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Lopes N, Pereira RB, Correia A, Vilanova M, Cerca N, França A. Deletion of codY impairs Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation, generation of viable but non-culturable cells and stimulates cytokine production in human macrophages. J Med Microbiol 2024; 73. [PMID: 38743043 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms are one of the major causes of bloodstream infections related to the use of medical devices. The diagnosis of these infections is challenging, delaying their treatment and resulting in increased morbidity and mortality rates. As such, it is urgent to characterize the mechanisms employed by this bacterium to endure antibiotic treatments and the response of the host immune system, to develop more effective therapeutic strategies. In several bacterial species, the gene codY was shown to encode a protein that regulates the expression of genes involved in biofilm formation and immune evasion. Additionally, in a previous study, our group generated evidence indicating that codY is involved in the emergence of viable but non-culturable (VBNC) cells in S. epidermidis.Gap statement/Hypothesis. As such, we hypothesized that the gene codY has have an important role in this bacterium virulence.Aim. This study aimed to assess, for the first time, the impact of the deletion of the gene codY in S. epidermidis virulence, namely, in antibiotic susceptibility, biofilm formation, VBNC state emergence and in vitro host immune system response.Methodology. Using an allelic replacement strategy, we constructed and then characterized an S. epidermidis strain lacking codY, in regards to biofilm and VBNC cell formation, susceptibility to antibiotics as well as their role in the interaction with human blood and plasma. Additionally, we investigate whether the codY gene can impact the activation of innate immune cells by evaluating the production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by THP-1 macrophages.Results. We demonstrated that the deletion of the gene codY resulted in biofilms with less c.f.u. counts and fewer VBNC cells. Furthermore, we show that although WT and mutant cells were similarly internalized in vitro by human macrophages, a stronger cytokine response was elicited by the mutant in a toll-like receptor 4-dependent manner.Conclusion. Our results indicate that codY contributes to S. epidermidis virulence, which in turn may have an impact on our ability to manage the biofilm-associated infections caused by this bacterium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Lopes
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centro de Engenharia Biológica (CEB), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | - Renato B Pereira
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Correia
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- I3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- IBMC-Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centro de Engenharia Biológica (CEB), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LABBELS-Laboratório Associado, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Angela França
- Laboratório de Investigação em Biofilmes Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), Centro de Engenharia Biológica (CEB), Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LABBELS-Laboratório Associado, Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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The issue beyond resistance: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation is induced by subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, and clindamycin. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277287. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermis is one of the most frequent causes of device-associated infections due to biofilm formation. Current reports noted that subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics induce biofilm production in some bacteria. Accordingly, we evaluated the effect of exposure of different subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin on the biofilm formation of methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis (MRSE). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing and minimum inhibitory/bactericidal concentration of antimicrobial agents were determined. MRSE isolates were selected, and their biofilm formation ability was evaluated. The effect of subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin, antibiotics selected among common choices in the clinic, on MRSE biofilm formation was determined by the microtitre method. Besides, the effect of subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, clindamycin, and vancomycin on the expression of the biofilm-associated genes icaA and atlE was evaluated by Reverse-transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of MRSE strains showed a high level of resistance as follows: 80%, 53.3%, 33.3%, 33.3%, and 26.6%, for erythromycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, clindamycin, and gentamicin, respectively. Besides, 73.3% of S. epidermidis strains were Multidrug-resistant (MDR). Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were in the range of 0.5 to512 μg/mL and 1 to1024 μg/mL for cloxacillin, 0.125 to256 μg/mL and 1 to512 μg/mL for cefazolin, 0.125 to64 μg/mL and 4 to>1024 μg/mL for clindamycin, and 2 to32 μg/mL and 4 to32 μg/mL for vancomycin, respectively. The findings showed that subinhibitory concentrations of cloxacillin, cefazolin, and clindamycin induce biofilm production in MRSE strains. In particular, the OD values of strains were in the range of 0.09–0.95, 0.05–0.86, and 0.06–1 toward cloxacillin, cefazolin, and clindamycin, respectively. On the other hand, exposure to subinhibitory vancomycin concentrations did not increase the biofilm formation in MRSE strains. The findings also demonstrated that sub-MIC of antibiotics up-regulated biofilm-associated genes. In particular, atlE and icaA were up-regulated 0.062 to 1.16 and 0.078 to 1.48 folds, respectively, for cloxacillin, 0.11 to 0.8, and 0.1 to 1.3 folds for cefazolin, 0.18 to 0.98, and 0.19 to 1.4 folds, respectively, for clindamycin. In contrast, the results showed that sub-MIC of vancomycin did not increase the biofilm-associated genes. These findings overall show that exposure to sub-MIC of traditional antibiotics can cause biofilm induction in MRSE, thereby increasing the survival and persistence on various surfaces that worsen the condition of comorbid infections.
