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Dai H, Wang J, Li Y, Lv Z. Hawthorn-leaf flavonoid alleviate intestinal health and microbial dysbiosis problems induced by glyphosate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 284:116901. [PMID: 39178762 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in the herbicide (i.e., Roundup, Touchdown and Erasure), the safety of which has become a social concern. Hawthorn-leaf flavonoid (HF) possesses various biological functions, including antioxidant, regulating lipid metabolism and intestinal microbiota. Whether HF could reduce the health risk of pure glyphosate to birds remain unknown. The experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of pure glyphosate (25 mg/kg added to water) on the intestinal health and microbiota of chicks and the protective roles of HF (60 mg/kg added to the diet). Exposure to glyphosate decreased growth performance, ileal morphology structure, and antioxidant capacity, and increased the serum level of lipid and pro-inflammatory factors. 16S rRNA sequencing indicated that glyphosate decreased bacterial richness and the abundance of Lactobacillus, and increased proportions of pathogens in the ileum. Metabolomic results revealed that glyphosate increased the level of the cholic acid and fatty acids in the ileac digesta. Meanwhile, glyphosate down-regulated the protein expression associated with lipid transport, antioxidant and tight junction in the ileal mucosal tissue, and up-regulated the pro-inflammatory, oxidative stress proteins. However, dietary HF supplementation effectively mitigated the adverse effects of glyphosate and improved intestinal health of chicks. Therefore, dietary HF can ameliorate the harmful effects of glyphosate on birds, which highlights the potential application of HF in reducing the health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjian Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, SKLANF, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, SKLANF, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yujie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, SKLANF, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Zengpeng Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, SKLANF, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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2
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Walsh L, Hill C, Ross RP. Impact of glyphosate (Roundup TM) on the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2263935. [PMID: 38099711 PMCID: PMC10561581 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2263935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate, the active ingredient in the broad-spectrum herbicide RoundupTM, has been a topic of discussion for decades due to contradictory reports of the effect of glyphosate on human health. Glyphosate inhibits the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) of the shikimic pathway producing aromatic amino acids in plants, a mechanism that suggests that the herbicide would not affect humans as this pathway is not found in mammals. However, numerous studies have implicated glyphosate exposure in the manifestation of a variety of disorders in the human body. This review specifically outlines the potential effect of glyphosate exposure on the composition and functionality of the gut microbiome. Evidence has been building behind the hypothesis that the composition of each individual gut microbiota significantly impacts health. For this reason, the potential of glyphosate to inhibit the growth of beneficial microbes in the gut or alter their functionality is an important topic that warrants further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Walsh
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - R. Paul Ross
- APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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3
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Rani S, Sørensen MT, Estellé J, Noel SJ, Nørskov N, Krogh U, Foldager L, Højberg O. Gastrointestinal Microbial Ecology of Weaned Piglets Fed Diets with Different Levels of Glyphosate. