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Spigaglia P. Clostridioides difficile and Gut Microbiota: From Colonization to Infection and Treatment. Pathogens 2024; 13:646. [PMID: 39204246 PMCID: PMC11357127 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13080646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is the main causative agent of antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) in hospitals in the developed world. Both infected patients and asymptomatic colonized individuals represent important transmission sources of C. difficile. C. difficile infection (CDI) shows a large range of symptoms, from mild diarrhea to severe manifestations such as pseudomembranous colitis. Epidemiological changes in CDIs have been observed in the last two decades, with the emergence of highly virulent types and more numerous and severe CDI cases in the community. C. difficile interacts with the gut microbiota throughout its entire life cycle, and the C. difficile's role as colonizer or invader largely depends on alterations in the gut microbiota, which C. difficile itself can promote and maintain. The restoration of the gut microbiota to a healthy state is considered potentially effective for the prevention and treatment of CDI. Besides a fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), many other approaches to re-establishing intestinal eubiosis are currently under investigation. This review aims to explore current data on C. difficile and gut microbiota changes in colonized individuals and infected patients with a consideration of the recent emergence of highly virulent C. difficile types, with an overview of the microbial interventions used to restore the human gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Spigaglia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Roma, Italy
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2
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Chen See JR, Leister J, Wright JR, Kruse PI, Khedekar MV, Besch CE, Kumamoto CA, Madden GR, Stewart DB, Lamendella R. Clostridioides difficile infection is associated with differences in transcriptionally active microbial communities. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1398018. [PMID: 38680911 PMCID: PMC11045941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1398018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is responsible for around 300,000 hospitalizations yearly in the United States, with the associated monetary cost being billions of dollars. Gut microbiome dysbiosis is known to be important to CDI. To the best of our knowledge, metatranscriptomics (MT) has only been used to characterize gut microbiome composition and function in one prior study involving CDI patients. Therefore, we utilized MT to investigate differences in active community diversity and composition between CDI+ (n = 20) and CDI- (n = 19) samples with respect to microbial taxa and expressed genes. No significant (Kruskal-Wallis, p > 0.05) differences were detected for richness or evenness based on CDI status. However, clustering based on CDI status was significant for both active microbial taxa and expressed genes datasets (PERMANOVA, p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, differential feature analysis revealed greater expression of the opportunistic pathogens Enterocloster bolteae and Ruminococcus gnavus in CDI+ compared to CDI- samples. When only fungal sequences were considered, the family Saccharomycetaceae expressed more genes in CDI-, while 31 other fungal taxa were identified as significantly (Kruskal-Wallis p ≤ 0.05, log(LDA) ≥ 2) associated with CDI+. We also detected a variety of genes and pathways that differed significantly (Kruskal-Wallis p ≤ 0.05, log(LDA) ≥ 2) based on CDI status. Notably, differential genes associated with biofilm formation were expressed by C. difficile. This provides evidence of another possible contributor to C. difficile's resistance to antibiotics and frequent recurrence in vivo. Furthermore, the greater number of CDI+ associated fungal taxa constitute additional evidence that the mycobiome is important to CDI pathogenesis. Future work will focus on establishing if C. difficile is actively producing biofilms during infection and if any specific fungal taxa are particularly influential in CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Justin R. Wright
- Juniata College, Huntingdon, PA, United States
- Wright Labs LLC, Huntingdon, PA, United States
| | | | | | | | - Carol A. Kumamoto
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Gregory R. Madden
- University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - David B. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, United States
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3
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Yang Q, Zaongo SD, Zhu L, Yan J, Yang J, Ouyang J. The Potential of Clostridium butyricum to Preserve Gut Health, and to Mitigate Non-AIDS Comorbidities in People Living with HIV. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10227-1. [PMID: 38336953 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10227-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
A dramatic reduction in mortality among people living with HIV (PLWH) has been achieved during the modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) era. However, ART does not restore gut barrier function even after long-term viral suppression, allowing microbial products to enter the systemic blood circulation and induce chronic immune activation. In PLWH, a chronic state of systemic inflammation exists and persists, which increases the risk of development of inflammation-associated non-AIDS comorbidities such as metabolic disorders, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Clostridium butyricum is a human butyrate-producing symbiont present in the gut microbiome. Convergent evidence has demonstrated favorable effects of C. butyricum for gastrointestinal health, including maintenance of the structural and functional integrity of the gut barrier, inhibition of pathogenic bacteria within the intestine, and reduction of microbial translocation. Moreover, C. butyricum supplementation has been observed to have a positive effect on various inflammation-related diseases such as diabetes, ulcerative colitis, and cancer, which are also recognized as non-AIDS comorbidities associated with epithelial gut damage. There is currently scant published research in the literature, focusing on the influence of C. butyricum in the gut of PLWH. In this hypothesis review, we speculate the use of C. butyricum as a probiotic oral supplementation may well emerge as a potential future synergistic adjunctive strategy in PLWH, in tandem with ART, to restore and consolidate intestinal barrier integrity, repair the leaky gut, prevent microbial translocation from the gut, and reduce both gut and systemic inflammation, with the ultimate objective of decreasing the risk for development of non-AIDS comorbidities in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyu Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Silvere D Zaongo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijiao Zhu
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiadan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China.
