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Flores-Valdez MA, Peterson EJR, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Baliga NS, Morita YS, Sparks IL, Saini DK, Yadav R, Lang R, Mata-Espinosa D, León-Contreras JC, Hernández-Pando R. Comparison of the transcriptome, lipidome, and c-di-GMP production between BCGΔBCG1419c and BCG, with Mincle- and Myd88-dependent induction of proinflammatory cytokines in murine macrophages. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11898. [PMID: 38789479 PMCID: PMC11126594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61815-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported the transcriptomic and lipidomic profile of the first-generation, hygromycin-resistant (HygR) version of the BCGΔBCG1419c vaccine candidate, under biofilm conditions. We recently constructed and characterized the efficacy, safety, whole genome sequence, and proteomic profile of a second-generation version of BCGΔBCG1419c, a strain lacking the BCG1419c gene and devoid of antibiotic markers. Here, we compared the antibiotic-less BCGΔBCG1419c with BCG. We assessed their colonial and ultrastructural morphology, biofilm, c-di-GMP production in vitro, as well as their transcriptomic and lipidomic profiles, including their capacity to activate macrophages via Mincle and Myd88. Our results show that BCGΔBCG1419c colonial and ultrastructural morphology, c-di-GMP, and biofilm production differed from parental BCG, whereas we found no significant changes in its lipidomic profile either in biofilm or planktonic growth conditions. Transcriptomic profiling suggests changes in BCGΔBCG1419c cell wall and showed reduced transcription of some members of the DosR, MtrA, and ArgR regulons. Finally, induction of TNF-α, IL-6 or G-CSF by bone-marrow derived macrophages infected with either BCGΔBCG1419c or BCG required Mincle and Myd88. Our results confirm that some differences already found to occur in HygR BCGΔBCG1419c compared with BCG are maintained in the antibiotic-less version of this vaccine candidate except changes in production of PDIM. Comparison with previous characterizations conducted by OMICs show that some differences observed in BCGΔBCG1419c compared with BCG are maintained whereas others are dependent on the growth condition employed to culture them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | | | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Yasu S Morita
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 N Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Ian L Sparks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts, 639 N Pleasant St, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Roland Lang
- Institut für Klinische Mikrobiologie, Immunologie und Hygiene, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez Sección 16, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico
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Veerapandian R, Gadad SS, Jagannath C, Dhandayuthapani S. Live Attenuated Vaccines against Tuberculosis: Targeting the Disruption of Genes Encoding the Secretory Proteins of Mycobacteria. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:530. [PMID: 38793781 PMCID: PMC11126151 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), a chronic infectious disease affecting humans, causes over 1.3 million deaths per year throughout the world. The current preventive vaccine BCG provides protection against childhood TB, but it fails to protect against pulmonary TB. Multiple candidates have been evaluated to either replace or boost the efficacy of the BCG vaccine, including subunit protein, DNA, virus vector-based vaccines, etc., most of which provide only short-term immunity. Several live attenuated vaccines derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and BCG have also been developed to induce long-term immunity. Since Mtb mediates its virulence through multiple secreted proteins, these proteins have been targeted to produce attenuated but immunogenic vaccines. In this review, we discuss the characteristics and prospects of live attenuated vaccines generated by targeting the disruption of the genes encoding secretory mycobacterial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Veerapandian
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Shrikanth S. Gadad
- Center of Emphasis in Cancer, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
| | - Chinnaswamy Jagannath
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute & Weill Cornell Medical College, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Subramanian Dhandayuthapani
- Center of Emphasis in Infectious Diseases, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, TX 79905, USA
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3
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Flores-Valdez MA, Velázquez-Fernández JB, Pedroza-Roldán C, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Gutiérrez-Ortega A, López-Romero W, Barba-León J, Rodríguez-Campos J. Proteome and immunogenicity differences in BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734 and its derivative, the vaccine candidate BCGΔBCG1419c during planktonic growth in 7H9 and Proskauer Beck media. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2024; 144:102432. [PMID: 38041962 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2023.102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guèrin (BCG) remains as the only vaccine employed to prevent tuberculosis (TB) during childhood. Among factors likely contributing to the variable efficacy of BCG is the modification in its antigenic repertoire that may arise from in vitro growth conditions. Our vaccine candidate, BCGΔBCG1419c, improved protection against TB in mice and guinea pigs with bacteria grown in either 7H9 OADC Tween 80 or in Proskauer Beck Tween 80 media in independent studies. Here, we compared the proteomes of planktonic cultures of BCG and BCGΔBCG1419c, grown in both media. Further to this, we compared systemic immunogenicity ex vivo elicited by both types of BCG strains and cultures when used to vaccinate BALB/c mice. Both the parental strain BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734, and its isogenic mutant BCGΔBCG1419c, had several medium-dependent changes. Moreover, ex vivo immune responses to a multiantigenic (PPD) or a single antigenic (Ag85A) stimulus were also medium-dependent. Then, not only the presence or absence of the BCG1419c gene in our strains under study affected the proteome produced in vitro but also that this was affected by culture medium, potentially leading to changes in the capacity to induce ex vivo immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, Mexico.
| | | | - César Pedroza-Roldán
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico.
