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Ji X, Wu Q, Cao X, Liu S, Zhang J, Chen S, Shan J, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhao H. Helicobacter pylori East Asian type CagA hijacks more SHIP2 by its EPIYA-D motif to potentiate the oncogenicity. Virulence 2024; 15:2375549. [PMID: 38982595 PMCID: PMC11238919 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2024.2375549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
CagA is a significant oncogenic factor injected into host cells by Helicobacter pylori, which is divided into two subtypes: East Asian type (CagAE), characterized by the EPIYA-D motif, and western type (CagAW), harboring the EPIYA-C motif. CagAE has been reported to have higher carcinogenicity than CagAW, although the underlying reason is not fully understood. SHIP2 is an intracellular phosphatase that can be recruited by CagA to perturb the homeostasis of intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we found that SHIP2 contributes to the higher oncogenicity of CagAE. Co-Immunoprecipitation and Pull-down assays showed that CagAE bind more SHIP2 than CagAW. Immunofluorescence staining showed that a higher amount of SHIP2 recruited by CagAE to the plasma membrane catalyzes the conversion of PI(3,4,5)P3 into PI(3,4)P2. This alteration causes higher activation of Akt signaling, which results in enhanced IL-8 secretion, migration, and invasion of the infected cells. SPR analysis showed that this stronger interaction between CagAE and SHIP2 stems from the higher affinity between the EPIYA-D motif of CagAE and the SH2 domain of SHIP2. Structural analysis revealed the crucial role of the Phe residue at the Y + 5 position in EPIYA-D. After mutating Phe of CagAE into Asp (the corresponding residue in the EPIYA-C motif) or Ala, the activation of downstream Akt signaling was reduced and the malignant transformation of infected cells was alleviated. These findings revealed that CagAE hijacks SHIP2 through its EPIYA-D motif to enhance its carcinogenicity, which provides a better understanding of the higher oncogenic risk of H. pylori CagAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Ji
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Qianwen Wu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xinying Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jianhui Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Si Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jiangfan Shan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Boqing Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Huilin Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Webster LJ, Villa-Gomez D, Brown R, Clarke W, Schenk PM. A synthetic biology approach for the treatment of pollutants with microalgae. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1379301. [PMID: 38646010 PMCID: PMC11032018 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1379301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The increase in global population and industrial development has led to a significant release of organic and inorganic pollutants into water streams, threatening human health and ecosystems. Microalgae, encompassing eukaryotic protists and prokaryotic cyanobacteria, have emerged as a sustainable and cost-effective solution for removing these pollutants and mitigating carbon emissions. Various microalgae species, such as C. vulgaris, P. tricornutum, N. oceanica, A. platensis, and C. reinhardtii, have demonstrated their ability to eliminate heavy metals, salinity, plastics, and pesticides. Synthetic biology holds the potential to enhance microalgae-based technologies by broadening the scope of treatment targets and improving pollutant removal rates. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in the synthetic biology of microalgae, focusing on genetic engineering tools to facilitate the removal of inorganic (heavy metals and salinity) and organic (pesticides and plastics) compounds. The development of these tools is crucial for enhancing pollutant removal mechanisms through gene expression manipulation, DNA introduction into cells, and the generation of mutants with altered phenotypes. Additionally, the review discusses the principles of synthetic biology tools, emphasizing the significance of genetic engineering in targeting specific metabolic pathways and creating phenotypic changes. It also explores the use of precise engineering tools, such as CRISPR/Cas9 and TALENs, to adapt genetic engineering to various microalgae species. The review concludes that there is much potential for synthetic biology based approaches for pollutant removal using microalgae, but there is a need for expansion of the tools involved, including the development of universal cloning toolkits for the efficient and rapid assembly of mutants and transgenic expression strains, and the need for adaptation of genetic engineering tools to a wider range of microalgae species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J. Webster
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Denys Villa-Gomez
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Reuben Brown
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - William Clarke
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Algae Biotechnology Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sustainability, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Algae Biotechnology, Sustainable Solutions Hub, Global Sustainable Solutions Pty Ltd, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Li J, Li Y, Pawlik KM, Napierala JS, Napierala M. A CRISPR-Cas9, Cre- lox, and Flp- FRT Cascade Strategy for the Precise and Efficient Integration of Exogenous DNA into Cellular Genomes. CRISPR J 2020; 3:470-486. [PMID: 33146562 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2020.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a protocol for the precise integration of exogenous DNA into user-defined genomic loci in cultured cells. This strategy first introduces a promoter and a lox site to a specific location via a Cas9-induced double-strand break. Second, a gene of interest (GOI) is inserted into the lox site via Cre-lox recombination. Upon correct insertion, a cis-linked antibiotic resistance gene will be expressed from a promoter introduced into the genome in the first step assuring selection for correct integrants. Last, the selection cassette is excised via a Flp-FRT recombination event, leaving a precisely targeted GOI. This method is broadly applicable to any exogenous DNA to be integrated, choice of integration site, and choice of cell type. The most remarkable aspect of this versatile approach, termed "CasPi" (cascaded precise integration), is that it allows for precise genome targeting with large, frequently complex, and repetitive DNA sequences that do not integrate efficiently or at all with current genome targeting methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixue Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Yanjie Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Kevin M Pawlik
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jill S Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Marek Napierala
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Zhao H, Xu L, Xu Z, Ding Y, Yu H, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Li B, Ji X. Investigation on the role of gene hp0788 in Helicobacter pylori in infecting gastric epithelial cells. Microb Pathog 2019; 137:103739. [PMID: 31513896 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection can cause a wide range of digestive diseases. Gene hp0788 encodes an outer membrane protein HofF, which can reduce the bacterial adherence to the GES-1 cells and affect pathogenesis of H. pylori. In this study, the role of hp0788 in H. pylori infection was further analyzed. RNA-seq data showed that two genes (hp0523 and hp0539), located on the cagPAI, were down-regulated in Δ0788 mutant. The changes were confirmed through qRT-PCR, and the expression of these two genes will be almost recovered to the normal level in complemented strain. These two genes, hp0523 and hp0539, are known to be necessary for integrated T4SS, which related to CagA translocation and IL-8 induction. In H. pylori infected assay, lower amount of phosphorylated CagA and lower induction of IL-8 were both detected in GES-1 cells infected by Δ0788 mutant, compared with the wild type strain. Meanwhile, these reductions almost recovered to the wild-type level in complemented strain. These results reveal that there is a correlation between hp0788 disruption and CagA/IL-8 decline. Deletion of CagA-encoding gene (hp0547) in Δ0788 mutant was further constructed. The double deleted mutant shows lower IL-8-inducing capability than Δ0788 mutant, indicated the correlation between deficiency of CagA and reduced IL-8 production. These results together imply that disruption of hp0788 might affect the efficiency of T4SS and CagA injection, then weaken the induction of IL-8 in infected GES-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Zhao
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Linlin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yunfei Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Haonan Yu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yulong Wu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Boqing Li
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
| | - Xiaofei Ji
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
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Zhao H, Xu L, Rong Q, Xu Z, Ding Y, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Li B, Ji X. Application of methylation in improving plasmid transformation into Helicobacter pylori. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 150:18-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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