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4
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Xu Z, Chen S, Wu W, Wen Y, Cao H. Type I CRISPR-Cas-mediated microbial gene editing and regulation. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:780-800. [PMID: 38173969 PMCID: PMC10758571 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
There are six major types of CRISPR-Cas systems that provide adaptive immunity in bacteria and archaea against invasive genetic elements. The discovery of CRISPR-Cas systems has revolutionized the field of genetics in many organisms. In the past few years, exploitations of the most abundant class 1 type I CRISPR-Cas systems have revealed their great potential and distinct advantages to achieve gene editing and regulation in diverse microorganisms in spite of their complicated structures. The widespread and diversified type I CRISPR-Cas systems are becoming increasingly attractive for the development of new biotechnological tools, especially in genetically recalcitrant microbial strains. In this review article, we comprehensively summarize recent advancements in microbial gene editing and regulation by utilizing type I CRISPR-Cas systems. Importantly, to expand the microbial host range of type I CRISPR-Cas-based applications, these structurally complicated systems have been improved as transferable gene-editing tools with efficient delivery methods for stable expression of CRISPR-Cas elements, as well as convenient gene-regulation tools with the prevention of DNA cleavage by obviating deletion or mutation of the Cas3 nuclease. We envision that type I CRISPR-Cas systems will largely expand the biotechnological toolbox for microbes with medical, environmental and industrial importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeling Xu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Weiyan Wu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yongqi Wen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Integrative Microbiology Research Centre, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Huiluo Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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5
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Kamiya S. Microbial ecology between Clostridioides difficile and gut microbiota. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2023; 42:229-235. [PMID: 37791342 PMCID: PMC10542429 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2023-033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile colonizes a polymicrobial environment in the intestine and is a causative agent for antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) and pseudomembranous colitis (PMC). The most important virulence factors of C. difficile are bacterial toxins, and three toxins (toxin A, toxin B, and binary toxin) are produced by toxigenic strains. Other virulence factors include spores, flagella, capsules, biofilms, hydrolytic enzymes and adhesins. C. difficile infection (CDI) is specifically diagnosed by anaerobic culture and toxin detection by either nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). For treatment of CDI, metronidazole, vancomycin and fidaxomicin are used based on the severity of CDI. Mutual interaction between C. difficile and gut microbiota is associated with pathogenesis of CDI, and decreased microbial diversity with altered gut microbiome was detected in CDI patients. Restoration of certain gut microbiota is considered to be potentially effective for the prevention and treatment of CDI, and an ideal goal for CDI patients is restoration of the gut microbiota to a healthy state. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is a highly successful method of microbiome restoration and has been reported to be effective for the prevention of recurrent CDI. In addition, approaches to restoring the gut microbiota by using probioitcs and live biotherapeutic products (LBPs) are currently being studied to examine the effect on CDI. Further microbial ecological research on C. difficile and gut microbiota could lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis and treatment of CDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Kamiya
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Kyorin University School of Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka-shi, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
- R&D Division, Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 1-10-3 Kaminakazato, Kita-ku, Tokyo 114-0016, Japan
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6
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Mori N, Katsumata T, Takahashi T. Prescribed probiotic usage to prevent Clostridioides difficile infection among older patients receiving antibiotics: A retrospective cohort study. J Infect Chemother 2023:S1341-321X(23)00111-3. [PMID: 37211085 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a leading cause of antimicrobial-associated colitis and is a global clinical concern. Probiotics are considered a CDI-preventive measure; however, highly inconsistent data have been previously reported. Thus, we evaluated the CDI-preventive effect of prescribed probiotics in high-risk older patients receiving antibiotics. METHODS Older patients (aged ≥65 years) admitted to the emergency department who received antibiotics between 2014 and 2017 were enrolled in this single-center retrospective cohort study. Propensity score-matched analysis was used to compare the CDI incidence in patients who took the prescribed probiotics within 2 days of receiving antibiotics for at least 7 days with those who did not. The rates of severe CDI and associated hospital mortality were also evaluated. RESULTS Among 6148 eligible patients, 221 were included in the prescribed probiotic group. A propensity score-matched (221 matched pairs) well-balanced for patient characteristics was obtained. The incidence of primary nosocomial CDI did not differ significantly between the prescribed and non-prescribed probiotic groups (0% [0/221] vs. 1.0% [2/221], p = 0.156). Of the 6148 eligible patients, 0.5% (30/6148) developed CDI, with a severe CDI rate of 33.3% (10/30). Furthermore, no CDI-associated in-hospital mortality was observed in the study cohort. CONCLUSIONS The evidence from this study does not support recommendations for the routine use of prescribed probiotics to prevent primary CDI in older patients receiving antibiotics in situations where the CDI is infrequent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuaki Mori