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, Mexico.
| | - Abel Gutiérrez-Ortega
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, Mexico.
| | - Wendy López-Romero
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, Mexico.
| | - Jeannette Barba-León
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Jalisco, 45200, Mexico.
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), A. C., Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Zhu X, Baranowski E, Hao Z, Li X, Zhao G, Dong Y, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen H, Citti C, Wang A, Guo A. An atypical GdpP enzyme linking cyclic nucleotide metabolism to osmotic tolerance and gene regulation in Mycoplasma bovis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250368. [PMID: 38098652 PMCID: PMC10720645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide second messengers play an important role in bacterial adaptation to environmental changes. Recent evidence suggests that some of these regulatory molecular pathways were conserved upon the degenerative evolution of the wall-less mycoplasmas. We have recently reported the occurrence of a phosphodiesterase (PDE) in the ruminant pathogen Mycoplasma bovis, which was involved in c-di-AMP metabolism. In the present study, we demonstrate that the genome of this mycoplasma species encodes a PDE of the GdpP family with atypical DHH domains. Characterization of M. bovis GdpP (MbovGdpP) revealed a multifunctional PDE with unusual nanoRNase and single-stranded DNase activities. The alarmone ppGpp was found unable to inhibit c-di-NMP degradation by MbovGdpP but efficiently blocked its nanoRNase activity. Remarkably, MbovGdpP was found critical for the osmotic tolerance of M. bovis under K+ and Na+ conditions. Transcriptomic analyses further revealed the biological importance of MbovGdpP in tRNA biosynthesis, pyruvate metabolism, and several steps in genetic information processing. This study is an important step in understanding the role of PDE and nucleotide second messengers in the biology of a minimal bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xifang Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Zhiyu Hao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xixi Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yaqi Dong
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Aiping Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Longhu Laboratory of Advanced Immunology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Veterinary Epidemiology, International Research Center for Animal Disease, Ministry of Science and Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Wuhan, China
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Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Barrios-Payán JA, Segura-Cerda CA, Flores-Valdez MA, Mata-Espinosa D, Pedroza-Roldán C, Yadav R, Saini DK, de la Cruz MA, Ares MA, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Baay-Guzmán G, Vergne I, Velázquez-Fernández JB, Barba León J, Hernández-Pando R. BCG∆BCG1419c and BCG differ in induction of autophagy, c-di-GMP content, proteome, and progression of lung pathology in Mycobacterium tuberculosis HN878-infected male BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2023; 41:3824-3835. [PMID: 37164819 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of BCG vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains of lineage 2 (Beijing) in preclinical models and humans has been questioned. We have developed BCG∆BCG1419c, by deletion of BCG1419c in BCG Pasteur, which improved control of tuberculosis (TB) in preclinical models. Here, we compared the capacity of BCG and BCG∆BCG1419c to induce autophagy in murine macrophages, modify c-di-GMP content and transcript levels of BCG1416c, encoding the enzyme responsible for c-di-GMP synthesis/degradation, and of BCG1419c, encoding the phosphodiesterase involved in c-di-GMP degradation. Furthermore, we evaluated proteomic differences in vitro and compared protection against TB produced by a low dose of the HN878-Beijing strain at 3- and 6-months post-infection. We found that BCG∆BCG1419c induced more autophagy and produced different levels of c-di-GMP as well as different transcription of BCG1416c with no expression of BCG1419c. BCG∆BCG1419c differentially produced several proteins, including some involved in interaction with host cells. Vaccination with either BCG strain led to control of bacillary burden in lungs and spleen at 3- but not 6-months post-infection, whereas it reduced pneumonic areas compared with unvaccinated controls at 6 months post-infection. Vaccination with BCG∆BCG1419c delayed progression of lung necrosis as this was observed only at 6 months post-infection. Taken together, compared with BCG, BCG∆BCG1419c increased autophagy, presented different levels of c-di-GMP and transcription of BCG1416c in vitro in a growth-phase dependent manner, modified its proteome and delayed progression of lung pathology produced by a highly virulent Beijing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México
| | - Jorge Alberto Barrios-Payán
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez sección 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Cristian Alfredo Segura-Cerda
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco 44270, México.
