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Zeng J, Zhou Y, Lyu M, Huang X, Xie M, Huang M, Chen BX, Wei T. Cordyceps militaris: A novel mushroom platform for metabolic engineering. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 74:108396. [PMID: 38906495 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris, widely recognized as a medicinal and edible mushroom in East Asia, contains a variety of bioactive compounds, including cordycepin (COR), pentostatin (PTN) and other high-value compounds. This review explores the potential of developing C. militaris as a cell factory for the production of high-value chemicals and nutrients. This review comprehensively summarizes the fermentation advantages, metabolic networks, expression elements, and genome editing tools specific to C. militaris and discusses the challenges and barriers to further research on C. militaris across various fields, including computational biology, existing DNA elements, and genome editing approaches. This review aims to describe specific and promising opportunities for the in-depth study and development of C. militaris as a new chassis cell. Additionally, to increase the practicability of this review, examples of the construction of cell factories are provided, and promising strategies for synthetic biology development are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiapeng Zeng
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Mengdi Lyu
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xinchang Huang
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Muyun Xie
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519090, China
| | - Mingtao Huang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510641, China.
| | - Bai-Xiong Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Zunyi Medical University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519090, China.
| | - Tao Wei
- Institute of Food Biotechnology & College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Ye L, Li X, Zhang L, Huang Y, Zhang B, Yang X, Tan W, Li X, Zhang X. LC-MS/MS-based targeted carotenoid and anthocyanidin metabolic profile of Auricularia cornea under blue and red LED light exposure. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 259:113005. [PMID: 39126797 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.113005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 07/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Light exposure significantly impacted the coloration and metabolism of Auricularia cornea, although the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to test the apparent color and pigment metabolic profiles of A. cornea in response to red (λp = 630 nm) and blue (λp = 463 nm) visible light exposure. Colorimeter analysis showed that fruiting bodies appeared bright-white under red-light and deeper-red under blue-light, both with a yellow tinge. On the 40th day of light-exposure, bodies were collected for metabolite detection. A total of 481 metabolites were targeted analysis, resulting in 18 carotenoids and 11 anthocyanins. Under red and blue light exposure, the total carotenoids levels were 1.1652 μg/g and 1.1576 μg/g, the total anthocyanins levels were 0.0799 μg/g and 0.1286 μg/g, respectively. Four differential metabolites and three putative gene linked to the visual coloration of A. cornea were identified. This pioneering study provides new insights into the role of light in regulating A. cornea pigmentation and metabolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ye
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lingzi Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xuezhen Yang
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Sichuan Institute of Edible Fungi, Chengdu 610066, China; Luzhou Laojiao Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Hu Y, Wu Y, Song J, Ma M, Xiao Y, Zeng B. Advancing Cordyceps militaris Industry: Gene Manipulation and Sustainable Biotechnological Strategies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:783. [PMID: 39199741 PMCID: PMC11351413 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 07/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is considered to be of great medicinal potential due to its remarkable pharmacological effects, safety, and edible characteristics. With the completion of the genome sequence and the advancement of efficient gene-editing technologies, coupled with the identification of gene functions in Cordyceps militaris, this fungus is poised to emerge as an outstanding strain for medicinal engineering applications. This review focuses on the development and application of genomic editing techniques, including Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation (ATMT), PEG-mediated protoplast transformation (PMT), and CRISPR/Cas9. Through the application of these techniques, researchers can engineer the biosynthetic pathways of valuable secondary metabolites to boost yields; such metabolites include cordycepin, polysaccharides, and ergothioneine. Furthermore, by identifying and modifying genes that influence the growth, disease resistance, and tolerance to environmental stress in Cordyceps militaris, it is possible to stimulate growth, enhance desirable traits, and increase resilience to unfavorable conditions. Finally, the green sustainable industrial development of C. militaris using agricultural waste to produce high-value-added products and the future research directions of C. militaris were discussed. This review will provide future directions for the large-scale production of bioactive ingredients, molecular breeding, and sustainable development of C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Bin Zeng
- College of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen 518118, China; (Y.H.); (Y.W.); (J.S.); (M.M.); (Y.X.)
