F Bermejo-Martin
- Laboratory of Biomedical Research in Sepsis (BIOSEPSIS), Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Instituto de Estudios de Ciencias de la Salud de Castilla y León (IECSCYL), Valladolid, Spain
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Blaess M, Bibak N, Claus RA, Kohl M, Bonaterra GA, Kinscherf R, Laufer S, Deigner HP. NB 06: From a simple lysosomotropic aSMase inhibitor to tools for elucidating the role of lysosomes in signaling apoptosis and LPS-induced inflammation. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 153:73-104. [PMID: 29031494 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ceramide generation is involved in signal transduction of cellular stress response, in particular during stress-induced apoptosis in response to stimuli such as minimally modified Low-density lipoproteins, TNFalpha and exogenous C6-ceramide. In this paper we describe 48 diverse synthetic products and evaluate their lysosomotropic and acid sphingomyelinase inhibiting activities in macrophages. A stimuli-induced increase of C16-ceramide in macrophages can be almost completely suppressed by representative compound NB 06 providing an effective protection of macrophages against apoptosis. Compounds like NB 06 thus offer highly interesting fields of application besides prevention of apoptosis of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques in vessel walls. Most importantly, they can be used for blocking pH-dependent lysosomal processes and enzymes in general as well as for analyzing lysosomal dependent cellular signaling. Modulation of gene expression of several prominent inflammatory messengers IL1B, IL6, IL23A, CCL4 and CCL20 further indicate potentially beneficial effects in the field of (systemic) infections involving bacterial endotoxins like LPS or infections with influenza A virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Blaess
- Furtwangen University, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Nelly Bibak
- Furtwangen University, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Ralf A Claus
- Clinic for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Am Klinikum 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Matthias Kohl
- Furtwangen University, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany
| | - Gabriel A Bonaterra
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kinscherf
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Medical Cell Biology, University of Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Laufer
- Pharmaceutical Institute, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Deigner
- Furtwangen University, Medical and Life Sciences Faculty, Institute of Precision Medicine, Jakob-Kienzle-Str. 17, D-78054 Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute IZI, Leipzig, EXIM Department, Schillingallee 68, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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