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez sección 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - César Pedroza-Roldán
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Rahul Yadav
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Saini
- Department of Developmental Biology and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Miguel Angel de la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland St. Lucia Campus, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Guillermina Baay-Guzmán
- Unidad de Investigación de Enfermedades Hematooncológicas. Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Del. Cuauhtémoc, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Isabelle Vergne
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Jeannette Barba León
- Departamento de Salud Pública, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Km. 15.5 Carretera a Nogales, Zapopan, Jalisco 45110, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Laboratorio de Patología Experimental. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Belisario Domínguez sección 16, Tlalpan, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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The Induction of Antigen 85B-Specific CD8 + T Cells by Recombinant BCG Protects against Mycobacterial Infection in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24020966. [PMID: 36674484 PMCID: PMC9862620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24020966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection remains a major health problem worldwide. Although the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is the most widely used vaccination for preventing tuberculosis (TB), its efficacy is limited. We previously developed a new recombinant BCG (rBCG)-based vaccine encoding the Ag85B protein of M. kansasii (Mkan85B), termed rBCG-Mkan85B, and its administration is followed by boosting with plasmid DNA expressing the Ag85B gene (DNA-Mkan85B). Previously, we identified MHC-I (H2-Kd)-restricted epitopes that highly cross-react with those of Mtb in BALB/c (H2d) and CB6F1 (H2b/d) mice. We also reported that the rBCG-Mkan85B/DNA-Mkan85B prime-boost vaccination protocol protected CB6F1 mice against M. kansasii infection. In this study, to investigate the protective effect of our novel rBCG against Mtb infection, CB6F1 mice were either left unimmunized or immunized with the BCG, rBCG-Mkan85B, or rBCG-Mkan85B/DNA-Mkan85B vaccine for 10 weeks prior to inhalation exposure to the virulent Mtb Erdman strain for another 6 weeks. Compared with the BCG and rBCG-Mkan85B vaccinations, the rBCG-Mkan85B/DNA-Mkan85B prime-boost vaccination protocol significantly reduced the numbers of pulmonary colony-forming units (CFUs). Moreover, the rBCG-Mkan85B/DNA-Mkan85B prime-boost vaccination induced antigen-specific polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. These results suggest that CD8+ T-cell immunity to immunodominant epitopes of Mtb is enhanced by rBCG vector-based immunization. Thus, rBCG vector-based vaccinations may overcome the limited ability of the current BCG vaccine to elicit TB immunity.
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Recent Developments in Mycobacteria-Based Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidates for Tuberculosis. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112749. [PMID: 36359269 PMCID: PMC9687462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is an excellent approach to stimulating the host immune response and reducing human morbidity and mortality against microbial infections, such as tuberculosis (TB). Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is the most widely administered vaccine in the world and the only vaccine approved by the World Health Organization (WHO) to protect against TB. Although BCG confers "protective" immunity in children against the progression of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection into active TB, this vaccine is ineffective in protecting adults with active TB manifestations, such as multiple-, extensive-, and total-drug-resistant (MDR/XDR/TDR) cases and the co-existence of TB with immune-compromising health conditions, such as HIV infection or diabetes. Moreover, BCG can cause disease in individuals with HIV infection or other immune compromises. Due to these limitations of BCG, novel strategies are urgently needed to improve global TB control measures. Since live vaccines elicit a broader immune response and do not require an adjuvant, developing recombinant BCG (rBCG) vaccine candidates have received significant attention as a potential replacement for the currently approved BCG vaccine for TB prevention. In this report, we aim to present the latest findings and outstanding questions that we consider worth investigating regarding novel mycobacteria-based live attenuated TB vaccine candidates. We also specifically discuss the important features of two key animal models, mice and rabbits, that are relevant to TB vaccine testing. Our review emphasizes that the development of vaccines that block the reactivation of latent Mtb infection (LTBI) into active TB would have a significant impact in reducing the spread and transmission of Mtb. The results and ideas discussed here are only based on reports from the last five years to keep the focus on recent developments.
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BCGΔBCG1419c increased memory CD8 + T cell-associated immunogenicity and mitigated pulmonary inflammation compared with BCG in a model of chronic tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15824. [PMID: 36138053 PMCID: PMC9499934 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20017-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that a hygromycin resistant version of the BCGΔBCG1419c vaccine candidate reduced tuberculosis (TB) disease in BALB/c, C57BL/6, and B6D2F1 mice infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv. Here, the second-generation version of BCGΔBCG1419c (based on BCG Pasteur ATCC 35734, without antibiotic resistance markers, and a complete deletion of BCG1419c) was compared to its parental BCG for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against the Mtb clinical isolate M2 in C57BL/6 mice. Both BCG and BCGΔBCG1419c induced production of IFN-γ, TNF-α, and/or IL-2 by effector memory (CD44+CD62L-), PPD-specific, CD4+ T cells, and only BCGΔBCG1419c increased effector memory, PPD-specific CD8+ T cell responses in the lungs and spleens compared with unvaccinated mice before challenge. BCGΔBCG1419c increased levels of central memory (CD62L+CD44+) T CD4+ and CD8+ cells compared to those of BCG-vaccinated mice. Both BCG strains elicited Th1-biased antigen-specific polyfunctional effector memory CD4+/CD8+ T cell responses at 10 weeks post-infection, and both vaccines controlled Mtb M2 growth in the lung and spleen. Only BCGΔBCG1419c significantly ameliorated pulmonary inflammation and decreased neutrophil infiltration into the lung compared to BCG-vaccinated and unvaccinated mice. Both BCG strains reduced pulmonary TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-10 levels. Taken together, BCGΔBCG1419c increased memory CD8+T cell-associated immunogenicity and mitigated pulmonary inflammation compared with BCG.