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Increasing the production of the bioactive compounds in medicinal mushrooms: an omics perspective. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:11. [PMID: 36647087 PMCID: PMC9841694 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-02013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroscopic fungi, mainly higher basidiomycetes and some ascomycetes, are considered medicinal mushrooms and have long been used in different areas due to their pharmaceutically/nutritionally valuable bioactive compounds. However, the low production of these bioactive metabolites considerably limits the utilization of medicinal mushrooms both in commerce and clinical trials. As a result, many attempts, ranging from conventional methods to novel approaches, have been made to improve their production. The novel strategies include conducting omics investigations, constructing genome-scale metabolic models, and metabolic engineering. So far, genomics and the combined use of different omics studies are the most utilized omics analyses in medicinal mushroom research (both with 31% contribution), while metabolomics (with 4% contribution) is the least. This article is the first attempt for reviewing omics investigations in medicinal mushrooms with the ultimate aim of bioactive compound overproduction. In this regard, the role of these studies and systems biology in elucidating biosynthetic pathways of bioactive compounds and their contribution to metabolic engineering will be highlighted. Also, limitations of omics investigations and strategies for overcoming them will be provided in order to facilitate the overproduction of valuable bioactive metabolites in these valuable organisms.
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Song L, Shrivastava N, Gai Y, Li D, Cai W, Shen Y, Lin FC, Liu J, Wang H. Role of the blue light receptor gene Icwc-1 in mycelium growth and fruiting body formation of Isaria cicadae. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1038034. [PMID: 36704565 PMCID: PMC9871644 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1038034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The Isaria cicadae, is well known highly prized medicinal mushroom with great demand in food and pharmaceutical industry. Due to its economic value and therapeutic uses, natural sources of wild I. cicadae are over-exploited and reducing continuously. Therefore, commercial cultivation in controlled environment is an utmost requirement to fulfill the consumer's demand. Due to the lack of knowledge on fruiting body (synnemata) development and regulation, commercial cultivation is currently in a difficult situation. In the growth cycle of macrofungi, such as mushrooms, light is the main factor affecting growth and development, but so far, specific effects of light on the growth and development of I. cicadae is unknown. In this study, we identified a blue light receptor white-collar-1 (Icwc-1) gene homologue with well-defined functions in morphological development in I. cicadae based on gene knockout technology and transcriptomic analysis. It was found that the Icwc-1 gene significantly affected hyphal growth and fruiting body development. This study confirms that Icwc-1 acts as an upstream regulatory gene that regulates genes associated with fruiting body formation, pigment-forming genes, and related genes for enzyme synthesis. Transcriptome data analysis also found that Icwc-1 affects many important metabolic pathways of I. cicadae, i.e., amino acid metabolism and fatty acid metabolism. The above findings will not only provide a comprehensive understanding about the molecular mechanism of light regulation in I. cicadae, but also provide new insights for future breeding program and improving this functional food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhao Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Shanxi Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi for Loess Plateau, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Neeraj Shrivastava
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yunpeng Gai
- School of Grassland Science, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Dong Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi for Loess Plateau, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Weiming Cai
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingyue Shen
- Institute of Horticulture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Liu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi for Loess Plateau, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China,*Correspondence: Jingyu Liu, ; Hongkai Wang,
| | - Hongkai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Jingyu Liu, ; Hongkai Wang,
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Gao Q, Zhang D, Ding W, Zhai W, Gu C, Guo S. Effects of Exogenous Lanthanum Nitrate on the Active Substance Content and Antioxidant Activity of Caterpillar Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris (Ascomycetes). Int J Med Mushrooms 2023; 25:41-54. [PMID: 37522532 DOI: 10.1615/intjmedmushrooms.2023048203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a medicinal and edible mushroom. Researchers often add exogenous substances to the culture medium to increase the active substance content in C. militaris. However, the effect of earth elements on the active substance content in C. militaris and its antioxidant effects have not been reported. In this study, the active substance content in C. militaris treated with lanthanum nitrate was determined using high-performance liquid chromatography and ultraviolet spectrophotometry, and the effect on the antioxidant capacity of C. militaris