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Katsumata
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, National Hospital Organization, Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Infection Control Sciences & Ōmura Satoshi Memorial Institute, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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7
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Pal R, Athamneh AI, Deshpande R, Ramirez JAR, Adu KT, Muthuirulan P, Pawar S, Biazzo M, Apidianakis Y, Sundekilde UK, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Martens MG, Tegos GP, Seleem MN. Probiotics: insights and new opportunities for Clostridioides difficile intervention. Crit Rev Microbiol 2023; 49:414-434. [PMID: 35574602 PMCID: PMC9743071 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2022.2072705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is a life-threatening disease caused by the Gram-positive, opportunistic intestinal pathogen C. difficile. Despite the availability of antimicrobial drugs to treat CDI, such as vancomycin, metronidazole, and fidaxomicin, recurrence of infection remains a significant clinical challenge. The use of live commensal microorganisms, or probiotics, is one of the most investigated non-antibiotic therapeutic options to balance gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota and subsequently tackle dysbiosis. In this review, we will discuss major commensal probiotic strains that have the potential to prevent and/or treat CDI and its recurrence, reassess the efficacy of probiotics supplementation as a CDI intervention, delve into lessons learned from probiotic modulation of the immune system, explore avenues like genome-scale metabolic network reconstructions, genome sequencing, and multi-omics to identify novel strains and understand their functionality, and discuss the current regulatory framework, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusha Pal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Ahmad I.M. Athamneh
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | | | - Jose A. R Ramirez
- ProbioWorld Consulting Group, James Cook University, 4811, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kayode T. Adu
- ProbioWorld Consulting Group, James Cook University, 4811, Queensland, Australia
- Cann Group, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, La Trobe University, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | | | - Shrikant Pawar
- The Anlyan Center Yale Center for Genomic Analysis, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT USA
| | - Manuele Biazzo
- The Bioarte Ltd Laboratories at Life Science Park, San Gwann, Malta
| | | | | | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mark G. Martens
- Reading Hospital, Tower Health, West Reading, PA 19611, USA
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - George P. Tegos
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19129, USA
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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8
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Liu X, Qiu X, Yang Y, Wang J, Wang Q, Liu J, Yang F, Liu Z, Qi R. Alteration of gut microbiome and metabolome by Clostridium butyricum can repair the intestinal dysbiosis caused by antibiotics in mice. iScience 2023; 26:106190. [PMID: 36895644 PMCID: PMC9988658 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the repair effects of Clostridium butyricum (CBX 2021) on the antibiotic (ABX)-induced intestinal dysbiosis in mice by the multi-omics method. Results showed that ABX eliminated more than 90% of cecal bacteria and also exerted adverse effects on the intestinal structure and overall health in mice after 10 days of the treatment. Of interest, supplementing CBX 2021 in the mice for the next 10 days colonized more butyrate-producing bacteria and accelerated butyrate production compared with the mice by natural recovery. The reconstruction of intestinal microbiota efficiently promoted the improvement of the damaged gut morphology and physical barrier in the mice. In addition, CBX 2021 significantly reduced the content of disease-related metabolites and meanwhile promoted carbohydrate digestion and absorption in mice followed the microbiome alternation. In conclusion, CBX 2021 can repair the intestinal ecology of mice damaged by the antibiotics through reconstructing gut microbiota and optimizing metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Xiaoyu Qiu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China.,National Pig Technology Innovation Center, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Yong Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China.,National Pig Technology Innovation Center, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China.,National Pig Technology Innovation Center, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Feiyun Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China.,National Pig Technology Innovation Center, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China.,National Pig Technology Innovation Center, Chongqing 402460, China
| | - Renli Qi
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China.,National Pig Technology Innovation Center, Chongqing 402460, China
