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Sharafutdinov I, Friedrich B, Rottner K, Backert S, Tegtmeyer N. Cortactin: A major cellular target of viral, protozoal, and fungal pathogens. Mol Microbiol 2024; 122:165-183. [PMID: 38868928 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Many viral, protozoal, and fungal pathogens represent major human and animal health problems due to their great potential of causing infectious diseases. Research on these pathogens has contributed substantially to our current understanding of both microbial virulence determinants and host key factors during infection. Countless studies have also shed light on the molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interactions that are employed by these microbes. For example, actin cytoskeletal dynamics play critical roles in effective adhesion, host cell entry, and intracellular movements of intruding pathogens. Cortactin is an eminent host cell protein that stimulates actin polymerization and signal transduction, and recently emerged as fundamental player during host-pathogen crosstalk. Here we review the important role of cortactin as major target for various prominent viral, protozoal and fungal pathogens in humans, and its role in human disease development and cancer progression. Most if not all of these important classes of pathogens have been reported to hijack cortactin during infection through mediating up- or downregulation of cortactin mRNA and protein expression as well as signaling. In particular, pathogen-induced changes in tyrosine and serine phosphorylation status of cortactin at its major phospho-sites (Y-421, Y-470, Y-486, S-113, S-298, S-405, and S-418) are addressed. As has been reported for various Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, many pathogenic viruses, protozoa, and fungi also control these regulatory phospho-sites, for example, by activating kinases such as Src, PAK, ERK1/2, and PKD, which are known to phosphorylate cortactin. In addition, the recruitment of cortactin and its interaction partners, like the Arp2/3 complex and F-actin, to the contact sites between pathogens and host cells is highlighted, as this plays an important role in the infection process and internalization of several pathogens. However, there are also other ways in which the pathogens can exploit the function of cortactin for their needs, as the cortactin-mediated regulation of cellular processes is complex and involves numerous different interaction partners. Here, the current state of knowledge is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irshad Sharafutdinov
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Barbara Friedrich
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klemens Rottner
- Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Division of Molecular Cell Biology, Zoological Institute, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Backert
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicole Tegtmeyer
- Department of Biology, Division of Microbiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Bényei ÉB, Nazeer RR, Askenasy I, Mancini L, Ho PM, Sivarajan GAC, Swain JEV, Welch M. The past, present and future of polymicrobial infection research: Modelling, eavesdropping, terraforming and other stories. Adv Microb Physiol 2024; 85:259-323. [PMID: 39059822 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2024.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Over the last two centuries, great advances have been made in microbiology as a discipline. Much of this progress has come about as a consequence of studying the growth and physiology of individual microbial species in well-defined laboratory media; so-called "axenic growth". However, in the real world, microbes rarely live in such "splendid isolation" (to paraphrase Foster) and more often-than-not, share the niche with a plethora of co-habitants. The resulting interactions between species (and even between kingdoms) are only very poorly understood, both on a theoretical and experimental level. Nevertheless, the last few years have seen significant progress, and in this review, we assess the importance of polymicrobial infections, and show how improved experimental traction is advancing our understanding of these. A particular focus is on developments that are allowing us to capture the key features of polymicrobial infection scenarios, especially as those associated with the human airways (both healthy and diseased).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Isabel Askenasy
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Mancini
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pok-Man Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jemima E V Swain
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Welch
- Department of Biochemistry, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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3
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Han D, Ji Y, Yang S, Song P, Shi Y, Shao D, Chen X, Shang L, Shi J, Jiang C. Therapeutic effect of iturin A on Candida albicans oral infection and its pathogenic factors. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0094823. [PMID: 38051047 PMCID: PMC10777857 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00948-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is responsible for conditions ranging from superficial infections such as oral or vaginal candidiasis to potentially fatal systemic infections. It produces pathogenic factors contributing to its virulence. Iturin A, a lipopeptide derived from Bacillus sp., exhibits a significant inhibitory effect against C. albicans. However, its exact mechanism in mitigating the pathogenic factors of C. albicans remains to be elucidated. This study aimed to explore the influence of iturin A on several pathogenic attributes of C. albicans, including hypha formation, cell membrane permeability, cell adhesion, biofilm formation, and therapeutic efficacy in an oral C. albicans infection model in mice. The minimal inhibitory concentration of iturin A against C. albicans was determined to be 25 µg/mL in both YEPD and RPMI-1640 media. Iturin A effectively inhibited C. albicans hyphal formation, decreased cell viability within biofilms, enhanced cell membrane permeability, and disrupted cell adhesion in vitro. Nonetheless, iturin A did not significantly affect the phospholipase activity or hydrophobicity of C. albicans. A comparative study with nystatin demonstrated the superior therapeutic efficacy of iturin A in a mouse model of oral C. albicans infection, significantly decreasing C. albicans count and inhibiting both fungal hypha formation and tongue surface adhesion. High-dose iturin A treatment (25 µg/mL) in mice had no significant effects on blood indices, tongue condition, or body weight, indicating the potential for iturin A in managing oral infections. This study confirmed the therapeutic potential of iturin A and provided valuable insights for developing effective antifungal therapies targeting C. albicans pathogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Han
