1
|
Thippeshappa R, Polacino P, Chandrasekar SS, Truong K, Misra A, Aulicino PC, Hu SL, Kaushal D, Kimata JT. In vivo Serial Passaging of Human-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Clones Identifies Characteristics for Persistent Viral Replication. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:779460. [PMID: 34867922 PMCID: PMC8636705 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.779460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously reported that a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a simian immunodeficiency virus vif substitution (HSIV-vifNL4-3) could replicate in pigtailed macaques (PTMs), demonstrating that Vif is a species-specific tropism factor of primate lentiviruses. However, infections did not result in high-peak viremia or setpoint plasma viral loads, as observed during simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of PTMs. Here, we characterized variants isolated from one of the original infected animals with CD4 depletion after nearly 4years of infection to identify determinants of increased replication fitness. In our studies, we found that the HSIV-vif clones did not express the HIV-1 Vpr protein due to interference from the vpx open reading frame (ORF) in singly spliced vpr mRNA. To examine whether these viral genes contribute to persistent viral replication, we generated infectious HSIV-vif clones expressing either the HIV-1 Vpr or SIV Vpx protein. And then to determine viral fitness determinants of HSIV-vif, we conducted three rounds of serial in vivo passaging in PTMs, starting with an initial inoculum containing a mixture of CXCR4-tropic [Vpr-HSIV-vifNL4-3 isolated at 196 (C/196) and 200 (C/200) weeks post-infection from a PTM with depressed CD4 counts] and CCR5-tropic HSIV (Vpr+ HSIV-vif derivatives based NL-AD8 and Bru-Yu2 and a Vpx expressing HSIV-vifYu2). Interestingly, all infected PTMs showed peak plasma viremia close to or above 105 copies/ml and persistent viral replication for more than 20weeks. Infectious molecular clones (IMCs) recovered from the passage 3 PTM (HSIV-P3 IMCs) included mutations required for HIV-1 Vpr expression and those mutations encoded by the CXCR4-tropic HSIV-vifNL4-3 isolate C/196. The data indicate that the viruses selected during long-term infection acquired HIV-1 Vpr expression, suggesting the importance of Vpr for in vivo pathogenesis. Further passaging of HSIV-P3 IMCs in vivo may generate pathogenic variants with higher replication capacity, which will be a valuable resource as challenge virus in vaccine and cure studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Thippeshappa
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Patricia Polacino
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Shaswath S Chandrasekar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Khanghy Truong
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anisha Misra
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Paula C Aulicino
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Retrovirus, Hospital de Pediatría "Juan P. Garrahan"-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Host-Pathogen Interactions Program, Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yahya I, Morosan-Puopolo G, Brand-Saberi B. The CXCR4/SDF-1 Axis in the Development of Facial Expression and Non-somitic Neck Muscles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:615264. [PMID: 33415110 PMCID: PMC7783292 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.615264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trunk and head muscles originate from distinct embryonic regions: while the trunk muscles derive from the paraxial mesoderm that becomes segmented into somites, the majority of head muscles develops from the unsegmented cranial paraxial mesoderm. Differences in the molecular control of trunk versus head and neck muscles have been discovered about 25 years ago; interestingly, differences in satellite cell subpopulations were also described more recently. Specifically, the satellite cells of the facial expression muscles share properties with heart muscle. In adult vertebrates, neck muscles span the transition zone between head and trunk. Mastication and facial expression muscles derive from the mesodermal progenitor cells that are located in the first and second branchial arches, respectively. The cucullaris muscle (non-somitic neck muscle) originates from the posterior-most branchial arches. Like other subclasses within the chemokines and chemokine receptors, CXCR4 and SDF-1 play essential roles in the migration of cells within a number of various tissues during development. CXCR4 as receptor together with its ligand SDF-1 have mainly been described to regulate the migration of the trunk muscle progenitor cells. This review first underlines our recent understanding of the development of the facial expression (second arch-derived) muscles, focusing on new insights into the migration event and how this embryonic process is different from the development of mastication (first arch-derived) muscles. Other muscles associated with the head, such as non-somitic neck muscles derived from muscle progenitor cells located in the posterior branchial arches, are also in the focus of this review. Implications on human muscle dystrophies affecting the muscles of face and neck are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imadeldin Yahya
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | | | - Beate Brand-Saberi
- Department of Anatomy and Molecular Embryology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Adachi A, Koma T, Doi N, Nomaguchi M. Commentary: Derivation of Simian Tropic HIV-1 Infectious Clone Reveals Virus Adaptation to a New Host. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:235. [PMID: 32500043 PMCID: PMC7243179 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takaaki Koma
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Naoya Doi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masako Nomaguchi
- Department of Microbiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Science, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thippeshappa R, Kimata JT, Kaushal D. Toward a Macaque Model of HIV-1 Infection: Roadblocks, Progress, and Future Strategies. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:882. [PMID: 32477302 PMCID: PMC7237640 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human-specific tropism of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) has complicated the development of a macaque model of HIV-1 infection/AIDS that is suitable for preclinical evaluation of vaccines and novel treatment strategies. Several innate retroviral restriction factors, such as APOBEC3 family of proteins, TRIM5α, BST2, and SAMHD1, that prevent HIV-1 replication have been identified in macaque cells. Accessory proteins expressed by Simian Immunodeficiency virus (SIV) such as viral infectivity factor (Vif), viral protein X (Vpx), viral protein R (Vpr), and negative factor (Nef) have been shown to play key roles in overcoming these restriction factors in macaque cells. Thus, substituting HIV-1 accessory genes with those from SIV may enable HIV-1 replication in macaques. We and others have constructed macaque-tropic HIV-1 derivatives [also called simian-tropic HIV-1 (stHIV-1) or Human-Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (HSIV)] carrying SIV vif to overcome APOBEC3 family proteins. Additional modifications to HIV-1 gag in some of the macaque-tropic HIV-1 have also been done to overcome TRIM5α restriction in rhesus and cynomolgus macaques. Although these viruses replicate persistently in macaque species, they do not result in CD4 depletion. Thus, these studies suggest that additional blocks to HIV-1 replication exist in macaques that prevent high-level viral replication. Furthermore, serial animal-to-animal passaging of macaque-tropic HIV-1 in vivo has not resulted in pathogenic variants that cause AIDS in immunocompetent macaques. In this review, we discuss recent developments made toward developing macaque model of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Thippeshappa
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jason T Kimata
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Deepak Kaushal
- Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Adachi A. Grand Challenge in Human/Animal Virology: Unseen, Smallest Replicative Entities Shape the Whole Globe. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:431. [PMID: 32256480 PMCID: PMC7093566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akio Adachi
- Department of Microbiology, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan.,Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|