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Huang Y, Lin X, Yu S, Chen R, Chen W. Intestinal Engineered Probiotics as Living Therapeutics: Chassis Selection, Colonization Enhancement, Gene Circuit Design, and Biocontainment. ACS Synth Biol 2022; 11:3134-3153. [PMID: 36094344 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal probiotics are often used for the in situ treatment of diseases, such as metabolic disorders, tumors, and chronic inflammatory infections. Recently, there has been an increased emphasis on intelligent, customized treatments with a focus on long-term efficacy; however, traditional probiotic therapy has not kept up with this trend. The use of synthetic biology to construct gut-engineered probiotics as live therapeutics is a promising avenue in the treatment of specific diseases, such as phenylketonuria and inflammatory bowel disease. These studies generally involve a series of fundamental design issues: choosing an engineered chassis, improving the colonization ability of engineered probiotics, designing functional gene circuits, and ensuring the safety of engineered probiotics. In this review, we summarize the relevant past research, the progress of current research, and discuss the key issues that restrict the widespread application of intestinal engineered probiotic living therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Huang
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Lin
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Siyang Yu
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ruiyue Chen
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Weizhao Chen
- Team SZU-China at iGEM 2021, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Microbial Gene Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
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10
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Lee JC, Chiu CW, Tsai PJ, Lee CC, Huang IH, Ko WC, Hung YP. Clostridium butyricum therapy for mild-moderate Clostridioides difficile infection and the impact of diabetes mellitus. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2022; 41:37-44. [PMID: 35433161 PMCID: PMC8970652 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.2021-049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic effect of Clostridium butyricum for adults with
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) was investigated. A
retrospective study was conducted in medical wards of Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health
and Welfare, between January 2013 and April 2020. The disease severity of CDI was scored
based on the Clinical Practice Guidelines of the IDSA/SHEA. Treatment success was defined
as the resolution of diarrhea within six days of a therapeutic intervention without the
need to modify the therapeutic regimen. In total, 241 patients developed CDI during
hospitalization in the study period. The treatment success rates for the 99 patients with
mild-moderate CDI among them were as follows: metronidazole, 69.4%; C.
butyricum, 68.2%; metronidazole plus C. butyricum, 66.7%; and
oral vancomycin, 66.7% (p=1.00). Patients with treatment success were less likely to have
diabetes mellitus than those with treatment failure (38.2% vs. 61.3%, p=0.05). Patients
treated with C. butyricum alone or in combination with metronidazole had
shorter durations of diarrhea than those treated with metronidazole alone (3.1 ± 2.0 days
or 3.5 ± 2.4 days vs. 4.2 ± 3.5 days; p=0.43 or 0.71), although the differences were not
statistically significant. In conclusion, the treatment success rate of C.
butyricum alone or in combination with metronidazole for patients with CDI was
non inferior to that of metronidazole alone. The presence of diabetes mellitus in affected
individuals is a risk factor for treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jen-Chieh Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, North Dist., Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 125, Jhongshan Rd., West Central Dist., Tainan 70043, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, No.1, University Road, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Dasyue Rd, East District, Tainan 701, Taiwan.,Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, North Dist., Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Chi Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, North Dist., Tainan 704, Taiwan.,Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Dasyue Rd, East District, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsiu Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, 1111 W. 17th Street Tulsa, OK 74107, USA
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, North Dist., Tainan 704, Taiwan.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, No.138, Sheng Li Road, North Dist., Tainan 704, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, No. 125, Jhongshan Rd., West Central Dist., Tainan 70043, Taiwan
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11
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Ariyoshi T, Hagihara M, Takahashi M, Mikamo H. Effect of Clostridium butyricum on Gastrointestinal Infections. Biomedicines 2022; 10:483. [PMID: 35203691 PMCID: PMC8962260 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum is a human commensal bacterium with beneficial effects including butyrate production, spore formation, increasing levels of beneficial bacteria, and inhibition of pathogenic bacteria. Owing to its preventive and ameliorative effects on gastrointestinal infections, C. butyricum MIYAIRI 588 (CBM 588) has been used as a probiotic in clinical and veterinary medicine for decades. This review summarizes the effects of C. butyricum, including CBM 588, on bacterial gastrointestinal infections. Further, the characteristics of the causative bacteria, examples of clinical and veterinary use, and mechanisms exploited in basic research are presented. C. butyricum is widely effective against Clostoridioides difficile, the causative pathogen of nosocomial infections; Helicobacter pylori, the causative pathogen of gastric cancer; and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli. Accordingly, its mechanism is gradually being elucidated. As C. butyricum is effective against gastrointestinal infections caused by antibiotics-induced dysbiosis, it can inhibit the transmission of antibiotic-resistant genes and maintain homeostasis of the gut microbiome. Altogether, C. butyricum is expected to be one of the antimicrobial-resistance (AMR) countermeasures for the One-health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadashi Ariyoshi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (T.A.); (M.H.); (M.T.)
