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Huang Y, Jia L, Chen F. Effects of MrwetA on Sexual Reproduction and Secondary Metabolism of Monascus ruber M7 Based on Transcriptome Analysis. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:338. [PMID: 38786694 PMCID: PMC11122622 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
wetA, one of the conidiation center regulatory genes in many filamentous fungi, plays an important role in promoting asexual spores (conidia) maturation. Our recent research has found that knocking out or overexpressing MrwetA (a homolog of wetA) in Monascus ruber M7 does not affect the development of its asexual spores like other fungi, but both repress the development of its sexual spores (ascospores). However, the mechanism remains unclear. In this study, the function of MrwetA on sexual reproduction and secondary metabolism in M. ruber M7 was confirmed by a complementary experiment. Moreover, the regulatory roles of MrwetA in modulating the expression of genes involved in sexual reproduction, meiosis, and biosynthesis of Monascus pigment and citrinin were analyzed based on the transcriptional data. These results not only contribute to clarifying the regulation of the reproduction and secondary metabolism of Monascus spp., but also to enriching the regulation molecular mechanism of reproduction in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyun Huang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lili Jia
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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2
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Zhang X, Zong Y, Zhang F, Liu Q, Gong D, Bi Y, Sionov E, Prusky D. The small GTPase Ypt7 of Penicillium expansum is required for growth, patulin biosynthesis and virulence. Food Microbiol 2024; 119:104434. [PMID: 38225046 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2023.104434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Ypt GTPases are the largest subfamily of small GTPases involved in membrane transport. Here, a PeYpt7 gene deletion mutant of P. expansum was constructed. The ΔPeYpt7 mutant showed reduced colony growth with abnormal mycelial growth, reduced conidiation, and insufficient spore development. The mutation rendered the pathogen susceptible to osmotic stress and cell wall stressors. In addition, the absence of PeYpt7 reduced patulin production in P. expansum and significantly limited gene expression (PatG, PatH, PatI, PatD, PatF, and PatL). In addition, the mutant showed attenuated virulence in infected fruit and reduced expression of pathogenic factors was (PMG, PG, PL, and GH1). Thus, PeYpt7 modulates the growth, morphology, patulin accumulation, and pathogenicity of P. expansum by limiting the expression of related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qili Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Di Gong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Edward Sionov
- Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
| | - Dov Prusky
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Department of Postharvest Science, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, 7528809, Israel
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3
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Shi R, Gong P, Luo Q, Chen W, Wang C. Histone Acetyltransferase Rtt109 Regulates Development, Morphogenesis, and Citrinin Biosynthesis in Monascus purpureus. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9050530. [PMID: 37233241 DOI: 10.3390/jof9050530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone acetyltransferase (HAT) has been reported to be pivotal for various physiological processes in many fungi. However, the functions that HAT Rtt109 perform in edible fungi Monascus and the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we identified the rtt109 gene in Monascus, constructed the rtt109 knockout strain (Δrtt109) and its complementary strain (Δrtt109:com) by CRISPR/Cas9 methods, and functionally characterized the roles that Rtt109 play in Monascus. Deletion of rtt109 significantly reduced conidia formation and colony growth, whereas, it increased the yield of Monascus pigments (MPs) and citrinin (CTN). Further real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis indicated that Rtt109 remarkably affected the transcriptional expression of key genes related to development, morphogenesis, and secondary metabolism of Monascus. Together, our results revealed the critical roles of HAT Rtt109 in Monascus, and enriched our current knowledge of the development and regulation of secondary metabolism in fungi, throwing light on restraining or eliminating citrinin in the development and industrial applications of Monascus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Shi
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
- Yunnan Plateau Characteristic Agricultural Industry Research Institute, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Pengfei Gong
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qiaoqiao Luo
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health, Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
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4
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Guo X, Atehli D, Chen M, Chen D, Wang Y. A Zn(II)(2)Cys(6) transcription factor MPsGeI suppresses pigment biosynthesis in Monascus. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123504. [PMID: 36736523 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
High-quality natural edible pigments known as monascus pigments (MPs) are widely used in food, medicine, and chemical industries as active functional ingredients. At the transcriptional level, the expression of MPs genes are tightly controlled, limiting their productivity and color value. Hitherto our understanding of the regulation of expression of MPs genes has been rather limited. Here, we describe a pathway-specific Zn(II)(2)Cys(6) transcription factor involved in the MPs biosynthetic cluster named MPsGeI, which encodes a 813-amino-acid protein with six introns. Expression of all MPs biosynthetic genes and accumulation of MPs were remarkably increased in ΔMPsGeI strain, and MPs production was significantly reduced in MPsGeI over-expressing strain. Results clearly demonstrated that MPsGeI negatively regulates MPs accumulation via transcriptional regulation of MPs biosynthetic genes, and plays a central repressive role in MPs' biosynthesis. Transcriptomic analyses revealed that MPsGeI disruptant regulated higher concentrations of precursors flowing to pigment and resulted in accumulation of a large amount of red MPs in hyphae. This work offers an efficient method for increasing MPs's productivity and color value and provides novel insights into the regulatory mechanisms of fungal cellular processes, which will assist to enhance MPs production and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Dima Atehli
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Mianhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yurong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, PR China.