after lanthanum nitrate spraying was further explored. The results showed that, in the experimental concentration range, the two concentrations of 10 mg/L and 50 mg/L had a significant influence on the active substance content of C. militaris. When the concentration of lanthanum nitrate was 10 mg/L, the synthesis of pentostatin and cordycepin was promoted. When the concentration of lanthanum nitrate was 50 mg/L, it significantly promoted the synthesis of cordycepin, and the ferric-reducing power and DPPH· scavenging rate of C. militaris treated at this concentration were significantly higher than those of the control group. However, lanthanum nitrate had no significant effect on ergosterol synthesis (P > 0.05). Finally, considering that the residual amount of lanthanum in C. militaris and the residual amount of lanthanum in 50 mg/L lanthanum nitrate-treated C. militaris is within the allowable daily intake of 4.2 mg for humans, the optimal concentration of lanthanum nitrate-treated C. militaris is 50 mg/L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P.R. China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Debin Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P.R. China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Ding
- Linyi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Linyi 276005, P.R. China
| | - Wenjiao Zhai
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P.R. China
| | - Chunmei Gu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P.R. China
| | - Shaofen Guo
- College of Pharmacy, Linyi University, Linyi 276005, P.R. China
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Cmcrf1, a Putative Zn2Cys6 Fungal Transcription Factor, Is Involved in Conidiation, Carotenoid Production, and Fruiting Body Development in Cordyceps militaris. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11101535. [PMID: 36290438 PMCID: PMC9598893 DOI: 10.3390/biology11101535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a high-value medicinal and edible fungus that produces many bioactive compounds, including carotenoid, and thus, improving the carotenoid productivity of C. militaris will increase its commercial value. However, little is known about the genetic regulatory mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis in C. militaris. To further understanding the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid biosynthesis, we performed a large-scale screen of T-DNA insertional mutant library and identified a defective mutant, denoted T111, whose colonies did not change color from white to yellow upon exposure to light. Mutation analysis confirmed that a single T-DNA insertion occurred in the gene encoding a 695-amino-acid putative fungal-specific transcription factor with a predicted Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster DNA-binding domain found uniquely in fungi. Targeted deletion of this gene, denoted C. militaris carotenogenesis regulatory factor 1 (Cmcrf1), generated the ΔCmcrf1 mutant that exhibited drastically reduced carotenoid biosynthesis and failed to generate fruiting bodies. In addition, the ΔCmcrf1 mutant showed significantly increased conidiation and increased hypersensitivity to cell-wall-perturbing agents compared with the wild-type strain. However, the Cmcrf1 gene did not have an impact on the mycelia growth of C. militaris. These results show that Cmcrf1 is involved in carotenoid biosynthesis and is required for conidiation and fruiting body formation in C. militaris.
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Improvement in the Blood Urea Nitrogen and Serum Creatinine Using New Cultivation of Cordyceps militaris. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4321298. [PMID: 35368765 PMCID: PMC8967507 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4321298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a critical public health issue with a huge financial burden for both patients and society worldwide. Unfortunately, there are currently no efficacious therapies to prevent or delay the progression of end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Traditional Chinese medicine practices have shown that Cordyceps militaris (C. militaris) mycelia have a variety of pharmacologically useful properties, including antitumor, immunomodulation, and hepatoprotection. However, the effect of mycelial C. militaris on CKD remains unclear. Methods Here, we investigated the effects of C. militaris mycelia on mice with CKD using four types of media: HKS, HKS with vitamin A (HKS + A), CM, and CM with vitamin A (CM + A). Results The results at day 10 revealed that the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were significantly lower in the HKS (41%), HKS + A (41%), and CM + A (34%) groups compared with those in the corresponding control groups (nephrectomic mice). The level of serum creatinine in the HKS + A group decreased by 35% at day 10, whereas the levels in the HKS and CM + A groups decreased only by 14% and 13%, respectively, on day 30. Taken together, this is the first report using four new media (HKS, HKS + A, CM, and CM + A medium) for C. militaris mycelia. Each medium of mycelial C. militaris on CKD exhibits specific effect on BUN, serum creatinine, body weight, total protein, and uric acid. Conclusions Taken together, this is the first report using four new media (HKS, HKS + A, CM, and CM + A medium) for C. militaris mycelia. Each medium of mycelial C. militaris on CKD exhibits specific effects on BUN, serum creatinine, body weight, total protein, and uric acid. We concluded that treatment with C. militaris mycelia cultured in HKS or CM + A medium could potentially prevent the deterioration of kidney function in mice with CKD.