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0061523. [PMID: 37318372 PMCID: PMC10433988 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00615-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate possesses antimicrobial properties, and the present study investigated potential effects of feed glyphosate on piglet gastrointestinal microbial ecology. Weaned piglets were allocated to four diets (glyphosate contents [mg/kg feed]: 0 mg/kg control [CON; i.e., basal diet with no glyphosate added], 20 mg/kg as Glyphomax commercial herbicide [GM20], and 20 mg/kg [IPA20] and 200 mg/kg [IPA200] as glyphosate isopropylamine [IPA] salt). Piglets were sacrificed after 9 and 35 days of treatment, and stomach, small intestine, cecum, and colon digesta were analyzed for glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), organic acids, pH, dry matter content, and microbiota composition. Digesta glyphosate contents reflected dietary levels (on day 35, 0.17, 16.2, 20.5, and 207.5 mg/kg colon digesta, respectively). Overall, we observed no significant glyphosate-associated effects on digesta pH, dry matter content, and-with few exceptions-organic acid levels. On day 9, only minor gut microbiota changes were observed. On day 35, we observed a significant glyphosate-associated decrease in species richness (CON, 462; IPA200, 417) and in the relative abundance of certain Bacteroidetes genera: CF231 (CON, 3.71%; IPA20, 2.33%; IPA200, 2.07%) and g_0.24 (CON, 3.69%; IPA20, 2.07%; IPA200, 1.75%) in cecum. No significant changes were observed at the phylum level. In the colon, we observed a significant glyphosate-associated increase in the relative abundance of Firmicutes (CON, 57.7%; IPA20, 69.4%; IPA200, 66.1%) and a decrease in Bacteroidetes (CON, 32.6%; IPA20, 23.5%). Significant changes were only observed for few genera, e.g., g_0.24 (CON, 7.12%; IPA20, 4.59%; IPA200, 4.00%). In conclusion, exposing weaned piglets to glyphosate-amended feed did not affect gastrointestinal microbial ecology to a degree that was considered actual dysbiosis, e.g., no potential pathogen bloom was observed. IMPORTANCE Glyphosate residues can be found in feed made from genetically modified glyphosate-resistant crops treated with glyphosate or from conventional crops, desiccated with glyphosate before harvest. If these residues affect the gut microbiota to an extent that is unfavorable to livestock health and productivity, the widespread use of glyphosate on feed crops may need to be reconsidered. Few in vivo studies have been conducted to investigate potential impact of glyphosate on the gut microbial ecology and derived health issues of animals, in particular livestock, when exposed to dietary glyphosate residues. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate potential effects on the gastrointestinal microbial ecology of newly weaned piglets fed glyphosate-amended diets. Piglets did not develop actual gut dysbiosis when fed diets, containing a commercial herbicide formulation or a glyphosate salt at the maximum residue level, defined by the European Union for common feed crops, or at a 10-fold-higher level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sundas Rani
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Jordi Estellé
- GABI, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Samantha Joan Noel
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Natalja Nørskov
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Uffe Krogh
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Leslie Foldager
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ole Højberg
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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4
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Winters JF, Foldager L, Krogh U, Nørskov NP, Sørensen MT. Impact of glyphosate residues in sow diets on neonatal piglets: tail kinks, stillborn and diarrhoea. Livest Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Ruuskanen S, Fuchs B, Nissinen R, Puigbò P, Rainio M, Saikkonen K, Helander M. Ecosystem consequences of herbicides: the role of microbiome. Trends Ecol Evol 2023; 38:35-43. [PMID: 36243622 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2022.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Non-target organisms are globally exposed to herbicides. While many herbicides - for example, glyphosate - were initially considered safe, increasing evidence demonstrates that they have profound effects on ecosystem functions via altered microbial communities. We provide a comprehensive framework on how herbicide residues may modulate ecosystem-level outcomes via alteration of microbiomes. The changes in soil microbiome are likely to influence key nutrient cycling and plant-soil processes. Herbicide-altered microbiome affects plant and animal performance and can influence trophic interactions such as herbivory and pollination. These changes are expected to lead to ecosystem and even evolutionary consequences for both microbes and hosts. Tackling the threats caused by agrochemicals to ecosystem functions and services requires tools and solutions based on a comprehensive understanding of microbe-mediated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Ruuskanen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland.