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5
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Li Q, Chen X, Lin L, Zhang L, Wang L, Bao J, Zhang D. Transcriptomic Dynamics of Active and Inactive States of Rho GTPase MoRho3 in Magnaporthe oryzae. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8101060. [PMID: 36294629 PMCID: PMC9605073 DOI: 10.3390/jof8101060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The small Rho GTPase acts as a molecular switch in eukaryotic signal transduction, which plays a critical role in polar cell growth and vesicle trafficking. Previous studies demonstrated that constitutively active (CA) mutant strains, of MoRho3-CA were defective in appressorium formation. While dominant-negative (DN) mutant strains MoRho3-DN shows defects in polar growth. However, the molecular dynamics of MoRho3-mediated regulatory networks in the pathogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae still needs to be uncovered. Here, we perform comparative transcriptomic profiling of MoRho3-CA and MoRho3-DN mutant strains using a high-throughput RNA sequencing approach. We find that genetic manipulation of MoRho3 significantly disrupts the expression of 28 homologs of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Rho3-interacting proteins, including EXO70, BNI1, and BNI2 in the MoRho3 CA, DN mutant strains. Functional enrichment analyses of up-regulated DEGs reveal a significant enrichment of genes associated with ribosome biogenesis in the MoRho3-CA mutant strain. Down-regulated DEGs in the MoRho3-CA mutant strains shows significant enrichment in starch/sucrose metabolism and the ABC transporter pathway. Moreover, analyses of down-regulated DEGs in the in MoRho3-DN reveals an over-representation of genes enriched in metabolic pathways. In addition, we observe a significant suppression in the expression levels of secreted proteins suppressed in both MoRho3-CA and DN mutant strains. Together, our results uncover expression dynamics mediated by two states of the small GTPase MoRho3, demonstrating its crucial roles in regulating the expression of ribosome biogenesis and secreted proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Meishan Vocational Technical College, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lianyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lianhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Li Wang
- Meishan Vocational Technical College, Ministerial and Provincial Joint Innovation Centre for Safety Production of Cross-Strait Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiandong Bao
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- Correspondence: (Q.L.); (D.Z.)