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yulan Ji
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Saixue Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pei Song
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yihong Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Dongyan Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xianqing Chen
- School of Medicine, Xi’an International University, Xi’an, China
| | - Li Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Center for Nano Energy Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Junling Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chunmei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Kulig K, Bednaruk K, Rudolphi-Szydło E, Barbasz A, Wronowska E, Barczyk-Woznicka O, Karnas E, Pyza E, Zuba-Surma E, Rapala-Kozik M, Karkowska-Kuleta J. Stress Conditions Affect the Immunomodulatory Potential of Candida albicans Extracellular Vesicles and Their Impact on Cytokine Release by THP-1 Human Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17179. [PMID: 38139005 PMCID: PMC10742962 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immune cells possess the ability to react complexly and effectively after contact with microbial virulence factors, including those transported in cell-derived structures of nanometer sizes termed extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are produced by organisms of all kingdoms, including fungi pathogenic to humans. In this work, the immunomodulatory properties of EVs produced under oxidative stress conditions or at host concentrations of CO2 by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans were investigated. The interaction of EVs with human pro-monocytes of the U-937 cell line was established, and the most notable effect was attributed to oxidative stress-related EVs. The immunomodulatory potential of tested EVs against human THP-1 macrophages was verified using cytotoxicity assay, ROS-production assay, and the measurement of cytokine production. All fungal EVs tested did not show a significant cytotoxic effect on THP-1 cells, although a slight pro-oxidative impact was indicated for EVs released by C. albicans cells grown under oxidative stress. Furthermore, for all tested types of EVs, the pro-inflammatory properties related to increased IL-8 and TNF-α production and decreased IL-10 secretion were demonstrated, with the most significant effect observed for EVs released under oxidative stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kulig
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Bednaruk
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Rudolphi-Szydło
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of the National Education Commission, Podchorazych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Barbasz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of the National Education Commission, Podchorazych 2, 30-084 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewelina Wronowska
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Barczyk-Woznicka
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Karnas
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Pyza
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Ewa Zuba-Surma
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Maria Rapala-Kozik
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Karkowska-Kuleta
- Department of Comparative Biochemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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Watchaputi K, Jayasekara LACB, Ratanakhanokchai K, Soontorngun N. Inhibition of cell cycle-dependent hyphal and biofilm formation by a novel cytochalasin 19,20‑epoxycytochalasin Q in Candida albicans. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9724. [PMID: 37322086 PMCID: PMC10272203 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36191-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-mediated drug resistance is a key virulence factor of pathogenic microbes that cause a serious global health threat especially in immunocompromised individuals. Here, we investigated the antihyphal and antibiofilm activity of 19,20‑epoxycytochalasin Q (ECQ), a cytochalasin actin inhibitor isolated from medicinal mushroom Xylaria sp. BCC1067 against Candida albicans. Remarkably, 256 µg/ml of ECQ inhibited over 95% of C. albicans hyphal formation after 24 h-treatment. Combined ECQ and lipid-based biosurfactant effectively enhanced the antihyphal activity, lowering required ECQ concentrations. Hyphal fragmentation and reduction of biofilm biomass, shown by SEM and AFM visualization of ECQ-treated biofilms, were well corelated to the reduced metabolic activities of young and 24 h-preformed C. albicans biofilms. Induced intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) also occurred in accompany with the leakage of shrunken cell membrane and defective cell wall at increasing ECQ concentrations. Transcriptomic analyses via RNA-sequencing revealed a massive change (> 1300 genes) in various biological pathways, following ECQ-treatment. Coordinated expression of genes, associated with cellular response to drugs, filamentous growth, cell adhesion, biofilm formation, cytoskeleton organization, cell division cycle, lipid and cell wall metabolisms was confirmed via qRT-PCR. Protein-protein association tool identified coupled expression between key regulators of cell division cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdc19/28) and a gamma-tubulin (Tub4). They coordinated ECQ-dependent hyphal specific gene targets of Ume6 and Tec1 during different phases of cell division. Thus, we first highlight the antihyphal and antibiofilm property of the novel antifungal agent ECQ against one of the most important life-threatening fungal pathogens by providing its key mechanistic detail in biofilm-related fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwanrutai Watchaputi
- Excellent Research Laboratory for Yeast Innovation, Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - L A Channa Bhathiya Jayasekara
- Excellent Research Laboratory for Yeast Innovation, Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Khanok Ratanakhanokchai
- Excellent Center of Enzyme Technology and Microbial Utilization, Pilot Plant Development and Training Institute, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand
| | - Nitnipa Soontorngun
- Excellent Research Laboratory for Yeast Innovation, Division of Biochemical Technology, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (KMUTT), Bangkok, 10150, Thailand.