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama City 331-0804, Saitama, Japan
| | - Mao Hagihara
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (T.A.); (M.H.); (M.T.)
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology and Biomedical Sciences, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
| | - Motomichi Takahashi
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (T.A.); (M.H.); (M.T.)
- Miyarisan Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Saitama City 331-0804, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan; (T.A.); (M.H.); (M.T.)
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology and Biomedical Sciences, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute 480-1195, Aichi, Japan
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12
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Stoeva MK, Garcia-So J, Justice N, Myers J, Tyagi S, Nemchek M, McMurdie PJ, Kolterman O, Eid J. Butyrate-producing human gut symbiont, Clostridium butyricum, and its role in health and disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-28. [PMID: 33874858 PMCID: PMC8078720 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1907272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum is a butyrate-producing human gut symbiont that has been safely used as a probiotic for decades. C. butyricum strains have been investigated for potential protective or ameliorative effects in a wide range of human diseases, including gut-acquired infection, intestinal injury, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease, and colorectal cancer. In this review we summarize the studies on C. butyricum supplementation with special attention to proposed mechanisms for the associated health benefits and the supporting experimental evidence. These mechanisms center on molecular signals (especially butyrate) as well as immunological signals in the digestive system that cascade well beyond the gut to the liver, adipose tissue, brain, and more. The safety of probiotic C. butyricum strains appears well-established. We identify areas where additional human randomized controlled trials would provide valuable further data related to the strains' utility as an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena K. Stoeva
- R&D and Clinical departments, Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jeewon Garcia-So
- R&D and Clinical departments, Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Justice
- R&D and Clinical departments, Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Julia Myers
- R&D and Clinical departments, Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Surabhi Tyagi
- R&D and Clinical departments, Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Madeleine Nemchek
- R&D and Clinical departments, Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Paul J. McMurdie
- R&D and Clinical departments, Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Orville Kolterman
- R&D and Clinical departments, Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Eid
- R&D and Clinical departments, Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, CA, USA,CONTACT John Eid Pendulum Therapeutics, Inc, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Clinical Significance of Toxigenic Clostridioides difficile Growth in Stool Cultures during the Era of Nonculture Methods for the Diagnosis of C. difficile Infection. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0079921. [PMID: 34668727 PMCID: PMC8528117 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00799-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the detection of relevant toxins or toxin genes to diagnose Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) or the prediction of clinical outcomes of CDI has been emphasized in recent years. Although stool culture of C. difficile is not routinely recommended in the era of nonculture methods as the preferred tools for CDI diagnosis, the clinical significance of toxigenic C. difficile growth (tCdG) in stool cultures was analyzed. A clinical study was conducted in medical wards of Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, in southern Taiwan. Diarrheal adults with fecal glutamate dehydrogenase and C. difficile toxin between January 2013 and April 2020 were included. Of the 209 patients with CDI, 158 (75.6%) had tCdG found in stool cultures, and the rest (51, 24.4%) had no tCdG in stool. Only prior ceftazidime or ceftriaxone therapy was independently associated with no tCdG in stool (odds ratio [OR] 2.17, P = 0.02). Compared to the patients with tCDG in stool, those without tCdG in stool experienced treatment success more often (97.1% versus 67.0%, P < 0.001) if treated with metronidazole or vancomycin but had a similar in-hospital mortality or recurrence rate. In the multivariate analysis among 114 patients with CDI treated with metronidazole or vancomycin, treatment success was independently associated with no tCdG in stool (OR 12.7, P = 0.02). Despite the limited utility of stool cultures in CDI diagnoses, no tCdG in stool culture heralds a favorable therapeutic outcome among adults with CDI treated with metronidazole or vancomycin. IMPORTANCE The importance of detecting toxins or toxin genes when diagnosing Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs) or predicting the severity and outcomes of CDI has been emphasized in recent years. Although the yielding of C. difficile from stool cultures might implicate higher bacterial loads in fecal samples, in an era of nonculture methods for the standard diagnosis of CDIs, clinical significance of positive stool cultures of toxigenic C. difficile was analyzed in this study. Despite the limited ability of stool cultures in CDI diagnoses, no yielding of C. difficile growth might predict the successful CDI therapy.