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The Transcription Factor SpoVG Is of Major Importance for Biofilm Formation of Staphylococcus epidermidis under In Vitro Conditions, but Dispensable for In Vivo Biofilm Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063255. [PMID: 35328675 PMCID: PMC8949118 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a common cause of device related infections on which pathogens form biofilms (i.e., multilayered cell populations embedded in an extracellular matrix). Here, we report that the transcription factor SpoVG is essential for the capacity of S. epidermidis to form such biofilms on artificial surfaces under in vitro conditions. Inactivation of spoVG in the polysaccharide intercellular adhesin (PIA) producing S. epidermidis strain 1457 yielded a mutant that, unlike its parental strain, failed to produce a clear biofilm in a microtiter plate-based static biofilm assay. A decreased biofilm formation capacity was also observed when 1457 ΔspoVG cells were co-cultured with polyurethane-based peripheral venous catheter fragments under dynamic conditions, while the cis-complemented 1457 ΔspoVG::spoVG derivative formed biofilms comparable to the levels seen with the wild-type. Transcriptional studies demonstrated that the deletion of spoVG significantly altered the expression of the intercellular adhesion (ica) locus by upregulating the transcription of the ica operon repressor icaR and down-regulating the transcription of icaADBC. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) revealed an interaction between SpoVG and the icaA-icaR intergenic region, suggesting SpoVG to promote biofilm formation of S. epidermidis by modulating ica expression. However, when mice were challenged with the 1457 ΔspoVG mutant in a foreign body infection model, only marginal differences in biomasses produced on the infected catheter fragments between the mutant and the parental strain were observed. These findings suggest that SpoVG is critical for the PIA-dependent biofilm formation of S. epidermis under in vitro conditions, but is largely dispensable for biofilm formation of this skin commensal under in vivo conditions.
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Haag NP, Geßlein M, Millrose M, Ziegler R, Willauschus M, Steinmann J, Bail HJ, Rüther J. Short- and Mid-Term Survival of Geriatric Patients with Septic Arthritis of the Knee and the Impact of Risk Factors on Survival. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11030755. [PMID: 35160206 PMCID: PMC8836952 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11030755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Septic arthritis is common in older adults and can be related to joint surgery or hematogenous distribution. To date, the risk factors affecting survival are unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of existing implants, positive synovial microbiological culture results, and the American Society of Anesthesiology Physical Status (ASA) classification on the short- and mid-term survival of older patients with primary septic gonarthritis. This retrospective study included 133 older adults >60 years who underwent surgery for primary septic gonarthritis. Data were collected from medical records and public obituaries. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were used to estimate the probability of survival, as well as log-rank tests to measure and compare survival rates over one- and five-year periods. The mean age was 74.9 years (SD ± 9.2), and the 5-year follow-up rate was 74.3% (the mean follow-up was 3000.5 days; SD ± 1771.6). Mean survival was significantly different in patients with implants and without implants (p = 0.015), and between ASA II, ASA III, and ASA IV (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the survival of patients with or without a positive synovial microbiological culture (p = 0.08). Older adults with septic monoarthritis and pre-existing medical implants showed impaired survival. The ASA classification prior to surgery for primary septic monoarthritis can be helpful in identifying patients with poorer mid-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Pauline Haag
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (N.P.H.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (M.W.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Markus Geßlein
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (N.P.H.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (M.W.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Michael Millrose
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (N.P.H.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (M.W.); (H.J.B.)
- Department of Trauma Surgery and Sports Medicine, Garmisch-Partenkirchen Medical Centre, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | - Renate Ziegler
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (R.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Maximilian Willauschus
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (N.P.H.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (M.W.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Jörg Steinmann
- Institute of Clinical Hygiene, Medical Microbiology and Infectiology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (R.Z.); (J.S.)