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Evaluation of early innate and adaptive immune responses to the TB vaccine Mycobacterium bovis BCG and vaccine candidate BCGΔBCG1419c. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12377. [PMID: 35858977 PMCID: PMC9300728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The vaccine Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) elicits an immune response that is protective against certain forms of tuberculosis (TB); however, because BCG efficacy is limited it is important to identify alternative TB vaccine candidates. Recently, the BCG deletion mutant and vaccine candidate BCGΔBCG1419c was demonstrated to survive longer in intravenously infected BALB/c mice due to enhanced biofilm formation, and better protected both BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice against TB-induced lung pathology during chronic stages of infection, relative to BCG controls. BCGΔBCG1419c-elicited protection also associated with lower levels of proinflammatory cytokines (i.e. IL6, TNFα) at the site of infection in C57BL/6 mice. Given the distinct immune profiles of BCG- and BCGΔBCG1419c-immunized mice during chronic TB, we set out to determine if there are early immunological events which distinguish these two groups, using multi-dimensional flow cytometric analysis of the lungs and other tissues soon after immunization. Our results demonstrate a number of innate and adaptive response differences between BCG- and BCGΔBCG1419c-immunized mice which are consistent with the latter being longer lasting and potentially less inflammatory, including lower frequencies of exhausted CD4+ T helper (TH) cells and higher frequencies of IL10-producing T cells, respectively. These studies suggest the use of BCGΔBCG1419c may be advantageous as an alternative TB vaccine candidate.
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10
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Yu F, Zhu X, Li Q, Xu W, Gao Y, Wen Y, Zhang Q, Dou J. Elevated IL-35 level and iTr35 subset increase the bacterial burden and lung lesions in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice. Open Life Sci 2022; 17:312-320. [PMID: 35434368 PMCID: PMC8974395 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the relationship between interleukin (IL)-35 level and IL-35-producing regulatory T cells (iTr35 subset) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)-infected mice. After the mice were injected with Mtb strain H37R via tail vein, the bacterial burden, lung lesions, and the impact of immune suppression on the infected mice were respectively assessed. The results, when compared with the control mice, showed that the mRNA expression levels of the p35 and Epstein-Barr virus-induced gene 3 of IL-35 were significantly increased in the Mtb-infected mouse spleen at 4 or 8 weeks post-infection and their protein expression levels were concurrently increased in the lungs of the mice, especially in 8 week infected mice. In addition, the levels of serum IL-35 and the iTr35 subset in the spleen of mice were also increased in 4 or 8 weeks post-infection compared with the control mice. Importantly, the high bacterial burden and lung lesions and the low mouse weight were found at 8 week post-infection. Therefore, the mice infected with Mtb resulted in elevating IL-35 level and iTr35 subset and increasing bacterial burden and lung lesions. The findings from the study suggest IL-35 and iTr35 cells may exert an immune suppression role in chronic Mtb-infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangliu Yu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College , Wuhu 241001 , PR China
| | - Xinying Zhu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College , Wuhu 241001 , PR China
| | - Qingdeng Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College , Wuhu 241001 , PR China
| | - Wenqin Xu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College , Wuhu 241001 , PR China
| | - Yunxing Gao
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Preclinical Medicine, Wannan Medical College , Wuhu 241001 , PR China
| | - Yufeng Wen
- School of Public Health, Wannan Medical College , Wuhu 241001 , PR China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Center of Disease Control and Prevention , Wuhu , Anhui, 241001 , PR China
| | - Jun Dou
- Departments of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Medical School, Southeast University , 87 Ding Jiaqiao Rd. , Nanjing 210009 , PR China
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11
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Martínez-Pérez A, Estévez O, González-Fernández Á. Contribution and Future of High-Throughput Transcriptomics in Battling Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:835620. [PMID: 35283833 PMCID: PMC8908424 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.835620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While Tuberculosis (TB) infection remains a serious challenge worldwide, big data and “omic” approaches have greatly contributed to the understanding of the disease. Transcriptomics have been used to tackle a wide variety of queries including diagnosis, treatment evolution, latency and reactivation, novel target discovery, vaccine response or biomarkers of protection. Although a powerful tool, the elevated cost and difficulties in data interpretation may hinder transcriptomics complete potential. Technology evolution and collaborative efforts among multidisciplinary groups might be key in its exploitation. Here, we discuss the main fields explored in TB using transcriptomics, and identify the challenges that need to be addressed for a real implementation in TB diagnosis, prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Martínez-Pérez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Vigo, Spain
| | - Olivia Estévez
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Vigo, Spain
| | - África González-Fernández
- Biomedical Research Center (CINBIO), Universidade de Vigo, Vigo, Spain.,Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, Galicia Sur Health Research Institute (IIS-GS), Vigo, Spain
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12
