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Londoño-Osorio S, Leon-Carreño L, Cala MP, Sierra-Zapata L. The gut metabolome in a cohort of pregnant and lactating women from Antioquia-Colombia. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1250413. [PMID: 38803424 PMCID: PMC11128665 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1250413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Nutrition during the perinatal period is an essential component of health and one that can severely impact the correct development of a human being and its overall condition, in all the subsequent stages of life. The availability of several compounds, mainly macronutrients and micronutrients, plays a key role in the balanced nutrition of both mother and baby and is a process with direct relation to the gut microbiome. Thus, we hereby refer to the set of small molecules derived from gut microbiome metabolism as the gut metabolome. These continuous processes occurring in the gut of a gestating or lactating mother related to microbial communities and nutrients, can be revealed by metabolomics. In this study, we explore for the first time the gut metabolome of pregnant and lactating women, from our region of Antioquia-Colombia, applying untargeted metabolomics by LC-QTOF-MS, and molecular networking. Regarding the gut metabolome composition of the cohort, we found, key metabolites that can be used as biomarkers of microbiome function, overall metabolic health, dietary intake, pharmacology, and lifestyle. In our cohort, pregnant women evidenced a significantly higher abundance of prostaglandins, alkaloids, corticosteroids, organosilicons, and natural toxins, while in lactating women, lipids stand out. Our results suggest that unveiling the metabolic phenotype of the gut microbiome of an individual, by untargeted metabolomics, allows a broad visualization of the chemical space present in this important niche and enables the recognition of influential indicators of the host's health status and habits, especially of women during this significant perinatal period. This study constitutes the first evidence of the use of untargeted LC-QTOF-MS coupled with molecular networking analysis, of the gut microbiome in a Colombian cohort and establishes a methodology for finding relative abundances of key metabolites, with potential use in nutritional and physiological state assessments, for future personalized health and nutrition practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Londoño-Osorio
- CIBIOP Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Lizeth Leon-Carreño
- MetCore–Metabolomics Core Facility, Vice-Presidency for Research, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Mónica P. Cala
- MetCore–Metabolomics Core Facility, Vice-Presidency for Research, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laura Sierra-Zapata
- CIBIOP Research Group, School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, Universidad EAFIT, Medellín, Colombia
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2
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Abed JY, Godon T, Mehdaoui F, Plante PL, Boissinot M, Bergeron MG, Bélanger RE, Muckle G, Poliakova N, Ayotte P, Corbeil J, Rousseau E. Gut metagenome profile of the Nunavik Inuit youth is distinct from industrial and non-industrial counterparts. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1415. [PMID: 36566300 PMCID: PMC9790006 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04372-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative metagenomics studies have highlighted differences in microbiome community structure among human populations over diverse lifestyles and environments. With their unique environmental and historical backgrounds, Nunavik Inuit have a distinctive gut microbiome with undocumented health-related implications. Using shotgun metagenomics, we explored the taxonomic and functional structure of the gut microbiome from 275 Nunavik Inuit ranging from 16 to 30-year-old. Whole-metagenome analyses revealed that Nunavik Inuit youths have a more diverse microbiome than their non-industrialized and industrialized counterparts. A comparison of k-mer content illustrated the uniqueness of the Nunavik gut microbiome. Short-chain fatty acids producing species, and carbohydrates degradation pathways dominated Inuit metagenomes. We identified a taxonomic and functional signature unique to the Nunavik gut microbiome contrasting with other populations using a random forest classifier. Here, we show that the Nunavik Inuit gut microbiome exhibits high diversity and a distinct community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehane Y. Abed
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l’Université Laval, Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Données Massives de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Thibaud Godon
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l’Université Laval, Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Données Massives de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Fadwa Mehdaoui
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l’Université Laval, Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département d’informatique et génie logiciel, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Pier-Luc Plante
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Maurice Boissinot
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l’Université Laval, Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Michel G. Bergeron
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l’Université Laval, Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de microbiologie-infectiologie et d’immunologie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Richard E. Bélanger
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de pédiatrie, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre mère-enfant Soleil, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Département de pédiatrie, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Gina Muckle
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390École de psychologie, Faculté des sciences sociales, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Natalia Poliakova
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Axe santé des populations et pratiques optimales en santé, Centre de recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.434819.30000 0000 8929 2775Centre de Toxicologie du Québec, Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de médecine sociale et préventive, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Jacques Corbeil
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie de l’Université Laval, Axe Maladies Infectieuses et Immunitaires, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Données Massives de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
| | - Elsa Rousseau
- grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre de Recherche en Données Massives de l’Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Département d’informatique et génie logiciel, Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada ,grid.23856.3a0000 0004 1936 8390Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société (NUTRISS), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Université Laval, Québec City, QC Canada