| | - Hermann Josef Bail
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (N.P.H.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (M.W.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Johannes Rüther
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 90471 Nuremberg, Germany; (N.P.H.); (M.G.); (M.M.); (M.W.); (H.J.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-0911-398-2600
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França A, Gaio V, Lopes N, Melo LDR. Virulence Factors in Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci. Pathogens 2021; 10:170. [PMID: 33557202 PMCID: PMC7913919 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have emerged as major pathogens in healthcare-associated facilities, being S. epidermidis, S. haemolyticus and, more recently, S. lugdunensis, the most clinically relevant species. Despite being less virulent than the well-studied pathogen S. aureus, the number of CoNS strains sequenced is constantly increasing and, with that, the number of virulence factors identified in those strains. In this regard, biofilm formation is considered the most important. Besides virulence factors, the presence of several antibiotic-resistance genes identified in CoNS is worrisome and makes treatment very challenging. In this review, we analyzed the different aspects involved in CoNS virulence and their impact on health and food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela França
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (V.G.); (N.L.)
| | | | | | - Luís D. R. Melo
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal; (V.G.); (N.L.)
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The Protective Effect of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm Matrix against Phage Predation. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101076. [PMID: 32992766 PMCID: PMC7601396 DOI: 10.3390/v12101076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a major causative agent of nosocomial infections, mainly associated with the use of indwelling devices, on which this bacterium forms structures known as biofilms. Due to biofilms’ high tolerance to antibiotics, virulent bacteriophages were previously tested as novel therapeutic agents. However, several staphylococcal bacteriophages were shown to be inefficient against biofilms. In this study, the previously characterized S. epidermidis-specific Sepunavirus phiIBB-SEP1 (SEP1), which has a broad spectrum and high activity against planktonic cells, was evaluated concerning its efficacy against S. epidermidis biofilms. The in vitro biofilm killing assays demonstrated a reduced activity of the phage. To understand the underlying factors impairing SEP1 inefficacy against biofilms, this phage was tested against distinct planktonic and biofilm-derived bacterial populations. Interestingly, SEP1 was able to lyse planktonic cells in different physiological states, suggesting that the inefficacy for biofilm control resulted from the biofilm 3D structure and the protective effect of the matrix. To assess the impact of the biofilm architecture on phage predation, SEP1 was tested in disrupted biofilms resulting in a 2 orders-of-magnitude reduction in the number of viable cells after 6 h of infection. The interaction between SEP1 and the biofilm matrix was further assessed by the addition of matrix to phage particles. Results showed that the matrix did not inactivate phages nor affected phage adsorption. Moreover, confocal laser scanning microscopy data demonstrated that phage infected cells were less predominant in the biofilm regions where the matrix was more abundant. Our results provide compelling evidence indicating that the biofilm matrix can work as a barrier, allowing the bacteria to be hindered from phage infection.
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Gaio V, Cerca N. Biofilm released cells can easily be obtained in a fed-batch system using ica+ but not with ica- isolates. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9549. [PMID: 32742809 PMCID: PMC7368429 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the major opportunistic bacterial pathogens in healthcare facilities, mainly due to its strong ability to form biofilms in the surface of indwelling medical devices. To study biofilms under in vitro conditions, both fed-batch and flow systems are widely used, with the first being the most frequent due to their low cost and ease of use. Aim To assess if a fed-batch system previously developed to obtain biofilm released cells (Brc) from strong biofilm producing S. epidermidis isolates could also be used to obtain and characterize Brc from isolates with lower abilities to form biofilms. Methodology The applicability of a fed-batch system to obtain Brc from biofilms of 3 ica + and 3 ica - isolates was assessed by quantifying the biofilm and Brc biomass by optical density (OD) and colony-forming units (CFU) measurements. The effect of media replacement procedures of fed-batch systems on the amount of biofilm was determined by quantifying the biofilm and biofilm bulk fluid, by CFU, after consecutive washing steps. Results The fed-batch model was appropriate to obtain Brc from ica+ isolates, that presented a greater ability to form biofilms and release cells. However, the same was not true for ica - isolates, mainly because the washing procedure would physically remove a significant number of cells from the biofilm. Conclusions This study demonstrates that a fed-batch system is only feasible to be used to obtain Brc from S. epidermidis when studying strong and cohesive biofilm-forming isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Gaio
