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Hou B, Hai Y, Buyin B, Hasi S. Research progress and limitation analysis of RNA interference in Haemonchus contortus in China. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1079676. [PMID: 36908509 PMCID: PMC9998686 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1079676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic and economically important parasitic nematode that affects small ruminants worldwide. While omics studies hold great promise, there are fewer research tools available for analyzing subsequent gene function studies. RNA interference (RNAi) technology offers a solution to this problem, as it especially allows for the knockout or shutting off of the expression of specific genes. As a result, RNAi technology has been widely used to explore gene function and disease treatment research. In this study, we reviewed the latest advancements in RNAi research on Haemonchus contortus in China, with the aim of providing a reference for the identification of key genes involved in growth and development, anthelmintic resistance, diagnostic markers, and diagnostic drug targets for the treatment of Haemonchus contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Ying Hai
- Wushen Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Ordos, China
| | - Buhe Buyin
- Wushen Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Ordos, China
| | - Surong Hasi
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Technology in Animal Diseases, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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2
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Shi H, Huang X, Chen X, Yang Y, Wang Z, Yang Y, Wu F, Zhou J, Yao C, Ma G, Du A. Acyl-CoA oxidase ACOX-1 interacts with a peroxin PEX-5 to play roles in larval development of Haemonchus contortus. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009767. [PMID: 34270617 PMCID: PMC8354476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypobiosis (facultative developmental arrest) is the most important life-cycle adaptation ensuring survival of parasitic nematodes under adverse conditions. Little is known about such survival mechanisms, although ascarosides (ascarylose with fatty acid-derived side chains) have been reported to mediate the formation of dauer larvae in the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, we investigated the role of a key gene acox-1, in the larval development of Haemonchus contortus, one of the most important parasitic nematodes that employ hypobiosis as a routine survival mechanism. In this parasite, acox-1 encodes three proteins (ACOXs) that all show a fatty acid oxidation activity in vitro and in vivo, and interact with a peroxin PEX-5 in peroxisomes. In particular, a peroxisomal targeting signal type1 (PTS1) sequence is required for ACOX-1 to be recognised by PEX-5. Analyses on developmental transcription and tissue expression show that acox-1 is predominantly expressed in the intestine and hypodermis of H. contortus, particularly in the early larval stages in the environment and the arrested fourth larval stage within host animals. Knockdown of acox-1 and pex-5 in parasitic H. contortus shows that these genes play essential roles in the post-embryonic larval development and likely in the facultative arrest of this species. A comprehensive understanding of these genes and the associated β-oxidation cycle of fatty acids should provide novel insights into the developmental regulation of parasitic nematodes, and into the discovery of novel interventions for species of socioeconomic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengzhi Shi
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaocui Huang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yimin Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, Basseterre, St. Kitts & Nevis
| | - Guangxu Ma
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail: (GM); (AD)
| | - Aifang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (GM); (AD)
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3
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Yang Y, Guo X, Chen X, Zhou J, Wu F, Huang Y, Shi H, Du A. Functional characterization of a novel gene, Hc-dhs-28 and its role in protecting the host after Haemonchus contortus infection through regulation of diapause formation. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:945-957. [PMID: 32858035 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus could enter the diapause stage to avoid hostile conditions, however the inducing mechanism still remains poorly understood. A similar dauer strategy exists in Caenorhabditis elegans, and dauer phenomones, which are produced through a four step cycle of peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation, are essential in this stage. In this study, a novel gene, Hc-dhs-28, was identified and characterised. Hc-DHS-28 was the homologue of Ce-DHS-28, a key enzyme in the oxidation cycle, and the protein contained a short chain dehydrogenase domain and a peroxisomal targeting signal 1. The expression pattern of Hc-DHS-28 detected by quantitative real-time PCR and indirect immunofluorescence assay revealed that this protein was mainly expressed in the intestine and subdermal regions of larvae at diapause and in free-living stages. Enzyme activity analysis confirmed its 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity with 121, 149, 162 and 166 as key functional sites; meanwhile co-localization in human embryonic kidney 293 cells indicated that Hc-DHS-28 was targeted to the peroxisome of cytoplasm under the guide of peroxisomal targeting signal 1, which was consistent with the functional domain prediction of Hc-dhs-28. Overexpression, rescue and RNA interference experiments were carried out to explore the function of Hc-dhs-28. Our results showed that Hc-dhs-28 was very similar to Ce-dhs-28 and partially rescued its function in C. elegans. RNAi with Hc-dhs-28 in C. elegans led to decreased transcription of genes in the peroxisomal fatty acid β-oxidation cycle, considerable fat accumulation and dauer formation defects. Furthermore, immunisation with recombinant Hc-DHS-28 protein in sheep was able to maintain the body weight of the host after infection and reduce the worm burden. In conclusion, Hc-DHS-28 is most likely involved in the peroxisome fatty acid β-oxidation as the third 3-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase to regulate the production of diapause-related pheromones, and then influence the formation of diapause in H. contortus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaolu Guo