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Korotetskaya M, Baikuzina P, Segura-Cerda CA, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Apt A, Flores-Valdez MA. BCG and BCGΔBCG1419c transiently protect hypersusceptible I/St mice and induce different influx of macrophages and neutrophils during pulmonary tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2022; 71. [PMID: 35037613 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Host genetic factors influence both susceptibility to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and immune responses generated by vaccination. Genetically susceptible mice help to study mechanisms of immune protection which may differ from those operating in more resistant models.Methods. In this work, we compared the efficacy of protection conferred by subcutaneous vaccination of hypersusceptible I/St mice with BCG and the first-generation, hygromycin resistant version of the vaccine candidate BCGΔBCG1419c, against tuberculosis (TB), measured as survival, weight loss and replication in lungs. We further characterized the relative presence of immune cells in lungs.Results. We found that in I/St mice, vaccination with BCG or BCGΔBCG1419c provided similar level of protection against TB-driven weight loss and M. tuberculosis replication in lungs, while prolonging median survival time compared with unvaccinated controls. Despite affording similar protection to parental BCG, BCGΔBCG1419c led to a reduced presence of macrophages in lungs during early TB and to an increased neutrophil recruitment to the lungs during chronic TB.Conclusions. BCGΔBCG1419c protects I/St mice in a different manner than wild-type BCG against pulmonary TB by promoting different influx of macrophages and neutrophils at distinct times post-infection. These findings prompt us to suggest that preclinical evaluation of novel TB vaccine candidates should include evaluation of efficacy not only in commonly used resistant inbred mice, but also in susceptible hosts, to further determine their potential application to populations varying in their genetic. This would likely impact their intended use depending on host resistance or susceptibility to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Korotetskaya
- Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Baikuzina
- Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Cristian Alfredo Segura-Cerda
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alexander Apt
- Central Institute for Tuberculosis, Department of Immunology, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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13
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Setiabudiawan TP, Reurink RK, Hill PC, Netea MG, van Crevel R, Koeken VACM. Protection against tuberculosis by Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination: A historical perspective. MED 2022; 3:6-24. [PMID: 35590145 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2021.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was developed exactly 100 years ago, and it is still the only licensed tuberculosis (TB) vaccine and the most frequently administered of all vaccines worldwide. Despite universal vaccination policies in TB-endemic settings, the burden of TB remains high. Although BCG protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and TB disease, the level of protection varies greatly between age groups and settings. In this review, we present a historical perspective and describe the evidence for BCG's ability to protect against TB as well as the factors that influence protection. We also present the immunological mechanisms through which BCG vaccination induces protection, focusing on T cell, B cell, and innate immunity. Finally, we discuss several possibilities to boost BCG's efficacy, including alternative vaccination routes, BCG revaccination, and use of recombinant BCG vaccines, and describe the knowledge gaps that exist with respect to BCG's protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todia P Setiabudiawan
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Remi K Reurink
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands
| | - Philip C Hill
- Centre for International Health, University of Otago, Dunedin, North Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Human Genomics Laboratory, Craiova University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Craiova, Județul Dolj 200349, Romania
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Gelderland 6525 GA, the Netherlands; Department of Computational Biology for Individualised Infection Medicine, Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover 30625, Germany; TWINCORE, a joint venture between the Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and the Hannover Medical School (MHH), Hannover 30625, Germany.
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14
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After 100 Years of BCG Immunization against Tuberculosis, What Is New and Still Outstanding for This Vaccine? Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 10:vaccines10010057. [PMID: 35062718 PMCID: PMC8778337 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2021, most of the world was reasonably still concerned about the COVID-19 pandemic, how cases were up and down in different countries, how the vaccination campaigns were ongoing, and most people were familiar with the speed with which vaccines against SARS-Co-V2 were developed, analyzed, and started to be applied in an attempt to curb the pandemic. Because of this, it may have somehow passed relatively inadvertently for people outside of the field that the vaccine used to control tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG), was first applied to humans a century ago. Over these years, BCG has been the vaccine applied to most human beings in the world, despite its known lack of efficacy to fully prevent respiratory TB. Several strategies have been employed in the last 20 years to produce a novel vaccine that would replace, or boost, immunity and protection elicited by BCG. In this work, to avoid potential redundancies with recently published reviews, I only aim to present my current thoughts about some of the latest findings and outstanding questions that I consider worth investigating to help develop a replacement or modified BCG in order to successfully fight TB, based on BCG itself.