| | - Benjamin Fuchs
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Riitta Nissinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pere Puigbò
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; Nutrition and Health Unit, Eurecat Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Catalonia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira I Virgili University, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miia Rainio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland
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6
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Háhn J, Kriszt B, Tóth G, Jiang D, Fekete M, Szabó I, Göbölös B, Urbányi B, Szoboszlay S, Kaszab E. Glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs) induce phenotypic imipenem resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18258. [PMID: 36309535 PMCID: PMC9617868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
GBHs are the most widely used herbicides for weed control worldwide that potentially affect microorganisms, but the role of their sublethal exposure in the development of antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is still not fully investigated. Here, the effects of glyphosate acid (GLY), five glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), and POE(15), a formerly used co-formulant, on susceptibility to imipenem, a potent carbapenem-type antibiotic, in one clinical and four non-clinical environmental P. aeruginosa isolates were studied. Both pre-exposure in broth culture and co-exposure in solid media of the examined P. aeruginosa strains with 0.5% GBHs resulted in a decreased susceptibility to imipenem, while other carbapenems (doripenem and meropenem) retained their effectiveness. Additionally, the microdilution chequerboard method was used to examine additive/antagonistic/synergistic effects between GLY/POE(15)/GBHs and imipenem by determining the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) indexes. Based on the FIC index values, glyphosate acid and Total demonstrated a potent antagonistic effect in all P. aeruginosa strains. Dominator Extra 608 SL and Fozat 480 reduced the activity of imipenem in only one strain (ATCC10145), while POE(15) and three other GBHs did not have any effect on susceptibility to imipenem. Considering the simultaneous presence of GBHs and imipenem in various environmental niches, the detected interactions between these chemicals may affect microbial communities. The mechanisms of the glyphosate and GBH-induced imipenem resistance in P. aeruginosa are yet to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Háhn
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Kriszt
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Gergő Tóth
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Dongze Jiang
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Márton Fekete
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - István Szabó
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Balázs Göbölös
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Béla Urbányi
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Sándor Szoboszlay
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Edit Kaszab
- grid.129553.90000 0001 1015 7851Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
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7
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Puigbò P, Leino LI, Rainio MJ, Saikkonen K, Saloniemi I, Helander M. Does Glyphosate Affect the Human Microbiota? Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12050707. [PMID: 35629374 PMCID: PMC9145961 DOI: 10.3390/life12050707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the world’s most widely used agrochemical. Its use in agriculture and gardening has been proclaimed safe because humans and other animals do not have the target enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS). However, increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated risks to humans and animals because the shikimate metabolic pathway is present in many microbes. Here, we assess the potential effect of glyphosate on healthy human microbiota. Our results demonstrate that more than one-half of human microbiome are intrinsically sensitive to glyphosate. However, further empirical studies are needed to determine the effect of glyphosate on healthy human microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pere Puigbò
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland; (L.I.L.); (M.J.R.); (I.S.); (M.H.)
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Eurecat Technology Centre of Catalonia, 43204 Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Lyydia I. Leino
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland; (L.I.L.); (M.J.R.); (I.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Miia J. Rainio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland; (L.I.L.); (M.J.R.); (I.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Kari Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
| | - Irma Saloniemi
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland; (L.I.L.); (M.J.R.); (I.S.); (M.H.)
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland; (L.I.L.); (M.J.R.); (I.S.); (M.H.)
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8
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Liao H, Li X, Yang Q, Bai Y, Cui P, Wen C, Liu C, Chen Z, Tang J, Che J, Yu Z, Geisen S, Zhou S, Friman VP, Zhu YG. Herbicide Selection Promotes Antibiotic Resistance in Soil Microbiomes. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:2337-2350. [PMID: 33592098 PMCID: PMC8136491 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msab029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicides are one of the most widely used chemicals in agriculture. While they are known to be harmful to nontarget organisms, the effects of herbicides on the composition and functioning of soil microbial communities remain unclear. Here we show that application of three widely used herbicides—glyphosate, glufosinate, and dicamba—increase the prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) in soil microbiomes without clear changes in the abundance, diversity and composition of bacterial communities. Mechanistically, these results could be explained by a positive selection for more tolerant genotypes that acquired several mutations in previously well-characterized herbicide and ARGs. Moreover, herbicide exposure increased cell membrane permeability and conjugation frequency of multidrug resistance plasmids, promoting ARG movement between bacteria. A similar pattern was found in agricultural soils across 11 provinces in China, where herbicide application, and the levels of glyphosate residues in soils, were associated with increased ARG and MGE abundances relative to herbicide-free control sites. Together, our results show that herbicide application can enrich ARGs and MGEs by changing the genetic composition of soil microbiomes, potentially contributing to the global antimicrobial resistance problem in agricultural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xi Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Qiue Yang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yudan Bai