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3
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Wuethrich I, W. Pelzer B, Khodamoradi Y, Vehreschild MJGT. The role of the human gut microbiota in colonization and infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-13. [PMID: 33870869 PMCID: PMC8078746 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1911279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
About 100 years ago, the first antibiotic drug was introduced into health care. Since then, antibiotics have made an outstanding impact on human medicine. However, our society increasingly suffers from collateral damage exerted by these highly effective drugs. The rise of resistant pathogen strains, combined with a reduction of microbiota diversity upon antibiotic treatment, has become a significant obstacle in the fight against invasive infections worldwide.Alternative and complementary strategies to classical "Fleming antibiotics" comprise microbiota-based treatments such as fecal microbiota transfer and administration of probiotics, live-biotherapeutics, prebiotics, and postbiotics. Other promising interventions, whose efficacy may also be influenced by the human microbiota, are phages and vaccines. They will facilitate antimicrobial stewardship, to date the only globally applied antibiotic resistance mitigation strategy.In this review, we present the available evidence on these nontraditional interventions, highlight their interaction with the human microbiota, and discuss their clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Wuethrich
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benedikt W. Pelzer
- Center for Integrated Oncology Aachen Bonn Cologne Duesseldorf, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yascha Khodamoradi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
| | - Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany,CONTACT Maria J. G. T. Vehreschild Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt Am Main, Germany
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4
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Schaan AP, Sarquis D, Cavalcante GC, Magalhães L, Sacuena ERP, Costa J, Fonseca D, Mello VJ, Guerreiro JF, Ribeiro-Dos-Santos Â. The structure of Brazilian Amazonian gut microbiomes in the process of urbanisation. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:65. [PMID: 34354062 PMCID: PMC8342711 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Shifts in subsistence strategy among Native American people of the Amazon may be the cause of typically western diseases previously linked to modifications of gut microbial communities. Here, we used 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing to characterise the gut microbiome of 114 rural individuals, namely Xikrin, Suruí and Tupaiú, and urban individuals from Belém city, in the Brazilian Amazon. Our findings show the degree of potential urbanisation occurring in the gut microbiome of rural Amazonian communities characterised by the gradual loss and substitution of taxa associated with rural lifestyles, such as Treponema. Comparisons to worldwide populations indicated that Native American groups are similar to South American agricultural societies and urban groups are comparable to African urban and semi-urban populations. The transitioning profile observed among traditional populations is concerning in light of increasingly urban lifestyles. Lastly, we propose the term “tropical urban” to classify the microbiome of urban populations living in tropical zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Schaan
- Programa de Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Dionison Sarquis
- Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Giovanna C Cavalcante
- Programa de Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Leandro Magalhães
- Programa de Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Eliene R P Sacuena
- Programa de Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - John Costa
- Programa de Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Dennyson Fonseca
- Programa de Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Vanessa J Mello
- Laboratório de Análises Clínicas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - João F Guerreiro
- Programa de Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Ândrea Ribeiro-Dos-Santos
- Programa de Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil. .,Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Brazil.
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5
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Rêgo AM, Alves da Silva D, Ferreira NV, de Pina LC, Evaristo JAM, Caprini Evaristo GP, Nogueira FCS, Ochs SM, Amaral JJ, Ferreira RBR, Antunes LCM. Metabolic profiles of multidrug resistant and extensively drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis unveiled by metabolomics. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 126:102043. [PMID: 33370646 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although treatable with antibiotics, tuberculosis is a leading cause of death. Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibiotic resistance is becoming increasingly common and disease control is challenging. Conventional drug susceptibility testing takes weeks to produce results, and treatment is often initiated empirically. Therefore, new methods to determine drug susceptibility profiles are urgent. Here, we used mass-spectrometry-based metabolomics to characterize the metabolic landscape of drug-susceptible (DS), multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) M. tuberculosis. Direct infusion mass spectrometry data showed that DS, MDR, and XDR strains have distinct metabolic profiles, which can be used to predict drug susceptibility and resistance. This was later confirmed by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry, where we found that levels of ions presumptively identified as isoleucine, proline, hercynine, betaine, and pantothenic acid varied significantly between strains with different drug susceptibility profiles. We then confirmed the identification of proline and isoleucine and determined their absolute concentrations in bacterial extracts, and found significantly higher levels of these amino acids in DS strains, as compared to drug-resistant strains (combined MDR and XDR strains). Our results advance the current understanding of the effect of drug resistance on bacterial metabolism and open avenues for the detection of drug resistance biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Mendes Rêgo
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil; Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Joseph A M Evaristo
- Instituto de Química - LADETEC, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - Soraya M Ochs
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Brazil
| | - Julio J Amaral
- Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia, Brazil
| | - Rosana B R Ferreira
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L Caetano M Antunes
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças de Populações Negligenciadas, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil.