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15
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Verma A, Kaur M, Singh LV, Aggarwal D, Verma I, Radotra BD, Sharma S. Reactivation of latent tuberculosis through modulation of resuscitation promoting factors by diabetes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19700. [PMID: 34611258 PMCID: PMC8492673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99257-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The evidence of an association between diabetes and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) remains limited and inconsistent. Thus, the study aims to delineate the role of diabetes in activation of latent tuberculosis infection. Murine model of latent tuberculosis and diabetes was developed, bacillary load and gene expression of resuscitation promoting factors (rpfA-E) along with histopathological changes in the lungs and spleen were studied. Treatment for LTBI [Rifampicin (RIF) + Isoniazid (INH)] was also given to latently infected mice with or without diabetes for 4 weeks. Diabetes was found to activate latent tuberculosis as the colony forming unit (CFU) counts were observed to be > 104 in lungs and spleen. The gene expression of hspX was downregulated and that of rpfB and rpfD was observed to be upregulated in latently infected mice with diabetes compared to those without diabetes. However, no significant reduction in the CFU counts was observed after 4 weeks of treatment with RIF and INH. Diabetes helps in the progression of LTBI to active disease mainly through altered expression of resuscitation promoting factors rpfB and rpfD, which can serve as important targets to reduce the shared burden of tuberculosis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpana Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Lakshya Veer Singh
- TACF, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Aggarwal
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Indu Verma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bishan D Radotra
- Department of Histopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sadhna Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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16
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Sinha R, Ngo MD, Bartlett S, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H, Keshvari S, Hasnain SZ, Donovan ML, Kling JC, Blumenthal A, Chen C, Short KR, Ronacher K. Pre-Diabetes Increases Tuberculosis Disease Severity, While High Body Fat Without Impaired Glucose Tolerance Is Protective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:691823. [PMID: 34295838 PMCID: PMC8291147 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.691823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a well-known risk factor for tuberculosis (TB), but little is known about pre-diabetes and the relative contribution of impaired glucose tolerance vs. obesity towards susceptibility to TB. Here, we developed a preclinical model of pre-diabetes and TB. Mice fed a high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks presented with impaired glucose tolerance and hyperinsulinemia compared to mice fed normal chow diet (NCD). Infection with M. tuberculosis (Mtb) H37Rv after the onset of dysglycemia was associated with significantly increased lung pathology, lower concentrations of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IFN-β and IL-10 and a trend towards higher bacterial burden at 3 weeks post infection. To determine whether the increased susceptibility of pre-diabetic mice to TB is reversible and is associated with dysglycemia or increased body fat mass, we performed a diet reversal experiment. Pre-diabetic mice were fed a NCD for 10 additional weeks (HFD/NCD) at which point glucose tolerance was restored, but body fat mass remained higher compared to control mice that consumed NCD throughout the entire experiment (NCD/NCD). Upon Mtb infection HFD/NCD mice had significantly lower bacterial burden compared to NCD/NCD mice and this was accompanied by restored IFN-γ responses. Our findings demonstrate that pre-diabetes increases susceptibility to TB, but a high body mass index without dysglycemia is protective. This murine model offers the opportunity to further study the underlying immunological, metabolic and endocrine mechanisms of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roma Sinha
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Minh Dao Ngo
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stacey Bartlett
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sahar Keshvari
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sumaira Z Hasnain
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Meg L Donovan
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jessica C Kling
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Antje Blumenthal
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kirsty R Short
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Katharina Ronacher
- Translational Research Institute, Mater Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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17
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Vaccination with BCGΔBCG1419c protects against pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB and is safer than BCG. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12417. [PMID: 34127755 PMCID: PMC8203684 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A single intradermal vaccination with an antibiotic-less version of BCGΔBCG1419c given to guinea pigs conferred a significant improvement in outcome following a low dose aerosol exposure to M. tuberculosis compared to that provided by a single dose of BCG Pasteur. BCGΔBCG1419c was more attenuated than BCG in murine macrophages, athymic, BALB/c, and C57BL/6 mice. In guinea pigs, BCGΔBCG1419c was at least as attenuated as BCG and induced similar dermal reactivity to that of BCG. Vaccination of guinea pigs with BCGΔBCG1419c resulted in increased anti-PPD IgG compared with those receiving BCG. Guinea pigs vaccinated with BCGΔBCG1419c showed a significant reduction of M. tuberculosis replication in lungs and spleens compared with BCG, as well as a significant reduction of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis (TB) pathology measured using pathology scores recorded at necropsy. Evaluation of cytokines produced in lungs of infected guinea pigs showed that BCGΔBCG1419c significantly reduced TNF-α and IL-17 compared with BCG-vaccinated animals, with no changes in IL-10. This work demonstrates a significantly improved protection against pulmonary and extrapulmonary TB provided by BCGΔBCG1419c in susceptible guinea pigs together with an increased safety compared with BCG in several models. These results support the continued development of BCGΔBCG1419c as an effective vaccine for TB.