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14
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Administration of Lactobacillus reuteri Combined with Clostridium butyricum Attenuates Cisplatin-Induced Renal Damage by Gut Microbiota Reconstitution, Increasing Butyric Acid Production, and Suppressing Renal Inflammation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082792. [PMID: 34444952 PMCID: PMC8402234 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity is associated with gut microbiota disturbance. The present study aimed to investigate whether supplementation of Lactobacillus reuteri and Clostridium butyricum (LCs) had a protective effect on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity through reconstruction of gut microbiota. Wistar rats were given different treatments: control, cisplatin (Cis), cisplatin + C. butyricum and L. reuteri (Cis+LCs), and C. butyricum and L. reuteri (LCs). We observed that cisplatin-treated rats supplemented with LCs exhibited significantly decreased renal inflammation (KIM-1, F4/80, and MPO), oxidative stress, fibrosis (collagen IV, fibronectin, and a-SMA), apoptosis, concentration of blood endotoxin and indoxyl sulfate, and increased fecal butyric acid production compared with those without supplementation. In addition, LCs improved the cisplatin-induced microbiome dysbiosis by maintaining a healthy gut microbiota structure and diversity; depleting Escherichia-Shigella and the Enterobacteriaceae family; and enriching probiotic Bifidobacterium, Ruminococcaceae, Ruminiclostridium_9, and Oscillibacter. Moreover, the LCs intervention alleviated the cisplatin-induced intestinal epithelial barrier impairment. This study indicated LCs probiotic serves as a mediator of the gut–kidney axis in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity to restore the intestinal microbiota composition, thereby suppressing uremic toxin production and enhancing butyrate production. Furthermore, the renoprotective effect of LCs is partially mediated by increasing the anti-inflammatory effects and maintaining the integrity of the intestinal barrier.
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15
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Chiu CW, Tsai PJ, Lee CC, Ko WC, Hung YP. Application of Microbiome Management in Therapy for Clostridioides difficile Infections: From Fecal Microbiota Transplantation to Probiotics to Microbiota-Preserving Antimicrobial Agents. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060649. [PMID: 34073695 PMCID: PMC8225043 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral vancomycin and metronidazole, though they are the therapeutic choice for Clostridioides difficile infections (CDIs), also markedly disturb microbiota, leading to a prolonged loss of colonization resistance to C. difficile after therapy; as a result, their use is associated with a high treatment failure rate and high recurrent rate. An alternative for CDIs therapy contains the delivery of beneficial (probiotic) microorganisms into the intestinal tract to restore the microbial balance. Recently, mixture regimens containing Lactobacillus species, Saccharomyces boulardii, or Clostridium butyricum have been extensively studied for the prophylaxis of CDIs. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), the transfer of (processed) fecal material from healthy donors to patients for treating CDIs, combined with vancomycin was recommended as the primary therapy for multiple recurrent CDIs (rCDIs). Either probiotics or FMT have been utilized extensively in preventing or treating CDIs, aiming at less disturbance in the microbiota to prevent rCDIs after therapy cessation. Otherwise, many newly developed therapeutic agents have been developed and aim to preserve microbiota during CDI treatment to prevent disease recurrence and might be useful in clinical patients with rCDIs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wei Chiu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Jane Tsai
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Medical College, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
| | - Ching-Chi Lee
- Clinical Medicine Research Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chien Ko
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-C.K.); (Y.-P.H.)
| | - Yuan-Pin Hung
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tainan Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Tainan 700, Taiwan;
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (W.-C.K.); (Y.-P.H.)