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6
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Schnorr SL. The soil in our microbial DNA informs about environmental interfaces across host and subsistence modalities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190577. [PMID: 33012224 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, I use microbiome datasets from global soil samples and diverse hosts to learn whether soil microbial taxa are found in host microbiomes, and whether these observations fit the narrative that environmental interaction influences human microbiomes. A major motivation for conducting host-associated microbiome research is to contribute towards understanding how the environment may influence host physiology. The microbial molecular network is considered a key vector by which environmental traits may be transmitted to the host. Research on human evolution seeks evidence that can inform about the living experiences of human ancestors. This objective is substantially enhanced by recent work on ancient biomolecules from preserved microbial tissues, such as dental calculus, faecal sediments and whole coprolites. A challenge yet is to distinguish authentic biomolecules from environmental contaminants deposited contemporaneously, primarily from soil. However, we do not have sound expectations about the soil microbial elements arriving to host-associated microbiomes in a modern context. One assumption in human microbiome research is that proximity to the natural environment should affect biodiversity or impart genetic elements. I present evidence supporting the assumption that environmental soil taxa are found among host-associated gut taxa, which can recapitulate the surrounding host habitat ecotype. Soil taxa found in gut microbiomes relate to a set of universal 'core' taxa for all soil ecotypes, demonstrating that widespread host organisms may experience a consistent pattern of external environmental cues, perhaps critical for development. Observed differentiation of soil feature diversity, abundance and composition among human communities, great apes and invertebrate hosts also indicates that lifestyle patterns are inferable from an environmental signal that is retrievable from gut microbiome amplicon data. This article is part of the theme issue 'Insights into health and disease from ancient biomolecules'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Schnorr
- Department of Anthropology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, USA.,Konrad Lorenz Institute for Evolution and Cognition Research, Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Evolving Technologies in Gastrointestinal Microbiome Era and Their Potential Clinical Applications. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9082565. [PMID: 32784731 PMCID: PMC7464388 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal microbiota (GIM) is a complex and diverse ecosystem that consists of community of fungi, viruses, protists and majorly bacteria. The association of several human illnesses, such as inflammatory bowel disease, allergy, metabolic syndrome and cancers, have been linked directly or indirectly to compromise in the integrity of the GIM, for which some medical interventions have been proposed or attempted. This review highlights and gives update on various technologies, including microfluidics, high-through-put sequencing, metabolomics, metatranscriptomics and culture in GIM research and their applications in gastrointestinal microbiota therapy, with a view to raise interest in the evaluation, validation and eventual use of these technologies in diagnosis and the incorporation of therapies in routine clinical practice.
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8
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Cassotta M, Forbes-Hernández TY, Calderón Iglesias R, Ruiz R, Elexpuru Zabaleta M, Giampieri F, Battino M. Links between Nutrition, Infectious Diseases, and Microbiota: Emerging Technologies and Opportunities for Human-Focused Research. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1827. [PMID: 32575399 PMCID: PMC7353391 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between nutrition and human infectious diseases has always been recognized. With the emergence of molecular tools and post-genomics, high-resolution sequencing technologies, the gut microbiota has been emerging as a key moderator in the complex interplay between nutrients, human body, and infections. Much of the host-microbial and nutrition research is currently based on animals or simplistic in vitro models. Although traditional in vivo and in vitro models have helped to develop mechanistic hypotheses and assess the causality of the host-microbiota interactions, they often fail to faithfully recapitulate the complexity of the human nutrient-microbiome axis in gastrointestinal homeostasis and infections. Over the last decade, remarkable progress in tissue engineering, stem cell biology, microfluidics, sequencing technologies, and computing power has taken place, which has produced a new generation of human-focused, relevant, and predictive tools. These tools, which include patient-derived organoids, organs-on-a-chip, computational analyses, and models, together with multi-omics readouts, represent novel and exciting equipment to advance the research into microbiota, infectious diseases, and nutrition from a human-biology-based perspective. After considering some limitations of the conventional in vivo and in vitro approaches, in this review, we present the main novel available and emerging tools that are suitable for designing human-oriented research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cassotta
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Tamara Yuliett Forbes-Hernández
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Ruben Calderón Iglesias
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Roberto Ruiz
- Centre for Nutrition and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico (UEA), 39001 Santander, Spain; (M.C.); (R.C.I.); (R.R.)
| | - Maria Elexpuru Zabaleta
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Molecolari, Facoltà di Medicina, Università Politecnica delle Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Francesca Giampieri
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science Group, CITACA, CACTI, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain;
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
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