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18
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Loera-Muro A, Guerrero-Barrera A, Tremblay D N Y, Hathroubi S, Angulo C. Bacterial biofilm-derived antigens: a new strategy for vaccine development against infectious diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:385-396. [PMID: 33606569 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1892492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Microorganisms can develop into a social organization known as biofilms and these communities can be found in virtually all types of environment on earth. In biofilms, cells grow as multicellular communities held together by a self-produced extracellular matrix. Living within a biofilm allows for the emergence of specific properties for these cells that their planktonic counterparts do not have. Furthermore, biofilms are the cause of several infectious diseases and are frequently inhabited by multi-species. These interactions between microbial species are often critical for the biofilm process. Despite the importance of biofilms in disease, vaccine antigens are typically prepared from bacteria grown as planktonic cells under laboratory conditions. Vaccines based on planktonic bacteria may not provide optimal protection against biofilm-driven infections. AREAS COVERED In this review, we will present an overview of biofilm formation, what controls this mode of growth, and recent vaccine development targeting biofilms. EXPERT OPINION Previous and ongoing research provides evidence that vaccine formulation with antigens derived from biofilms is a promising approach to prevent infectious diseases and can enhance the protective efficacy of existing vaccines. Therefore, research focusing on the identification of biofilm-derived antigens merits further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Loera-Muro
- CONACYT-CIBNOR, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, México
| | - Alma Guerrero-Barrera
- Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Av. Universidad 940, Colonia Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, AGS, México
| | - Yannick Tremblay D N
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Skander Hathroubi
- Cluster of Excellence "Matters of Activity.Image Space Material", Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Unter den Liden 6, 10099, Berlin, Germany.,Institüt Für Biologie/Mikrobiologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carlos Angulo
- Immunology & Vaccinology Group. Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, La Paz, BCS, México
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19
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Transcriptional portrait of M. bovis BCG during biofilm production shows genes differentially expressed during intercellular aggregation and substrate attachment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12578. [PMID: 32724037 PMCID: PMC7387457 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. smegmatis form drug-tolerant biofilms through dedicated genetic programs. In support of a stepwise process regulating biofilm production in mycobacteria, it was shown elsewhere that lsr2 participates in intercellular aggregation, while groEL1 was required for biofilm maturation in M. smegmatis. Here, by means of RNA-Seq, we monitored the early steps of biofilm production in M. bovis BCG, to distinguish intercellular aggregation from attachment to a surface. Genes encoding for the transcriptional regulators dosR and BCG0114 (Rv0081) were significantly regulated and responded differently to intercellular aggregation and surface attachment. Moreover, a M. tuberculosis H37Rv deletion mutant in the Rv3134c-dosS-dosR regulon, formed less biofilm than wild type M. tuberculosis, a phenotype reverted upon reintroduction of this operon into the mutant. Combining RT-qPCR with microbiological assays (colony and surface pellicle morphologies, biofilm quantification, Ziehl–Neelsen staining, growth curve and replication of planktonic cells), we found that BCG0642c affected biofilm production and replication of planktonic BCG, whereas ethR affected only phenotypes linked to planktonic cells despite its downregulation at the intercellular aggregation step. Our results provide evidence for a stage-dependent expression of genes that contribute to biofilm production in slow-growing mycobacteria.
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20
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la Cruz MAD, Ares MA, Rodríguez-Valverde D, Vallejo-Cardona AA, Flores-Valdez MA, Núñez IDC, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Lira-Chávez J, Rodríguez-Campos J, Bravo-Madrigal J. Transcriptional and Mycolic Acid Profiling in Mycobacterium bovis BCG In Vitro Show an Effect for c-di-GMP and Overlap between Dormancy and Biofilms. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 30:811-821. [PMID: 32238759 PMCID: PMC9728378 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1911.11043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces mycolic acids which are relevant for persistence, recalcitrance to antibiotics and defiance to host immunity. c-di-GMP is a second messenger involved in transition from planktonic cells to biofilms, whose levels are controlled by diguanylate cyclases (DGC) and phosphodiesterases (PDE). The transcriptional regulator dosR, is involved in response to low oxygen, a condition likely happening to a subset of cells within biofilms. Here, we found that in M. bovis BCG, expression of both BCG1416c and BCG1419c genes, which code for a DGC and a PDE, respectively, decreased in both stationary phase and during biofilm production. The kasA, kasB, and fas genes, which are involved in mycolic acid biosynthesis, were induced in biofilm cultures, as was dosR, therefore suggesting an inverse correlation in their expression compared with that of genes involved in c-di-GMP metabolism. The relative abundance within trehalose dimycolate (TDM) of α-mycolates decreased during biofilm maturation, with methoxy mycolates increasing over time, and keto species remaining practically stable. Moreover, addition of synthetic c-di-GMP to mid-log phase BCG cultures reduced methoxy mycolates, increased keto species and practically did not affect α-mycolates, showing a differential effect of c-di-GMP on keto- and methoxy-mycolic acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Miguel A. Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Diana Rodríguez-Valverde
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Centro Médico Nacional (CMN) Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social (IMSS), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México,Alba Adriana Vallejo-Cardona Phone: +52-33-33-45-52-00 E-mail:
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México,Corresponding authors Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez Phone: +52-33-33-45-52-00 E-mail:
| | - Iris Denisse Cota Núñez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jonahtan Lira-Chávez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Campos
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C, Unidad de Servicios Analíticos y Metrológicos, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 44270 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Jorge Bravo-Madrigal