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Peng Cui
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chang Wen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiahuan Tang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jiangang Che
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Guangdong Institute of Eco-environmental Science & Technology, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Stefan Geisen
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Wageningen 6700AA, Netherlands
| | - Shungui Zhou
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ville-Petri Friman
- Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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9
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Rainio MJ, Ruuskanen S, Helander M, Saikkonen K, Saloniemi I, Puigbò P. Adaptation of bacteria to glyphosate: a microevolutionary perspective of the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2021; 13:309-316. [PMID: 33530134 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the leading herbicide worldwide, but it also affects prokaryotes because it targets the central enzyme (5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate, EPSP) of the shikimate pathway in the synthesis of the three essential aromatic amino acids in bacteria, fungi and plants. Our results reveal that bacteria may easily become resistant to glyphosate through changes in the 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase active site. This indicates the importance of examining how glyphosate affects microbe-mediated ecosystem functions and human microbiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miia J Rainio
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Suvi Ruuskanen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Marjo Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Irma Saloniemi
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Pere Puigbò
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Nutrition and Health Unit, Eurecat Technology Centre of Catalonia, Reus, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Rovira i Virgili University, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
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10
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Parus A, Homa J, Radoński D, Framski G, Woźniak-Karczewska M, Syguda A, Ławniczak Ł, Chrzanowski Ł. Novel esterquat-based herbicidal ionic liquids incorporating MCPA and MCPP for simultaneous stimulation of maize growth and fighting cornflower. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111595. [PMID: 33396116 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Modern agricultural practices are often based on the use of mixtures of specific herbicides to achieve efficient crop protection. The major drawbacks of commercial herbicidal formulations include the necessity to incorporate toxic surfactants and high volatility of active substances. Transformation of herbicides into herbicidal ionic liquids (HILs) seems to be a promising alternative which allows to almost completely reduce volatility due to ionic interactions. In the scope of this research, we transformed (2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid (MCPA) into a quaternary ester (esterquat) with the use of derivatives of 2-dimethylaminoethanol. The obtained esterquats were later coupled with (±)-2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propionic acid (MCPP) in the form of an anion. The combination of MCPA and MCPA is commonly applied in the UK, EU countries and also in the USA to increase the spectrum of targeted weed species. In the framework of this study, novel HILs with an esterquat moiety incorporating a long alkyl chain (C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C14) were prepared and characterized in terms of basic physicochemical properties (solubility and volatility) as well as biodegradability. Their phytotoxicity was assessed towards cornflower (Centaurea cyanus) as a model weed and maize (Zea mays) as a crop plant. The presence of the esterquat cation contributed to satisfactory solubility in water and other low polar solvents, which eliminates the need to add exogenous adjuvants. Further experiments indicated that the tested HILs stimulated the germination stage of maize and maintained high herbicidal activity towards cornflower. No significant differences in terms of properties were observed in case of HILs which included alkyl substituents with an odd number of carbon atoms. Future studies should be focused on structural modifications in order to improve the biodegradability as well as field studies for evaluation of commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Parus
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Jan Homa
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dariusz Radoński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Framski
- Polish Academy of Sciences Institute of the Bioorganic Chemistry, Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704 Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Woźniak-Karczewska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Anna Syguda
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Ławniczak
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Chrzanowski
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
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11