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6
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Kanchanapiboon J, Maiuthed A, Rukthong P, Thunyaharn S, Tuntoaw S, Poonsatha S, Santimaleeworagun W. Metabolomics profiling of culture medium reveals association of methionine and vitamin B metabolisms with virulent phenotypes of clinical bloodstream-isolated Candida albicans. Res Microbiol 2023; 174:104009. [PMID: 36403754 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2022.104009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Candida albicans is a predominant species causing candidemia in hospitalized patients. This study aimed to investigate the association of culture medium metabolomic profiles with biofilm formation and invasion properties of clinical bloodstream-isolated C. albicans. A total of twelve isolates and two reference strains were identified by virulent phenotypes. Their susceptibility was determined by the microdilution method, following EUCAST guidelines. Biofilm formation was evaluated with metabolic activity, morphology and agglutinin-like sequence 3 (ALS3) mRNA expression. Invasion into the vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells was determined by lactate dehydrogenase release and internalization assay. Their metabolomic profiles were assessed by high-resolution accurate-mass spectrometry (HRAMS). The results showed four different phenotypes of C. albicans: high-biofilm/invasive (50%), high-biofilm/non-invasive (7%), low-biofilm/invasive (36%) and low-biofilm/non-invasive (7%). The metabolomic profiles of the culture medium determined strong correlation of the virulent phenotypes and the alteration of metabolites in the methionine metabolism pathway, such as homocysteine, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate and S-adenosylmethioninamine. Moreover, thiamine and biotin levels were significantly increased in Isolate03, representative of a high-biofilm/invasive phenotype. These results suggest that methionine and vitamin B metabolism pathways might be influenced by their virulent phenotypes and pathogenic traits. Therefore, their metabolism pathways might be a potential target for reducing virulence of C. albicans bloodstream infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamras Kanchanapiboon
- Medicinal Plant Research Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Arnatchai Maiuthed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand; Centre of Biopharmaceutical Science for Healthy Ageing, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Pattarawit Rukthong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakornnayok 26120, Thailand; Center for Excellence in Plant and Herbal Innovation Research, Strategic Wisdom and Research Institute, Srinakharinwirot University, Nakornnayok 26120, Thailand.
| | - Sudaluck Thunyaharn
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Nakhonratchasima College, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
| | - Sasiwan Tuntoaw
- Medicinal Plant Research Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Subhadhcha Poonsatha
- Medicinal Plant Research Institute, Department of Medical Sciences, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand.
| | - Wichai Santimaleeworagun
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom 73000, Thailand.
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Transcriptomic Analysis of Long Non-Coding RNA during Candida albicans Infection. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020251. [PMID: 36833177 PMCID: PMC9956080 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is one of the most commonly found species in fungal infections. Due to its clinical importance, molecular aspects of the host immune defense against the fungus are of interest to biomedical sciences. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been investigated in different pathologies and gained widespread attention regarding their role as gene regulators. However, the biological processes in which most lncRNAs perform their function are still unclear. This study investigates the association between lncRNAs with host response to C. albicans using a public RNA-Seq dataset from lung samples of female C57BL/6J wild-type Mus musculus with induced C. albicans infection. The animals were exposed to the fungus for 24 h before sample collection. We selected lncRNAs and protein-coding genes related to the host immune response by combining the results from different computational approaches used for gene selection: differential expression gene analysis, co-expression genes network analysis, and machine learning-based gene selection. Using a guilt by association strategy, we inferred connections between 41 lncRNAs and 25 biological processes. Our results indicated that nine up-regulated lncRNAs were associated with biological processes derived from the response to wounding: 1200007C13Rik, 4833418N02Rik, Gm12840, Gm15832, Gm20186, Gm38037, Gm45774, Gm4610, Mir22hg, and Mirt1. Additionally, 29 lncRNAs were related to genes involved in immune response, while 22 lncRNAs were associated with processes related to reactive species production. These results support the participation of lncRNAs during C. albicans infection, and may contribute to new studies investigating lncRNA functions in the immune response.