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ) A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Av. Normalistas No. 800. Colinas de la Normal, C.P. 4470 Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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21
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BCG and BCGΔBCG1419c protect type 2 diabetic mice against tuberculosis via different participation of T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells and pro-inflammatory cytokines. NPJ Vaccines 2020; 5:21. [PMID: 32194998 PMCID: PMC7067831 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-020-0169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Comorbidity between Tuberculosis (TB) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is one of the greatest contributors to the spread of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) in low- and middle-income countries. T2D compromises key steps of immune responses against M. tuberculosis and it might affect the protection afforded by vaccine candidates against TB. We compared the protection and immune response afforded by the BCGΔBCG1419c vaccine candidate versus that of wild-type BCG in mice with T2D. Vaccination with both BCGΔBCG1419c, BCG or infection with M. tuberculosis reduced weight loss, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance during T2D progression, suggesting that metabolic changes affecting these parameters were affected by mycobacteria. For control of acute TB, and compared with non-vaccinated controls, BCG showed a dominant T CD4+ response whereas BCGΔBCG1419c showed a dominant T CD8+/B lymphocyte response. Moreover, BCG maintained an increased response in lung cells via IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-4, while BCGΔBCG1419c increased IFN-γ but reduced IL-4 production. As for chronic TB, and compared with non-vaccinated controls, both BCG strains had a predominant presence of T CD4+ lymphocytes. In counterpart, BCGΔBCG1419c led to increased presence of dendritic cells and an increased production of IL-1 β. Overall, while BCG effectively reduced pneumonia in acute infection, it failed to reduce it in chronic infection, whereas we hypothesize that increased production of IL-1 β induced by BCGΔBCG1419c contributed to reduced pneumonia and alveolitis in chronic TB. Our results show that BCG and BCGΔBCG1419c protect T2D mice against TB via different participation of T and B lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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22
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Sathkumara HD, Pai S, Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Ketheesan N, Flores-Valdez MA, Kupz A. BCG Vaccination Prevents Reactivation of Latent Lymphatic Murine Tuberculosis Independently of CD4 + T Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:532. [PMID: 30949177 PMCID: PMC6437071 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major global public health problem causing significant mortality and morbidity. In addition to ~10.4 million cases of active TB annually, it is estimated that about two billion people are latently infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of TB. Reactivation of latent Mtb infection is the leading cause of death in patients with immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The low efficiency of the only licensed anti-TB vaccine, Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) to reduce pulmonary TB in adults contributes to this problem. Here we investigated if vaccination with conventional BCG or the genetically modified experimental BCGΔBCG1419c strain can prevent reactivation of latent lymphatic TB in a mouse model of induced reactivation, following the depletion of CD4+ T cells, as it occurs in HIV+ individuals. Vaccination with conventional BCG or BCGΔBCG1419c prevented reactivation of Mtb from the infected lymph node and the systemic spread of Mtb to spleen and lung. Prevention of reactivation was independent of vaccination route and was accompanied by reduced levels of circulating inflammatory cytokines and the absence of lung pathology. Our results demonstrate that vaccine-induced CD4+ T cells are not essential to prevent reactivation of latent lymphatic murine TB, and highlight the need to better understand how non-CD4+ immune cell populations participate in protective immune responses to control latent TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harindra D Sathkumara
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns & Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Saparna Pai
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns & Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns & Townsville, QLD, Australia
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Macrophage infection with combinations of BCG mutants reduces induction of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and increases IL-4. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 115:42-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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Aceves-Sánchez MDJ, Flores-Valdez MA, Shanley C, Orme I, Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. Vaccination of guinea pigs with BCGΔBCG1419c transiently reduces hematogenous spread of M. tuberculosis to the spleen. Pathog Dis 2018; 76:5222634. [PMID: 30500936 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/fty088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The guinea pig has proven to be a reliable model for testing vaccine candidates against tuberculosis (TB) because of its capacity to produce human-like disease associated to primary TB, thus providing a more stringent test of the ability of a vaccine to prevent disease and deaths. Here, the BCGΔBCG1419c vaccine candidate, which previously has been shown to provide protection in mice, was tested in a guinea pig model. We found that this vaccine candidate was as effective as parental BCG in reducing M. tuberculosis H37Rv replication in lungs, and significantly reducing hematogenous spread to spleen at 60 days post-infection in comparison with BCG. Moreover, lung histopathological examination revealed comparable protection between the parental and mutant BCG strains, with some differences in prevention of primary lesions or necrosis at a single time point post-infection in a strain-dependent manner. Our results show that the BCGΔBCG1419c vaccine candidate is as effective as BCG in reducing M. tuberculosis H37Rv replication in lungs and reducing lung pathology, as well as significantly improving control of its dissemination to spleens up to 60 days post-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel de Jesús Aceves-Sánchez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica. Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, México
| | - Mario Alberto Flores-Valdez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C. Biotecnología Médica y Farmacéutica. Av. Normalistas 800, Col. Colinas de la Normal, Guadalajara, Jalisco, 44270, México
| | - Crystal Shanley
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Ian Orme
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, 1682 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1682, USA
| | - Helle Bielefeldt-Ohmann
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland Gatton Campus, Qld 4343, Australia
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