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16
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Zhou X, Wang X, Luo H, Wang Y, Wang Y, Tu T, Qin X, Su X, Bai Y, Yao B, Huang H, Zhang J. Exploiting heterologous and endogenous CRISPR-Cas systems for genome editing in the probiotic Clostridium butyricum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2448-2459. [PMID: 33719068 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium butyricum has been widely used as a probiotic for humans and food animals. However, the mechanisms of beneficial effects of C. butyricum on the host remain poorly understood, largely due to the lack of high-throughput genome engineering tools. Here, we report the exploitation of heterologous Type II CRISPR-Cas9 system and endogenous Type I-B CRISPR-Cas system in probiotic C. butyricum for seamless genome engineering. Although successful genome editing was achieved in C. butyricum when CRISPR-Cas9 system was employed, the expression of toxic cas9 gene result in really poor transformation, spurring us to develop an easy-applicable and high-efficient genome editing tool. Therefore, the endogenous Type I-B CRISPR-Cas machinery located on the megaplasmid of C. butyricum was co-opted for genome editing. In vivo plasmid interference assays identified that ACA and TAA were functional protospacer adjacent motif sequences needed for site-specific CRISPR attacking. Using the customized endogenous CRISPR-Cas system, we successfully deleted spo0A and aldh genes in C. butyricum, yielding an efficiency of up to 100%. Moreover, the conjugation efficiency of endogenous CRISPR-Cas system was dramatically enhanced due to the precluding expression of cas9. Altogether, the two approaches developed herein remarkably expand the existing genetic toolbox available for investigation of C. butyricum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuqing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyun Su
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingguo Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huoqing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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17
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Sleha R, Radochova V, Mikyska A, Houska M, Bolehovska R, Janovska S, Pejchal J, Muckova L, Cermak P, Bostik P. Strong Antimicrobial Effects of Xanthohumol and Beta-Acids from Hops against Clostridioides difficile Infection In Vivo. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10040392. [PMID: 33917416 PMCID: PMC8067520 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10040392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridioides (C.) difficile is an important causative pathogen of nosocomial gastrointestinal infections in humans with an increasing incidence, morbidity, and mortality. The available treatment options against this pathogen are limited. The standard antibiotics are expensive, can promote emerging resistance, and the recurrence rate of the infection is high. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new approaches to meet these challenges. One of the possible treatment alternatives is to use compounds available in commonly used plants. In this study, purified extracts isolated from hops-alpha and beta acids and xanthohumol-were tested in vivo for their inhibitory effect against C. difficile. A rat model of the peroral intestinal infection by C. difficile has been developed. The results show that both xanthohumol and beta acids from hops exert a notable antimicrobial effect in the C. difficile infection. The xanthohumol application showed the most pronounced antimicrobial effect together with an improvement of local inflammatory signs in the large intestine. Thus, the hops compounds represent promising antimicrobial agents for the treatment of intestinal infections caused by C. difficile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Sleha
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (V.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Vera Radochova
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (V.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Alexander Mikyska
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Milan Houska
- Food Research Institute, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Radka Bolehovska
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
| | - Sylva Janovska
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (V.R.); (S.J.)
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (J.P.); (L.M.)
| | - Pavel Cermak
- Thomayer Hospital, 110 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Pavel Bostik
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (R.S.); (V.R.); (S.J.)
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, University Hospital, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic;
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence:
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18
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Khattab RA, Ahmed NA, Ragab YM, Rasmy SA. Bacteria producing antimicrobials against Clostridium difficile isolated from human stool. Anaerobe 2020; 63:102206. [PMID: 32339663 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2020.102206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitalized patients worldwide. The major problem facing current treatment is multiple recurrences, prompting the need for alternative therapies. In this study we isolated bacterial species, from Egyptian individuals' stool, with antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates of C. difficile and tried to examine the nature of the produced antimicrobials. In vitro antibacterial activity against C. difficile was initially screened in 123 fecal samples cultures using an agar overlay method. The isolates with antimicrobial activity against C. difficile in addition to Clostridium isolates were identified using partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing analysis. The isolates acting against C. difficile belonged to Lactobacillus, Enterococcus and Clostridium genera. The concentrated cell-free supernatants (CFSs) from these bacterial isolates were examined for antimicrobial activity against C. difficile growth by broth dilution method. 10 x concentrated CFSs of five isolates showed inhibition for C. difficile growth which was significantly different (p < 0.001) from control. Lactobacillus agilis T99A and Clostridium butyricum T58A isolates were selected for further evaluation of the produced antimicrobials. The antimicrobial activity of 10x CFSs of the two isolates was stable after enzymatic treatment with proteinase K or heating treatments up to 90 °C or neutralizing pH. The spectrum of activity of the two isolates was evaluated using different gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial species and did not show antimicrobial activity against these species. Our results showed two unconventional bacterial isolates: L. agilis T99A and C. butyricum T58A producing extracellular thermo stable antimicrobial agents against C. difficile clinical isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Abdelmonem Khattab
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini, 11562, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Noha A Ahmed
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasser M Ragab
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Salwa A Rasmy
- Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr Al-Aini, 11562, Cairo, Egypt