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Takano T, Kudo H, Eguchi S, Matsumoto A, Oka K, Yamasaki Y, Takahashi M, Koshikawa T, Takemura H, Yamagishi Y, Mikamo H, Kunishima H. Inhibitory effects of vaginal Lactobacilli on C andida albicans growth, hyphal formation, biofilm development, and epithelial cell adhesion. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1113401. [PMID: 37201113 PMCID: PMC10188118 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Antifungal agents are not always efficient in resolving vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), a common genital infection caused by the overgrowth of Candida spp., including Candida albicans, or in preventing recurrent infections. Although lactobacilli (which are dominant microorganisms constituting healthy human vaginal microbiota) are important barriers against VVC, the Lactobacillus metabolite concentration needed to suppress VVC is unknown. Methods We quantitatively evaluated Lactobacillus metabolite concentrations to determine their effect on Candida spp., including 27 vaginal strains of Lactobacillus crispatus, L. jensenii, L. gasseri, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, and Limosilactobacillus vaginalis, with inhibitory abilities against biofilms of C. albicans clinical isolates. Results Lactobacillus culture supernatants suppressed viable fungi by approximately 24%-92% relative to preformed C. albicans biofilms; however, their suppression differed among strains and not species. A moderate negative correlation was found between Lactobacillus lactate production and biofilm formation, but no correlation was observed between hydrogen peroxide production and biofilm formation. Both lactate and hydrogen peroxide were required to suppress C. albicans planktonic cell growth. Lactobacillus strains that significantly inhibited biofilm formation in culture supernatant also inhibited C. albicans adhesion to epithelial cells in an actual live bacterial adhesion competition test. Discussion Healthy human microflora and their metabolites may play important roles in the development of new antifungal agent against C. albicans-induced VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Takano
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hayami Kudo
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Eguchi
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Asami Matsumoto
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Oka
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yukitaka Yamasaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motomichi Takahashi
- Research Department, R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama-shi, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takuro Koshikawa
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Japan
| | - Hiromu Takemura
- Department of Microbiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Japan
| | - Yuka Yamagishi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kunishima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hiroyuki Kunishima,
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Yu D, Liu Z. The research progress in the interaction between Candida albicans and cancers. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:988734. [PMID: 36246294 PMCID: PMC9554461 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.988734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogenic fungus, which tends to infect the host with defective immune function including cancer patients. A growing number of studies have shown that C. albicans infection increases the host susceptibility to cancer such as oral, gastric, and colorectal cancer. Cancer and anti-cancer treatment may also affect the colonization of C. albicans. C. albicans may promote the development of cancer by damaging mucosal epithelium, inducing the production of carcinogens, triggering chronic inflammation including Th17 cell-mediated immune response. In this article, we aim to elaborate the interaction between C. albicans and cancers development and summarize the potential molecular mechanisms, so as to provide theoretical basis for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalang Yu
- School of Basic Medicine, Fuzhou Medical College of Nanchang University, Fuzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Basic Medicine, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiping Liu,
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10
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Ma J, Jiang Y, Zhuang X, Chen H, Shen Y, Mao Z, Rao G, Wang R. Discovery of novel indole and indoline derivatives against Candida albicans as potent antifungal agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 71:128826. [PMID: 35661686 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With the widespread use of azole antifungals in the clinic, the drug resistance has been emerging continuously. In this work, we have designed and prepared a series of novel indole and indoline derivatives, and in vitro antifungal activity against C. albicans were evaluated. The results showed that title compounds exhibited good antifungal effect on Azole-resistant C. albicans. Further mechanism study demonstrated that S18 could inhibit the biofilm formation and hyphae growth of C. albicans through the Ras-cAMP-PKA signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ma
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, PR China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Xinying Zhuang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Huiting Chen
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China; Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Yunhong Shen
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China
| | - Zewei Mao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China; Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Gaoxiong Rao
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China; Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China.
| | - Ruirui Wang
- College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China; Engineering Laboratory for National Health Theory and Product of Yunnan Province, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, PR China.