- Kangmeihuada Gene Technology Co., Ltd, Hangcheng Industrial Zone, Baoan District, Shenzhen 518126, China
| | - Xueqiu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingru Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fei Wu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hengzhi Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Aifang Du
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Ma G, Gasser RB, Wang T, Korhonen PK, Young ND. Toward integrative 'omics of the barber's pole worm and related parasitic nematodes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104500. [PMID: 32795511 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in nucleic acid sequencing, mass spectrometry and computational biology have facilitated the identification, annotation and analysis of genes, transcripts, proteins and metabolites in model nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans and Pristionchus pacificus) and socioeconomically important parasitic nematodes (Clades I, III, IV and V). Significant progress has been made in genomics and transcriptomics as well as in the proteomics and lipidomics of Haemonchus contortus (the barber's pole worm) - one of the most pathogenic representatives of the order Strongylida. Here, we review salient aspects of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, lipidomics, glycomics and functional genomics, and discuss the rise of integrative 'omics of this economically important parasite. Although our knowledge of the molecular biology, genetics and biochemistry of H. contortus and related species has progressed significantly, much remains to be explored, particularly in areas such as drug resistance, unique/unknown genes, host-parasite interactions, parasitism and the pathogenesis of disease, by integrating the use of multiple 'omics methods. This approach should lead to a better understanding of H. contortus and its relatives at a 'systems biology' level, and should assist in developing new interventions against these parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxu Ma
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Robin B Gasser
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Pasi K Korhonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Neil D Young
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Castelletto ML, Gang SS, Hallem EA. Recent advances in functional genomics for parasitic nematodes of mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:223/Suppl_1/jeb206482. [PMID: 32034038 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.206482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human-parasitic nematodes infect over a quarter of the world's population and are a major cause of morbidity in low-resource settings. Currently available treatments have not been sufficient to eliminate infections in endemic areas, and drug resistance is an increasing concern, making new treatment options a priority. The development of new treatments requires an improved understanding of the basic biology of these nematodes. Specifically, a better understanding of parasitic nematode development, reproduction and behavior may yield novel drug targets or new opportunities for intervention such as repellents or traps. Until recently, our ability to study parasitic nematode biology was limited because few tools were available for their genetic manipulation. This is now changing as a result of recent advances in the large-scale sequencing of nematode genomes and the development of new techniques for their genetic manipulation. Notably, skin-penetrating gastrointestinal nematodes in the genus Strongyloides are now amenable to transgenesis, RNAi and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis, positioning the Strongyloides species as model parasitic nematode systems. A number of other mammalian-parasitic nematodes, including the giant roundworm Ascaris suum and the tissue-dwelling filarial nematode Brugia malayi, are also now amenable to transgenesis and/or RNAi in some contexts. Using these tools, recent studies of Strongyloides species have already provided insight into the molecular pathways that control the developmental decision to form infective larvae and that drive the host-seeking behaviors of infective larvae. Ultimately, a mechanistic understanding of these processes could lead to the development of new avenues for nematode control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Castelletto
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Spencer S Gang
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92161, USA
| | - Elissa A Hallem
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Gadda G, Sobrado P. Kinetic Solvent Viscosity Effects as Probes for Studying the Mechanisms of Enzyme Action. Biochemistry 2018; 57:3445-3453. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Sobrado
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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