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira (LIBRO), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Seebach E, Kubatzky KF. Chronic Implant-Related Bone Infections-Can Immune Modulation be a Therapeutic Strategy? Front Immunol 2019; 10:1724. [PMID: 31396229 PMCID: PMC6664079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic implant-related bone infections are a major problem in orthopedic and trauma-related surgery with severe consequences for the affected patients. As antibiotic resistance increases in general and because most antibiotics have poor effectiveness against biofilm-embedded bacteria in particular, there is a need for alternative and innovative treatment approaches. Recently, the immune system has moved into focus as the key player in infection defense and bone homeostasis, and the targeted modulation of the host response is becoming an emerging field of interest. The aim of this review was to summarize the current knowledge of impaired endogenous defense mechanisms that are unable to prevent chronicity of bone infections associated with a prosthetic or osteosynthetic device. The presence of foreign material adversely affects the immune system by generating a local immune-compromised environment where spontaneous clearance of planktonic bacteria does not take place. Furthermore, the surface structure of the implant facilitates the transition of bacteria from the planktonic to the biofilm stage. Biofilm formation on the implant surface is closely linked to the development of a chronic infection, and a misled adaption of the immune system makes it impossible to effectively eliminate biofilm infections. The interaction between the immune system and bone cells, especially osteoclasts, is extensively studied in the field of osteoimmunology and this crosstalk further aggravates the course of bone infection by shifting bone homeostasis in favor of bone resorption. T cells play a major role in various chronic diseases and in this review a special focus was therefore set on what is known about an ineffective T cell response. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), anti-inflammatory macrophages, regulatory T cells (Tregs) as well as osteoclasts all suppress immune defense mechanisms and negatively regulate T cell-mediated immunity. Thus, these cells are considered to be potential targets for immune therapy. The success of immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer treatment encourages the transfer of such immunological approaches into treatment strategies of other chronic diseases. Here, we discuss whether immune modulation can be a therapeutic tool for the treatment of chronic implant-related bone infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Seebach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina F Kubatzky
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
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Gaio V, Cerca N. Cells released from S. epidermidis biofilms present increased antibiotic tolerance to multiple antibiotics. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6884. [PMID: 31143534 PMCID: PMC6525591 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm released cells (Brc) are thought to present an intermediary phenotype between biofilm and planktonic cells and this has the potential of affecting their antimicrobial tolerance. AIM Compare the antimicrobial tolerance profiles of Brc, planktonic or biofilm cultures of S. epidermidis. METHODOLOGY Planktonic, biofilm cultures or Brc from 11 isolates were exposed to peak serum concentrations (PSC) of antibiotics. The antimicrobial killing effect in the three populations was determined by CFU. RESULTS Increased Brc tolerance to vancomycin, teicoplanin, rifampicin, erythromycin, and tetracycline was confirmed in model strain 9142. Furthermore, significant differences in the susceptibility of Brc to vancomycin were further found in 10 other clinical isolates. CONCLUSIONS Brc from distinct clinical isolates presented a decreased susceptibility to most antibiotics tested and maintained that enhanced tolerance despite growing planktonically for up to 6 h. Our data suggest that Brc maintain the typical enhanced antibiotic tolerance of biofilm populations, further suggesting that addressing antimicrobial susceptibility in planktonic cultures might not reflect the full potential of biofilm-associated bacteria to survive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Gaio
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nuno Cerca
- Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
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Månsson E, Söderquist B, Nilsdotter-Augustinsson Å, Särndahl E, Demirel I. Staphylococcus epidermidis from prosthetic joint infections induces lower IL-1β release from human neutrophils than isolates from normal flora. APMIS 2018; 126:678-684. [PMID: 30168623 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from prosthetic joint infections (PJIs) differs from S. epidermidis isolated from normal flora in terms of its capacity to induce activation of caspase-1 and release of IL-1β in human neutrophils. The amount of active caspase-1 was determined over 6 h by detecting Ac-YVAD-AMC fluorescence in human neutrophils incubated with S. epidermidis isolates from PJIs (ST2) or normal flora. The amount of IL-1β was detected by ELISA in neutrophil supernatants after 6 h of incubation. Mean IL-1β release was lower after incubation with S. epidermidis from PJIs compared to isolates from normal flora, but no statistically significant difference was found in active caspase-1. Substantial inter-individual differences in both active caspase-1 and IL-1β were noted. These results suggest that evasion of innate immune response, measured as reduced capacity to induce release of IL-1β from human neutrophils, might be involved in the predominance of ST2 in S. epidermidis PJIs, but that other microbe-related factors are probably also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeli Månsson
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Region Västmanland - Uppsala University, Centre for Clinical Research, Hospital of Västmanland, Västerås, Sweden
| | - Bo Söderquist
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Åsa Nilsdotter-Augustinsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Eva Särndahl
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Isak Demirel