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Ramzan R, Virk MS, Chen F. The ABCT31 Transporter Regulates the Export System of Phenylacetic Acid as a Side-Chain Precursor of Penicillin G in Monascus ruber M7. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:915721. [PMID: 35966689 PMCID: PMC9370074 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.915721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of penicillin G (PG) is compartmentalized, and the transportation of the end and intermediate products, and substrates (precursors) such as L-cysteine (L-Cys), L-valine (L-Val) and phenylacetic acid (PAA) requires traversing membrane barriers. However, the transportation system of PAA as a side chain of PG are unclear yet. To discover ABC transporters (ABCTs) involved in the transportation of PAA, the expression levels of 38 ABCT genes in the genome of Monascus ruber M7, culturing with and without PAA, were examined, and found that one abct gene, namely abct31, was considerably up-regulated with PAA, indicating that abct31 may be relative with PAA transportation. Furthermore the disruption of abct31 was carried out, and the effects of two PG substrate's amino acids (L-Cys and L-Val), PAA and some other weak acids on the morphologies and production of secondary metabolites (SMs) of Δabct31 and M. ruber M7, were performed through feeding experiments. The results revealed that L-Cys, L-Val and PAA substantially impacted the morphologies and SMs production of Δabct31 and M. ruber M7. The UPLC-MS/MS analysis findings demonstrated that Δabct31 did not interrupt the synthesis of PG in M. ruber M7. According to the results, it suggests that abct31 is involved in the resistance and detoxification of the weak acids, including the PAA in M. ruber M7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ramzan
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Safiullah Virk
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Fusheng Chen
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7
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The Regulatory Role of the Aspergillus flavus Core Retromer Complex in Aflatoxin Metabolism. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102120. [PMID: 35697069 PMCID: PMC9283945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aflatoxins are a series of highly toxic and carcinogenic secondary metabolites that are synthesized by Aspergillus species. The degradation of aflatoxin enzymes is an important regulatory mechanism which modulates mycotoxin producing. The retromer complex is responsible for the retrograde transport of specific biomolecules and the vacuolar fusion in the intracellular transport. Late endosomal-associated GTPase (Rab7) has been shown to be a downstream effector protein of the retromer complex. A deficiency in the retromer complex or Rab7 results in several cellular trafficking problems in yeast and humans, like protein abnormal accumulation. However, whether retromer dysfunction is involved in aflatoxin synthesis remains unclear. Here, we report that the core retromer complex, which comprises three vacuolar protein sorting-associated proteins (AflVps26-AflVps29-AflVps35), is essential for the development of dormant and resistant fungal forms such as conidia (asexual reproductive spore) and sclerotia (hardened fungal mycelium), as well as aflatoxin production and pathogenicity, in Aspergillus flavus. In particular, we show the AflVps26-AflVps29-AflVps35 complex is negatively correlated with aflatoxin exportation. Structural simulation, site-specific mutagenesis, and coimmunoprecipitation experiments showed that interactions among AflVps26, AflVps29, and AflVps35 played crucial roles in the retromer complex executing its core functions. We further found an intrinsic connection between AflRab7 and the retromer involved in vesicle-vacuole fusion, which in turn affected the accumulation of aflatoxin synthesis-associated enzymes, suggesting that they work together to regulate the production of toxins. Overall, these results provide mechanistic insights that contribute to our understanding of the regulatory role of the core retromer complex in aflatoxin metabolism.
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Gao J, Song C, Zhang J, Hu Y, Shao Y. Mrada3 is required for sexual reproduction and secondary metabolite production in industrial fungi Monascus strain. J Appl Microbiol 2022; 133:591-606. [PMID: 35451171 DOI: 10.1111/jam.15586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Monascus spp. are valuable industrial fungi for producing beneficial compounds. Since sporulation is often coupled with the production of secondary metabolites, the current study was performed to investigate how Mrada3 regulated asexual and sexual development and the production of edible pigments and mycotoxin. METHODS AND RESULTS The functional characteristics of Mrada3 were identified by gene deletion and overexpression in Monascus ruber M7 (the wild-type, WT). The results revealed that the ΔMrada3 strain aborted sexual development, but it produced many more conidia than WT. RNA-Seq data showed the deletion of Mrada3 altered the expression levels of partial genes involved in sexual and asexual development. In addition, the deletion of Mrada3 also resulted in slower growth, lower pigment production, and increased citrinin yield at the late period. For the Mrada3-overexpressed strain, the number of ascospores and pigment content were significantly higher than those of WT, but citrinin was slightly lower than that of WT. CONCLUSIONS The Mrada3 gene plays a vital role in the sporulation development and secondary metabolism of Monascus species. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Mrada3 is first identified as an essential regulator for sexual development in Monascus species, enriching the regulatory knowledge of sexual development in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Cuina Song
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditionally Fermented Foods, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifan Hu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yanchun Shao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditionally Fermented Foods, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Yuan Y, Zhang M, Li J, Yang C, Abubakar YS, Chen X, Zheng W, Wang Z, Zheng H, Zhou J. The Small GTPase FgRab1 Plays Indispensable Roles in the Vegetative Growth, Vesicle Fusion, Autophagy and Pathogenicity of Fusarium graminearum. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020895. [PMID: 35055095 PMCID: PMC8776137 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rab GTPases are key regulators of membrane and intracellular vesicle transports. However, the biological functions of FgRab1 are still unclear in the devastating wheat pathogen Fusarium graminearum. In this study, we generated constitutively active (CA) and dominant-negative (DN) forms of FgRAB1 from the wild-type PH-1 background for functional analyses. Phenotypic analyses of these mutants showed that FgRab1 is important for vegetative growth, cell wall integrity and hyphal branching. Compared to the PH-1 strain, the number of spores produced by the Fgrab1DN strain was significantly reduced, with obviously abnormal conidial morphology. The number of septa in the conidia of the Fgrab1DN mutant was fewer than that observed in the PH-1 conidia. Fgrab1DN was dramatically reduced in its ability to cause Fusarium head blight symptoms on wheat heads. GFP-FgRab1 was observed to partly localize to the Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum and Spitzenkörper. Furthermore, we found that FgRab1 inactivation blocks not only the transport of the v-SNARE protein FgSnc1 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane but also the fusion of endocytic vesicles with their target membranes and general autophagy. In summary, our results indicate that FgRab1 plays vital roles in vegetative growth, conidiogenesis, pathogenicity, autophagy, vesicle fusion and trafficking in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Yuan
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Meiru Zhang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jingjing Li
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Chengdong Yang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yakubu Saddeeq Abubakar
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810211, Nigeria
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenhui Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (X.C.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Huawei Zheng
- Marine and Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Institute of Oceanography, College of Geography and Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-15880036549 (H.Z.); +86-13860626041 (J.Z.)