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Sucupira PHF, Moura TR, Gurgel ILS, Pereira TTP, Padovan ACB, Teixeira MM, Bahia D, Soriani FM. In vitro and in vivo Characterization of Host–Pathogen Interactions of the L3881 Candida albicans Clinical Isolate. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:901442. [PMID: 35898912 PMCID: PMC9309619 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.901442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a human commensal fungus and the etiologic agent of nosocomial infections in immunocompromised individuals. Candida spp. is the most studied human fungal pathogen, and the mechanisms by which this fungus can evade the immune system affecting immunosuppressed individuals have been extensively studied. Most of these studies focus on different species of Candida, and there is much to be understood in virulence variability among lineages, specifically different C. albicans clinical isolates. To better understand the main mechanisms of its virulence variability modulated in C. albicans clinical isolates, we characterized L3881 lineage, which has been previously classified as hypovirulent, and SC5314 lineage, a virulent wild-type control, by using both in vitro and in vivo assays. Our findings demonstrated that L3881 presented higher capacity to avoid macrophage phagocytosis and higher resistance to oxidative stress than the wild type. These characteristics prevented higher mortality rates for L3881 in the animal model of candidiasis. Conversely, L3881 has been able to induce an upregulation of pro-inflammatory mediators both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicated that in vitro and in vivo functional characterizations are necessary for determination of virulence in different clinical isolates due to its modulation in the host–pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro H. F. Sucupira
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Laboratório de Genética Funcional, Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tauany R. Moura
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Laboratório de Genética Funcional, Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabella L. S. Gurgel
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Laboratório de Genética Funcional, Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Tassia T. P. Pereira
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Laboratório de Genética Funcional, Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana C. B. Padovan
- Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Mauro M. Teixeira
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frederico M. Soriani
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Laboratório de Genética Funcional, Departamento de Genética Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Frederico M. Soriani,
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12
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Lachat J, Pascault A, Thibaut D, Le Borgne R, Verbavatz JM, Weiner A. Trans-cellular tunnels induced by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans facilitate invasion through successive epithelial cells without host damage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3781. [PMID: 35773250 PMCID: PMC9246882 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31237-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans is normally commensal, residing in the mucosa of most healthy individuals. In susceptible hosts, its filamentous hyphal form can invade epithelial layers leading to superficial or severe systemic infection. Although invasion is mainly intracellular, it causes no apparent damage to host cells at early stages of infection. Here, we investigate C. albicans invasion in vitro using live-cell imaging and the damage-sensitive reporter galectin-3. Quantitative single cell analysis shows that invasion can result in host membrane breaching at different stages and host cell death, or in traversal of host cells without membrane breaching. Membrane labelling and three-dimensional 'volume' electron microscopy reveal that hyphae can traverse several host cells within trans-cellular tunnels that are progressively remodelled and may undergo 'inflations' linked to host glycogen stores. Thus, C. albicans early invasion of epithelial tissues can lead to either host membrane breaching or trans-cellular tunnelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Lachat
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Alice Pascault
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Delphine Thibaut
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Rémi Le Borgne
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, 75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Allon Weiner
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, 75013, Paris, France.
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13
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Sukhikh S, Ivanova S, Babich O, Larina V, Krol O, Prosekov A, Popov A, Kriger O. Antimicrobial Screening and Fungicidal Properties of Eucalýptus globulus Ultrasonic Extracts. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11111441. [PMID: 35684214 PMCID: PMC9182981 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The prohibition of antibiotics has led to extensive research and use of phytogenic feed additives. James Barrie Kirkpatrick described four subspecies of eucalyptus (family Myrtaceae), including Eucalýptus globulus, in 1974. The maximum concentrations of quercetin-3D-glycoside (1703.30 g/mL), astragalin (1737.82 g/mL), chlorogenic acid (342.14 g/mL), catechin (282.54 g/mL), rosmarinic acid (36.39 g/mL), and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (27.55 g/mL) were found in samples of ultrasonic extraction with ethyl alcohol (extraction module 1:5, temperature of 32 °C, an ultrasonic exposure time of 25 min). Antimicrobial activity was observed in all studied samples after 12 h of incubation (against gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis) and gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria, as well as representatives of yeast fungi (Candida albicans)); a more pronounced antimicrobial effect (lysis zone) was observed after ultrasonic processing of extracts for 20 and 25 min. Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans had lysis areas of 10.0 mm (20 min extraction with ultrasonic treatment), 13.0 mm (20 min extraction without ultrasonic treatment), and 15.5 mm (25 min extraction with ultrasonic treatment), respectively. E. globulus was demonstrated to be a source of biologically active phenolic compounds with antibacterial and fungicidal activity. More research on the use of E. globulus in feed additives is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Sukhikh
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (S.S.); (O.B.); (V.L.); (O.K.); (A.P.); (O.K.)
| | - Svetlana Ivanova
- Natural Nutraceutical Biotesting Laboratory, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya Street 6, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia
- Department of General Mathematics and Informatics, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya Street 6, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-384-239-6832
| | - Olga Babich
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (S.S.); (O.B.); (V.L.); (O.K.); (A.P.); (O.K.)
| | - Viktoria Larina
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (S.S.); (O.B.); (V.L.); (O.K.); (A.P.); (O.K.)
| | - Olesia Krol
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (S.S.); (O.B.); (V.L.); (O.K.); (A.P.); (O.K.)
| | - Alexander Prosekov
- Laboratory of Biocatalysis, Kemerovo State University, Krasnaya Street 6, 650043 Kemerovo, Russia;
| | - Alexander Popov
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (S.S.); (O.B.); (V.L.); (O.K.); (A.P.); (O.K.)
| | - Olga Kriger
- Institute of Living Systems, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, A. Nevskogo Street 14, 236016 Kaliningrad, Russia; (S.S.); (O.B.); (V.L.); (O.K.); (A.P.); (O.K.)