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden.,iRiSC - Inflammatory Response and Infection Susceptibility Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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Balasubramanian S, Skaf J, Holzgrabe U, Bharti R, Förstner KU, Ziebuhr W, Humeida UH, Abdelmohsen UR, Oelschlaeger TA. A New Bioactive Compound From the Marine Sponge-Derived Streptomyces sp. SBT348 Inhibits Staphylococcal Growth and Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1473. [PMID: 30050506 PMCID: PMC6050364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis, the common inhabitant of human skin and mucosal surfaces has emerged as an important pathogen in patients carrying surgical implants and medical devices. Entering the body via surgical sites and colonizing the medical devices through formation of multi-layered biofilms leads to refractory and persistent device-related infections (DRIs). Staphylococci organized in biofilms are more tolerant to antibiotics and immune responses, and thus are difficult-to-treat. The consequent morbidity and mortality, and economic losses in health care systems has strongly necessitated the need for development of new anti-bacterial and anti-biofilm-based therapeutics. In this study, we describe the biological activity of a marine sponge-derived Streptomyces sp. SBT348 extract in restraining staphylococcal growth and biofilm formation on polystyrene, glass, medically relevant titan metal, and silicone surfaces. A bioassay-guided fractionation was performed to isolate the active compound (SKC3) from the crude SBT348 extract. Our results demonstrated that SKC3 effectively inhibits the growth (MIC: 31.25 μg/ml) and biofilm formation (sub-MIC range: 1.95–<31.25 μg/ml) of S. epidermidis RP62A in vitro. Chemical characterization of SKC3 by heat and enzyme treatments, and mass spectrometry (HRMS) revealed its heat-stable and non-proteinaceous nature, and high molecular weight (1258.3 Da). Cytotoxicity profiling of SKC3 in vitro on mouse fibroblast (NIH/3T3) and macrophage (J774.1) cell lines, and in vivo on the greater wax moth larvae Galleria mellonella revealed its non-toxic nature at the effective dose. Transcriptome analysis of SKC3 treated S. epidermidis RP62A has further unmasked its negative effect on central metabolism such as carbon flux as well as, amino acid, lipid, and energy metabolism. Taken together, these findings suggest a potential of SKC3 as a putative drug to prevent staphylococcal DRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Skaf
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Holzgrabe
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Richa Bharti
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Konrad U Förstner
- Core Unit Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Wilma Ziebuhr
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ute H Humeida
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, RD3 Marine Microbiology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Usama R Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, Egypt
| | - Tobias A Oelschlaeger
- Institute for Molecular Infection Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Sabaté Brescó M, Harris LG, Thompson K, Stanic B, Morgenstern M, O'Mahony L, Richards RG, Moriarty TF. Pathogenic Mechanisms and Host Interactions in Staphylococcus epidermidis Device-Related Infection. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1401. [PMID: 28824556 PMCID: PMC5539136 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus epidermidis is a permanent member of the normal human microbiota, commonly found on skin and mucous membranes. By adhering to tissue surface moieties of the host via specific adhesins, S. epidermidis is capable of establishing a lifelong commensal relationship with humans that begins early in life. In its role as a commensal organism, S. epidermidis is thought to provide benefits to human host, including out-competing more virulent pathogens. However, largely due to its capacity to form biofilm on implanted foreign bodies, S. epidermidis has emerged as an important opportunistic pathogen in patients receiving medical devices. S. epidermidis causes approximately 20% of all orthopedic device-related infections (ODRIs), increasing up to 50% in late-developing infections. Despite this prevalence, it remains underrepresented in the scientific literature, in particular lagging behind the study of the S. aureus. This review aims to provide an overview of the interactions of S. epidermidis with the human host, both as a commensal and as a pathogen. The mechanisms retained by S. epidermidis that enable colonization of human skin as well as invasive infection, will be described, with a particular focus upon biofilm formation. The host immune responses to these infections are also described, including how S. epidermidis seems to trigger low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and high levels of interleukin-10, which may contribute to the sub-acute and persistent nature often associated with these infections. The adaptive immune response to S. epidermidis remains poorly described, and represents an area which may provide significant new discoveries in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sabaté Brescó
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland.,Molecular Immunology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of ZurichDavos, Switzerland
| | - Llinos G Harris
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical SchoolSwansea, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Thompson
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Stanic
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
| | - Mario Morgenstern
- Department of Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital BaselBasel, Switzerland
| | - Liam O'Mahony
- Molecular Immunology, Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research, University of ZurichDavos, Switzerland
| | - R Geoff Richards
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
| | - T Fintan Moriarty
- Musculoskeletal Infection, AO Research Institute DavosDavos, Switzerland
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