| | - Jie Zhou
- Fujian Universities Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (Y.Y.); (M.Z.); (J.L.); (C.Y.); (Y.S.A.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.Z.); (J.Z.); Tel.: +86-15880036549 (H.Z.); +86-13860626041 (J.Z.)
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10
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Jia L, Yu JH, Chen F, Chen W. Characterization of the asexual developmental genes brlA and wetA in Monascus ruber M7. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 151:103564. [PMID: 33962042 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Monascus spp. are widely used in the production of monacolin K and food- grade pigments in East Asia. In Aspergillus species, the three transcription factors BrlA → AbaA → WetA sequentially function as the central activators of asexual development (conidiation), leading to the formation of conidiophores. Unlike their close relative Aspergillus spp., Monascus spp. produce basipetospora-type asexual spores (conidia), and their genomes contain homologs of brlA and wetA but not abaA. In the present study, to investigate their roles in Monascus conidiation, MrbrlA and MrwetA were functionally characterized by gene knockout and overexpression in Monascus ruber M7. The results revealed that the deletion and overexpression of MrbrlA and/or MrwetA caused no apparent changes in the morphology, size, number, structure, or germination of conidia. However, deletion and overexpression of MrwetA severely repressed sexual development and affected the production of secondary metabolites. Taken together, these results suggest that the well-established central regulatory model of conidiation in Aspergillus is not applicable in their Monascus relatives. The results of the present study could enrich our understanding of the asexual development regulatory networks in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jia
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Department of Systems Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China
| | - Wanping Chen
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei Province 430070, China.
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11
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Dautt-Castro M, Rosendo-Vargas M, Casas-Flores S. The Small GTPases in Fungal Signaling Conservation and Function. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051039. [PMID: 33924947 PMCID: PMC8146680 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Monomeric GTPases, which belong to the Ras superfamily, are small proteins involved in many biological processes. They are fine-tuned regulated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Several families have been identified in organisms from different kingdoms. Overall, the most studied families are Ras, Rho, Rab, Ran, Arf, and Miro. Recently, a new family named Big Ras GTPases was reported. As a general rule, the proteins of all families have five characteristic motifs (G1–G5), and some specific features for each family have been described. Here, we present an exhaustive analysis of these small GTPase families in fungi, using 56 different genomes belonging to different phyla. For this purpose, we used distinct approaches such as phylogenetics and sequences analysis. The main functions described for monomeric GTPases in fungi include morphogenesis, secondary metabolism, vesicle trafficking, and virulence, which are discussed here. Their participation during fungus–plant interactions is reviewed as well.