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14
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Pezzotti G, Kobara M, Nakaya T, Imamura H, Asai T, Miyamoto N, Adachi T, Yamamoto T, Kanamura N, Ohgitani E, Marin E, Zhu W, Nishimura I, Mazda O, Nakata T, Makimura K. Raman Study of Pathogenic Candida auris: Imaging Metabolic Machineries in Reaction to Antifungal Drugs. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:896359. [PMID: 35694304 PMCID: PMC9175029 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.896359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The multidrug-resistant Candida auris often defies treatments and presently represents a worldwide public health threat. Currently, the ergosterol-targeting Amphotericin B (AmB) and the DNA/RNA-synthesis inhibitor 5-flucytosine (5-FC) are the two main drugs available for first-line defense against life-threatening Candida auris infections. However, important aspects of their mechanisms of action require further clarification, especially regarding metabolic reactions of yeast cells. Here, we applied Raman spectroscopy empowered with specifically tailored machine-learning algorithms to monitor and to image in situ the susceptibility of two Candida auris clades to different antifungal drugs (LSEM 0643 or JCM15448T, belonging to the East Asian Clade II; and, LSEM 3673 belonging to the South African Clade III). Raman characterizations provided new details on the mechanisms of action against Candida auris Clades II and III, while also unfolding differences in their metabolic reactions to different drugs. AmB treatment induced biofilm formation in both clades, but the formed biofilms showed different structures: a dense and continuous biofilm structure in Clade II, and an extra-cellular matrix with a “fluffy” and discontinuous structure in Clade III. Treatment with 5-FC caused no biofilm formation but yeast-to-hyphal or pseudo-hyphal morphogenesis in both clades. Clade III showed a superior capacity in reducing membrane permeability to the drug through chemically tailoring chitin structure with a high degree of acetylation and fatty acids networks with significantly elongated chains. This study shows the suitability of the in situ Raman method in characterizing susceptibility and stress response of different C. auris clades to antifungal drugs, thus opening a path to identifying novel clinical solutions counteracting the spread of these alarming pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Pezzotti
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- The Center for Advanced Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- *Correspondence: Giuseppe Pezzotti
| | - Miyuki Kobara
- Division of Pathological Science, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tamaki Nakaya
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hayata Imamura
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tenma Asai
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nao Miyamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiro Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Narisato Kanamura
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eriko Ohgitani
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Elia Marin
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- Ceramic Physics Laboratory, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nishimura
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakata
- Division of Pathological Science, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koichi Makimura
- Medical Mycology, Graduate School of Medicine, Teikyo University, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Li B, Pan L, Zhang H, Xie L, Wang X, Shou J, Qi Y, Yan X. Recent Developments on Using Nanomaterials to Combat Candida albicans. Front Chem 2022; 9:813973. [PMID: 35004630 PMCID: PMC8733329 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.813973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaginal candidiasis (VC) is a common disease of women and the main pathogen is Candida albicans (C. albicans). C. albicans infection incidence especially its drug resistance have become a global health threat due to the existence of C. albicans biofilms and the low bioavailability of traditional antifungal drugs. In recent years, nanomaterials have made great progresses in the field of antifungal applications. Some researchers have treated fungal infections with inorganic nanoparticles, represented by silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antifungal properties. Liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and covalent organic frameworks (COFs) were also used to improve the bioavailability of antifungal drugs. Herein, we briefly introduced the recent developments on using above nanomaterials to combat C. albicans in antifungal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Luyao Pan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haofeng Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lingping Xie
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Shou
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Qi
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaojian Yan
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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16
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Van Genechten W, Van Dijck P, Demuyser L. Fluorescent toys 'n' tools lighting the way in fungal research. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab013. [PMID: 33595628 PMCID: PMC8498796 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although largely overlooked compared to bacterial infections, fungal infections pose a significant threat to the health of humans and other organisms. Many pathogenic fungi, especially Candida species, are extremely versatile and flexible in adapting to various host niches and stressful situations. This leads to high pathogenicity and increasing resistance to existing drugs. Due to the high level of conservation between fungi and mammalian cells, it is hard to find fungus-specific drug targets for novel therapy development. In this respect, it is vital to understand how these fungi function on a molecular, cellular as well as organismal level. Fluorescence imaging allows for detailed analysis of molecular mechanisms, cellular structures and interactions on different levels. In this manuscript, we provide researchers with an elaborate and contemporary overview of fluorescence techniques that can be used to study fungal pathogens. We focus on the available fluorescent labelling techniques and guide our readers through the different relevant applications of fluorescent imaging, from subcellular events to multispecies interactions and diagnostics. As well as cautioning researchers for potential challenges and obstacles, we offer hands-on tips and tricks for efficient experimentation and share our expert-view on future developments and possible improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Van Genechten
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory for Nanobiology, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200g, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Dijck
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Demuyser
- VIB-KU Leuven Center for Microbiology, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-heverlee, Belgium
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Botany and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 31, 3001 Leuven-Heverlee, Belgium
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17