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Sørensen MT, Poulsen HD, Katholm CL, Højberg O. Review: Feed residues of glyphosate - potential consequences for livestock health and productivity. Animal 2021; 15:100026. [PMID: 33516008 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.100026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate is the active ingredient in a wide range of herbicides used for weed control, including weed control in genetically modified, glyphosate-insensitive crops. In addition, glyphosate herbicides are used for pre-harvest desiccation of glyphosate-sensitive crops. Together, the use of glyphosate leads to residues in livestock feed. In addition to its herbicidal property, glyphosate has documented antimicrobial and mineral-chelating properties. The aim of the present paper is to address, based on the published literature and own observations, whether dietary glyphosate residues may affect livestock gut microbiota and/or mineral status potentially with derived unfavourable effects on animal health and productivity. However, and as reported, literature on the potential effects of glyphosate on livestock is very scarce and mainly reporting in vitro studies; hence, a solid basis of in vivo studies with livestock in physiological and productive phases, particularly sensitive to disorders in mineral status and in the gut microbiota, is needed for drawing final conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Sørensen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - H D Poulsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - C L Katholm
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - O Højberg
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University Foulum, Blichers Allé 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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12
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Neill CJ, Harris S, Goldstone RJ, Lau ECHT, Henry TB, Yiu HHP, Smith DGE. Antibacterial Activities of Ga(III) against E. coli Are Substantially Impacted by Fe(III) Uptake Systems and Multidrug Resistance in Combination with Oxygen Levels. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2959-2969. [PMID: 32960047 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The continued emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), particularly multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria, are increasing threats driving the search for additional and alternative antimicrobial agents. The World Health Organization (WHO) has categorized bacterial risk levels and includes Escherichia coli among the highest priority, making this both a convenient model bacterium and a clinically highly relevant species on which to base investigations of antimicrobials. Among many compounds examined for use as antimicrobials, Ga(III) complexes have shown promise. Nonetheless, the spectrum of activities, susceptibility of bacterial species, mechanisms of antimicrobial action, and bacterial characteristics influencing antibacterial actions are far from being completely understood; these are important considerations for any implementation of an effective antibacterial agent. In this investigation, we show that an alteration in growth conditions to physiologically relevant lowered oxygen (anaerobic) conditions substantially increases the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Ga(III) required to inhibit growth for 46 wild-type E. coli strains. Several studies have implicated a Trojan horse hypothesis wherein bacterial Fe uptake systems have been linked to the promotion of Ga(III) uptake and result in enhanced antibacterial activity. Our studies show that, conversely, the carriage of accessory Fe uptake systems (Fe_acc) significantly increased the concentrations of Ga(III) required for antibacterial action. Similarly, it is shown that MDR strains are more resistant to Ga(III). The increased tolerance of Fe_acc/MDR strains was apparent under anaerobic conditions. This phenomenon of heightened tolerance has not previously been shown although the mechanisms remain to be defined. Nonetheless, this further highlights the significant contributions of bacterial metabolism, fitness, and AMR characteristics and their implications in evaluating novel antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Neill
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Harris
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Goldstone
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth C. H. T. Lau
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Theodore B. Henry
- The Institute of Life and Earth Sciences (ILES), School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Humphrey H. P. Yiu
- Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - David G. E. Smith
- The Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biophysics and Bioengineering (IB3), School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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13
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Barnett JA, Gibson DL. Separating the Empirical Wheat From the Pseudoscientific Chaff: A Critical Review of the Literature Surrounding Glyphosate, Dysbiosis and Wheat-Sensitivity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:556729. [PMID: 33101230 PMCID: PMC7545723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.556729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of digestive disorders has increased globally, as countries have adopted a more "Westernized" diet pattern. A Western diet, characterized as high in fat and refined carbohydrates, can also be defined as a product of increased technology and industrialization. Modern farmers rely on agrochemicals to meet the needs of a growing population, and these chemicals have shifted the Western diet's chemical composition. While the number of individuals choosing to live a wheat-free lifestyle without a celiac disease diagnosis has increased, clinical trials have shown that gluten from wheat is not responsible for causing symptoms in healthy individuals suggesting that something else is inducing symptoms. The herbicide, glyphosate, is applied to wheat crops before harvest to encourage ripening resulting in higher glyphosate residues in commercial wheat products within North America. Glyphosate inhibits the shikimate pathway, a pathway exclusive to plants and bacteria. Glyphosate's effect on dysbiosis was not considered when making safety recommendations. Here, we evaluate the literature surrounding glyphosate's effects on the gut microbiome and conclude that glyphosate residues on food could cause dysbiosis, given that opportunistic pathogens are more resistant to glyphosate compared to commensal bacteria. However, research on glyphosate's effects on the microbiome suffers from numerous methodological weaknesses, and these limitations make it impossible to draw any definitive conclusions regarding glyphosate's influence on health through alterations in the gut microbiome. In this review, we critically evaluate the evidence currently known and discuss recommendations for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Deanna L Gibson
- Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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14
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Michael A, Kelman T, Pitesky M. Overview of Quantitative Methodologies to Understand Antimicrobial Resistance via Minimum Inhibitory Concentration. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10081405. [PMID: 32806615 PMCID: PMC7459578 DOI: 10.3390/ani10081405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary An emerging threat to human and food animal health is the development of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria associated with food animals. One of the primary tools for assessing resistance levels and monitoring for changes in expressed resistance is the use of minimum inhibitory concentration tests, which expose bacterial isolates to a series of dilutions of an antimicrobial agent to identify the lowest concentration of the antimicrobial that effectively prevents bacterial growth. These tests produce a minimum inhibitory value that falls within a range of concentrations instead of an exact value, a process known as censoring. Analysis of censored data is complex and careful consideration of methods of analysis is necessary. The use of regression methods such as logistic regression that divide the data into two or three categories is relatively easy to implement but may not detect important changes in the distributions of data that occur within the categories. Models that do not simplify the data may be more complex but may detect potentially relevant changes missed when the data is categorized. As a result, the analysis of minimum inhibitory concentration data requires careful consideration to identify the appropriate model for the purpose of the study. Abstract The development of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a significant threat to humans and food animals. The use of antimicrobials in human and veterinary medicine may select for resistant bacteria, resulting in increased levels of AMR in these populations. As the threat presented by AMR increases, it becomes critically important to find methods for effectively interpreting minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) tests. Currently, a wide array of techniques for analyzing these data can be found in the literature, but few guidelines for choosing among them exist. Here, we examine several quantitative techniques for analyzing the results of MIC tests and discuss and summarize various ways to model MIC data. The goal of this review is to propose important considerations for appropriate model selection given the purpose and context of the study. Approaches reviewed include mixture models, logistic regression, cumulative logistic regression, and accelerated failure time–frailty models. Important considerations in model selection include the objective of the study (e.g., modeling MIC creep vs. clinical resistance), degree of censoring in the data (e.g., heavily left/right censored vs. primarily interval censored), and consistency of testing parameters (e.g., same range of concentrations tested for a given antibiotic).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Michael
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Todd Kelman
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine-Cooperative Extension, UC Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr., VM3B, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
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15
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Bote K, Pöppe J, Riede S, Breves G, Roesler U. Effect of a Glyphosate-Containing Herbicide on Escherichia coli and Salmonella Ser. Typhimurium in an In Vitro Rumen Simulation System. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2019; 9:94-99. [PMID: 31662889 PMCID: PMC6798580 DOI: 10.1556/1886.2019.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is the most-used herbicide worldwide. Many studies in the past have shown that residues of the herbicide can be found in many cultivated plants, including those used as livestock feed. Sensitivity to glyphosate varies with bacteria, particularly those residing in the intestine, where microbiota is exposed to glyphosate residues. Therefore, less susceptible pathogenic isolates could have a distinct advantage compared to more sensitive commensal isolates, probably leading to dysbiosis. To determine whether the ruminal growth and survival of pathogenic Escherichia coli or Salmonella serovar Typhimurium are higher when glyphosate residues are present in the feed, an in vitro fermentation trial with a "Rumen Simulation System" (RUSITEC) and a glyphosate-containing commercial formulation was performed. Colony forming units of E. coli and Salmonella ser. Typhimurium decreased steadily in all fermenters, regardless of the herbicide application. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of the studied Salmonella and E. coli strains did not change, and antibiotic susceptibility varied only slightly but independent of the glyphosate application. Overall, application of the glyphosate-containing formulation in a worst-case concentration of 10 mg/L neither increased the abundance for the tested E. coli and Salmonella strain in the in vitro fermentation system, nor promoted resistance to glyphosate or antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Bote
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith Pöppe
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Riede
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gerhard Breves
- Institute for Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute for Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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