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Zhang C, Zhang N, Chen M, Wang H, Shi J, Wang B, Sun B, Wang C. Metabolomics Analysis of the Effect of Glutamic Acid on Monacolin K Synthesis in Monascus purpureus. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:610471. [PMID: 33391237 PMCID: PMC7773642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.610471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Monacolin K is a secondary metabolite produced by Monascus with beneficial effects on health, including the ability to lower cholesterol. We previously showed that the yield of monacolin K was significantly improved when glutamic acid was added to the fermentation broth of Monascus purpureus M1. In this study, we analyzed M. purpureus in media with and without glutamic acid supplementation using a metabolomic profiling approach to identify key metabolites and metabolic pathway differences. A total of 817 differentially expressed metabolites were identified between the two fermentation broths on day 8 of fermentation. Pathway analysis of these metabolites using the KEGG database indicated overrepresentation of the citric acid cycle; biotin metabolism; and alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolic pathways. Six differentially expressed metabolites were found to be related to the citric acid cycle. The effect of citric acid as an exogenous additive on the synthesis of monacolin K was examined. These results provide technical support and a theoretical basis for further studies of the metabolic regulatory mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects of monacolin K and medium optimization, as well as genetic engineering of Monascus M1 for efficient monacolin K production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengxue Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Haijiao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiachen Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Bei Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Baoguo Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University, Beijing, China
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13
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Li L, Chen F. Effects of mrpigG on Development and Secondary Metabolism of Monascus ruber M7. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6030156. [PMID: 32872515 PMCID: PMC7558996 DOI: 10.3390/jof6030156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monascus pigments (MPs) have been used as food colorants for several centuries in Asian countries and are now used throughout the world via Asian catering. The MP biosynthetic pathway has been well-illustrated, but the functions of a few genes, including mrpigG, in the MP gene cluster are still unclear. In the current study, in order to investigate the function of mrpigG in M. ruber M7, gene deletion (ΔmrpigG), complementation (ΔmrpigG::mrpigG) and overexpression (M7::PtrpC-mrpigG) mutants were successfully obtained. The morphologies and biomasses, as well as the MP and citrinin production, of these mutants were analyzed. The results revealed that the disruption, complementation and overexpression of mrpigG showed no apparent defects in morphology, biomass or citrinin production (except MP production) in ΔmrpigG compared with M. ruber M7. Although the MP profiles of ΔmrpigG and M. ruber M7 were almost the same-with both having four yellow pigments, two orange pigments (OPs) and two red pigments (RPs)-their yields were decreased in ΔmrpigG to a certain extent. Particularly, the content of rubropunctatin (an OP) and its derivative rubropunctamine (an RP) in ΔmrpigG, both of which have a five-carbon side chain, accounted for 57.7%, and 22.3% of those in M. ruber M7. On the other hand, monascorubrin (an OP) and its derivative monascorubramine (an RP), both of which have a seven-carbon side chain, were increased by 1.15 and 2.55 times, respectively, in ΔmrpigG compared with M. ruber M7. These results suggest that the MrPigG protein may preferentially catalyze the biosynthesis of MPs with a five-carbon side chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Fusheng Chen
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Traditional Fermented Foods, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence:
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Genetic Modification of mfsT Gene Stimulating the Putative Penicillin Production in Monascus ruber M7 and Exhibiting the Sensitivity towards Precursor Amino Acids of Penicillin Pathway. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100390. [PMID: 31554331 PMCID: PMC6843564 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The biosynthesis of penicillin G (PG) is compartmentalized, which forces penicillin and its intermediates to cross the membrane barriers. Although many aspects around the penicillin intermediates traffic system remain unclosed, the transmembrane transporter protein involvement has been only predicted. In the present work, detection of PG and isopenicillin N (IPN) in Monascus ruber M7 was performed and functions of mfst gene as a transporter were investigated by the combination of gene deletion (Δmfst) complementation (ΔmfsT::mfsT) and overexpression (M7::PtrpC-mfsT). While, the feeding of PG pathway precursor side chain and amino acids, i.e., phenylacetic acid, D-valine, and L-cysteine was performed for the interpretation of mfsT gene role as an intermediate transporter. The results showed that, the feeding of phenylacetic acid, D-valine, and L-cysteine possessed a significant effect on morphologies, secondary metabolites (SMs) production of all above-mentioned strains including M. ruber M7. The results of UPLC-MS/MS revealed that, ΔmfsT interrupt the penicillin G (PG) production in M. ruber M7 by blocking the IPN transportation, while PG and IPN produced by the ΔmfsT::mfsT have been recovered the similar levels to those of M. ruber M7. Conclusively, these findings suggest that the M. ruber M7 is, not only a PG producer, but also, indicate that the mfsT gene is supposed to play a key role in IPN intermediate compound transportation during the PG production in M. ruber M7.
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