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19
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Huang T, Peng XY, Gao B, Wei QL, Xiang R, Yuan MG, Xu ZH. The Effect of Clostridium butyricum on Gut Microbiota, Immune Response and Intestinal Barrier Function During the Development of Necrotic Enteritis in Chickens. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2309. [PMID: 31681193 PMCID: PMC6797560 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Necrotic enteritis (NE) causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Probiotics are used as potential alternatives to antibiotics to prevent NE. It is known that Clostridium butyricum can act as a probiotic that can prevent infection. However, whether or not it exerts a beneficial effect on NE in chickens remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated the impact of C. butyricum on immune response and intestinal microbiota during the development of NE in chickens, including experimental stages with basal diets, high-fishmeal-supplementation diets, and Clostridium perfringens challenge. Chickens were divided into two groups from day 1 to day 20: one group had its diet supplemented with C. butyricum supplementation and one did not. At day 20, the chickens were divided into four groups: C. perfringens challenged and unchallenged chickens with and without C. butyricum supplementation. All groups were fed a basal diet for 13 days and thereafter a basal diet with 50% fishmeal from day 14 to 24. Chickens were infected with C. perfringens from day 21 to 23. At days 13, 20 and 24, samples were collected for analysis of the relative expression of immune response and intestinal mucosa barrier-related genes and intestinal microbes. The results show that C. butyricum can inhibit the increase in IL-17A gene expression and the reduction in Claudin-1 gene induced-expression caused by C. perfringens challenge. Moreover, C. butyricum was found to increase the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in infected chickens. Although C. butyricum was found to have a significant beneficial effect on the structure of intestinal bacteria in the basal diet groups and decrease the abundance of C. perfringens in the gut, it did not significantly affect the occurrence of intestinal lesions and did not significantly correct the shift in gut bacterial composition post C. perfringens infection. In conclusion, although C. butyricum promotes the expression of anti-inflammatory and tight junction protein genes and inhibits pro-inflammatory genes in C. perfringens-challenged chickens, it is not adequate to improve the structure of intestinal microbiota in NE chickens. Therefore, more effective schemes of C. butyricum supplementation to prevent and treat NE in chickens need to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Huang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Yu Peng
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Biao Gao
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi-Lin Wei
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Gui Yuan
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Livestock Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.,Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China.,Chinese Traditional Medicine Engineering Technology Research Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
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20
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Nagamine T. Is primary prevention of Clostridioides difficile infection possible with combination probiotics in elderly orthopedic patients? BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA FOOD AND HEALTH 2019; 38:73-74. [PMID: 31384517 PMCID: PMC6663513 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.19-001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Nagamine
- Sunlight Brain Research Center, 4-13-18 Jiyugaoka, Hofu, Yamaguchi 747-0066, Japan.,Matsumoto Orthopedic Surgical Hospital, Hofu, Yamaguchi, Japan
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21
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Douillard FP, de Vos WM. Biotechnology of health-promoting bacteria. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107369. [PMID: 30876799 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, there has been an increasing scientific and public interest in bacteria that may positively contribute to human gut health and well-being. This interest is reflected by the ever-increasing number of developed functional food products containing health-promoting bacteria and reaching the market place as well as by the growing revenue and profits of notably bacterial supplements worldwide. Traditionally, the origin of probiotic-marketed bacteria was limited to a rather small number of bacterial species that mostly belong to lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria. Intensifying research efforts on the human gut microbiome offered novel insights into the role of human gut microbiota in health and disease, while also providing a deep and increasingly comprehensive understanding of the bacterial communities present in this complex ecosystem and their interactions with the gut-liver-brain axis. This resulted in rational and systematic approaches to select novel health-promoting bacteria or to engineer existing bacteria with enhanced probiotic properties. In parallel, the field of gut microbiomics developed into a fertile framework for the identification, isolation and characterization of a phylogenetically diverse array of health-promoting bacterial species, also called next-generation therapeutic bacteria. The present review will address these developments with specific attention for the selection and improvement of a selected number of health-promoting bacterial species and strains that are extensively studied or hold promise for future food or pharma product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- François P Douillard
- Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Willem M de Vos
- Human Microbiome Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Sandhu BK, McBride SM. .Clostridioides difficile. Trends Microbiol 2018; 26:1049-1050. [PMID: 30297117 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Clostridioides difficile is a spore-forming, anaerobic, intestinal pathogen that causes severe diarrhea that can lead to death. In 2011, C. difficile infected ∼500000 people in the USA and killed ∼29000 people. C. difficile infection (CDI) is the most common healthcare-related infection in the USA, leading to increased healthcare costs of $4.8 billion. This pathogen transmits via the oral-fecal route as a highly contagious and resilient spore. Upon exposure to primary bile acids in the intestine, C. difficile germinates, and in the absence of colonization resistance from the normal microbiota, the bacterium colonizes the colon and produces toxins. These toxins inhibit actin polymerization in host cells, leading to cell death. C. difficile cells can then sporulate in the intestine and exit the body via diarrheal shedding. In culture, sporulation is induced at stationary phase in a nutrient-limiting environment, but the intestinal triggers of sporulation are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brindar K Sandhu
- Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shonna M McBride
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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