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Comparative Molecular and Immunoregulatory Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles from Candida albicans and Candida auris. mSystems 2021; 6:e0082221. [PMID: 34427507 PMCID: PMC8407381 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00822-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida auris is a recently described multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungus that is increasingly responsible for health care-associated outbreaks across the world. Bloodstream infections of this fungus cause death in up to 70% of cases. Aggravating this scenario, the disease-promoting mechanisms of C. auris are poorly understood. Fungi release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry a broad range of molecules, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, pigments, and RNA, many of which are virulence factors. Here, we carried out a comparative molecular characterization of C. auris and Candida albicans EVs and evaluated their capacity to modulate effector mechanisms of host immune defense. Using proteomics, lipidomics, and transcriptomics, we found that C. auris released EVs with payloads that were significantly different from those of EVs released by C. albicans. EVs released by C. auris potentiated the adhesion of this yeast to an epithelial cell monolayer, while EVs from C. albicans had no effect. C. albicans EVs primed macrophages for enhanced intracellular yeast killing, whereas C. auris EVs promoted survival of the fungal cells. Moreover, EVs from both C. auris and C. albicans induced the activation of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells. Together, our findings show distinct profiles and properties of EVs released by C. auris and by C. albicans and highlight the potential contribution of C. auris EVs to the pathogenesis of this emerging pathogen. IMPORTANCECandida auris is a recently described multidrug-resistant pathogenic fungus that is responsible for outbreaks across the globe, particularly in the context of nosocomial infections. Its virulence factors and pathogenesis are poorly understood. Here, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by C. auris are a disease-promoting factor. We describe the production of EVs by C. auris and compare their biological activities against those of the better-characterized EVs from C. albicans. C. auris EVs have immunoregulatory properties, of which some are opposite those of C. albicans EVs. We also explored the cargo and structural components of those vesicles and found that they are remarkably distinct compared to EVs from C. auris’s phylogenetic relative Candida albicans.
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18
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Nájera CA, Batista MF, Meneghelli I, Bahia D. Mixed signals - how Trypanosoma cruzi exploits host-cell communication and signaling to establish infection. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:134/5/jcs255687. [PMID: 33692153 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.255687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is a 'neglected' pathology that affects millions of people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent, is an obligate intracellular parasite with a complex and diverse biology that infects several mammalian species, including humans. Because of genetic variability among strains and the presence of four biochemically and morphologically distinct parasite forms, the outcome of T. cruzi infection varies considerably depending on host cell type and parasite strain. During the initial contact, cellular communication is established by host-recognition-mediated responses, followed by parasite adherence and penetration. For this purpose, T. cruzi expresses a variety of proteins that modify the host cell, enabling it to safely reach the cytoplasm. After entry into the host cell, T. cruzi forms a transitory structure termed 'parasitophorous vacuole' (PV), followed by its cytoplasmic replication and differentiation after PV rupture, and subsequent invasion of other cells. The success of infection, maintenance and survival inside host cells is facilitated by the ability of T. cruzi to subvert various host signaling mechanisms. We focus in this Review on the various mechanisms that induce host cytoskeletal rearrangements, activation of autophagy-related proteins and crosstalk among major immune response regulators, as well as recent studies on the JAK-STAT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Acides Nájera
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 486, Brazil
| | - Marina Ferreira Batista
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 486, Brazil
| | - Isabela Meneghelli
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 486, Brazil
| | - Diana Bahia
- Departamento de Genética, Ecologia e Evolução, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 486, Brazil
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Talapko J, Juzbašić M, Matijević T, Pustijanac E, Bekić S, Kotris I, Škrlec I. Candida albicans-The Virulence Factors and Clinical Manifestations of Infection. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:79. [PMID: 33499276 PMCID: PMC7912069 DOI: 10.3390/jof7020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a common commensal fungus that colonizes the oropharyngeal cavity, gastrointestinal and vaginal tract, and healthy individuals' skin. In 50% of the population, C. albicans is part of the normal flora of the microbiota. The various clinical manifestations of Candida species range from localized, superficial mucocutaneous disorders to invasive diseases that involve multiple organ systems and are life-threatening. From systemic and local to hereditary and environmental, diverse factors lead to disturbances in Candida's normal homeostasis, resulting in a transition from normal flora to pathogenic and opportunistic infections. The transition in the pathophysiology of the onset and progression of infection is also influenced by Candida's virulence traits that lead to the development of candidiasis. Oral candidiasis has a wide range of clinical manifestations, divided into primary and secondary candidiasis. The main supply of C. albicans in the body is located in the gastrointestinal tract, and the development of infections occurs due to dysbiosis of the residential microbiota, immune dysfunction, and damage to the muco-intestinal barrier. The presence of C. albicans in the blood is associated with candidemia-invasive Candida infections. The commensal relationship exists as long as there is a balance between the host immune system and the virulence factors of C. albicans. This paper presents the virulence traits of Candida albicans and clinical manifestations of specific candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasminka Talapko
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Martina Juzbašić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
| | - Tatjana Matijević
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Clinical Hospital Center Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Emina Pustijanac
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, HR-52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Sanja Bekić
- Family Medicine Practice, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Ivan Kotris
- Department of Internal Medicine, General County Hospital Vukovar, HR-3200 Vukovar, Croatia;
| | - Ivana Škrlec
- Faculty of Dental Medicine and Health, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia; (J.T.); (M.J.)
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20
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Ke CL, Liao YT, Lin CH. MSS2 maintains mitochondrial function and is required for chitosan resistance, invasive growth, biofilm formation and virulence in Candida albicans. Virulence 2021; 12:281-297. [PMID: 33427576 PMCID: PMC7808435 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1870082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is the most prevalent fungal pathogen in humans, particularly in immunocompromised patients. In this study, by screening a C. albicans mutant library, we first identified that the MSS2 gene, an ortholog of Saccharomyces cerevisiae MSS2 required for mitochondrial respiration, mediates chitosan resistance. Upon treatment with 0.2% chitosan, the growth of mss2Δ strains was strikingly impaired, and MSS2 expression was significantly repressed by chitosan. Furthermore, mss2Δ strains exhibited slow growth on medium supplemented with glycerol as the sole carbon source. Similar to the chitosan-treated wild-type strain, the mss2Δ strain exhibited a significantly impaired ATP production ability. These data suggest that an antifungal mechanism of chitosan against C. albicans acts by inhibiting MSS2 gene expression, leading to repression of mitochondrial function. Normal respiratory function is suggested to be required for fungal virulence. Interestingly, the mss2Δ mutant strains exhibited significantly impaired invasive ability in vitro and ex vivo but retained normal hyphal development ability in liquid medium. Furthermore, the MSS2 deletion strains could not form robust biofilms and exhibited significantly reduced virulence. Collectively, these results demonstrated that the antifungal effect of chitosan against C. albicans is mediated via inhibition of mitochondrial biogenesis. These data may provide another strategy for antifungal drug development via inhibition of fungal mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Ling Ke
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Liao
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University , Taipei, Taiwan
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Grainha T, Jorge P, Alves D, Lopes SP, Pereira MO. Unraveling Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans Communication in Coinfection Scenarios: Insights Through Network Analysis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:550505. [PMID: 33262953 PMCID: PMC7686562 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.550505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Modern medicine is currently facing huge setbacks concerning infection therapeutics as microorganisms are consistently knocking down every antimicrobial wall set before them. The situation becomes more worrying when taking into account that, in both environmental and disease scenarios, microorganisms present themselves as biofilm communities that are often polymicrobial. This comprises a competitive advantage, with interactions between different species altering host responses, antimicrobial effectiveness, microbial pathogenesis and virulence, usually augmenting the severity of the infection and contributing for the recalcitrance towards conventional therapy. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans are two opportunistic pathogens often co-isolated from infections, mainly from mucosal tissues like the lung. Despite the billions of years of co-existence, this pair of microorganisms is a great example on how little is known about cross-kingdom interactions, particularly within the context of coinfections. Given the described scenario, this study aimed to collect, curate, and analyze all published experimental information on the molecular basis of P. aeruginosa and C. albicans interactions in biofilms, in order to shed light into key mechanisms that may affect infection prognosis, increasing this area of knowledge. Publications were optimally retrieved from PubMed and Web of Science and classified as to their relevance. Data was then systematically and manually curated, analyzed, and further reconstructed as networks. A total of 641 interactions between the two pathogens were annotated, outputting knowledge on important molecular players affecting key virulence mechanisms, such as hyphal growth, and related genes and proteins, constituting potential therapeutic targets for infections related to these bacterial-fungal consortia. Contrasting interactions were also analyzed, and quorum-sensing inhibition approaches were highlighted. All annotated data was made publicly available at www.ceb.uminho.pt/ISCTD, a database already containing similar data for P. aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus communication. This will allow researchers to cut on time and effort when studying this particular subject, facilitating the understanding of the basis of the inter-species and inter-kingdom interactions and how it can be modulated to help design alternative and more effective tailored therapies. Finally, data deposition will serve as base for future dataset integration, whose analysis will hopefully give insights into communications in more complex and varied biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Grainha
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Paula Jorge
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Alves
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Susana Patrícia Lopes
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Olívia Pereira
- CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, LIBRO-Laboratory of Research in Biofilms Rosário Oliveira, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
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