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Screening and Functional Verification of Selectable Marker Genes for Cordyceps militaris. J FOOD QUALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1155/2021/6687768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The selectable marker genes are necessary resistance genes for gene knockout, gene complementation, and gene overexpression in filamentous fungi. Moreover, the more sensitive the filamentous fungi are to antibiotics, the more helpful it is to screen the target transformants. In order to obtain the antibiotic (or herbicide) which can effectively inhibit the growth of Cordyceps militaris and verify the function of the corresponding resistance gene in C. militaris, the sensitivity of C. militaris to hygromycin and glufosinate ammonium was compared to determine the resistance gene that was more suitable for the screening of C. militaris transformants. The binary vector of the selectable marker gene was constructed by combining the double-joint PCR (DJ-PCR) method and the homologous recombination method, and the function of the selectable marker gene in C. militaris was verified by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method. The results showed that C. militaris was more sensitive to glufosinate ammonium than hygromycin. The growth of C. militaris could be completely inhibited by 250 μg/mL glufosinate ammonium. The expression cassette of the glufosinate ammonium resistance gene (bar gene) was successfully constructed by DJ-PCR. The binary vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was successfully constructed by homologous recombination. The bar gene of the vector pCAMBIA0390-Bar was successfully integrated into the C. militaris genome and could be highly expressed in the transformants of C. militaris. This study will promote the identification of C. militaris gene function and reveal the biosynthetic pathways of bioactive components in C. militaris.
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Kontogiannatos D, Koutrotsios G, Xekalaki S, Zervakis GI. Biomass and Cordycepin Production by the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris-A Review of Various Aspects and Recent Trends towards the Exploitation of a Valuable Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110986. [PMID: 34829273 PMCID: PMC8621325 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete with similar pharmacological importance to that of the wild caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. C. militaris has attracted significant research and commercial interest due to its content in bioactive compounds beneficial to human health and the relative ease of cultivation under laboratory conditions. However, room for improvement exists in the commercial-scale cultivation of C. militaris and concerns issues principally related to appropriate strain selection, genetic degeneration of cultures, and substrate optimization. In particular, culture degeneration-usually expressed by abnormal fruit body formation and reduced sporulation-results in important economic losses and is holding back investors and potential growers (mainly in Western countries) from further developing this highly promising sector. In the present review, the main factors that influence the generation of biomass and metabolites (with emphasis on cordycepin biosynthesis) by C. militaris are presented and evaluated in conjunction with the use of a wide range of supplements or additives towards the enhancement of fungal productivity in large-scale cultivation processes. Moreover, physiological and genetic factors that increase or reduce the manifestation of strain degeneration in C. militaris are outlined. Finally, methodologies for developing protocols to be used in C. militaris functional biology studies are discussed.
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Pola-Sánchez E, Villalobos-Escobedo JM, Carreras-Villaseñor N, Martínez-Hernández P, Beltrán-Hernández EB, Esquivel-Naranjo EU, Herrera-Estrella A. A Global Analysis of Photoreceptor-Mediated Transcriptional Changes Reveals the Intricate Relationship Between Central Metabolism and DNA Repair in the Filamentous Fungus Trichoderma atroviride. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:724676. [PMID: 34566928 PMCID: PMC8456097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.724676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Light provides critical information for the behavior and development of basically all organisms. Filamentous fungi sense blue light, mainly, through a unique transcription factor complex that activates its targets in a light-dependent manner. In Trichoderma atroviride, the BLR-1 and BLR-2 proteins constitute this complex, which triggers the light-dependent formation of asexual reproduction structures (conidia). We generated an ENVOY photoreceptor mutant and performed RNA-seq analyses in the mutants of this gene and in those of the BLR-1, CRY-1 and CRY-DASH photoreceptors in response to a pulse of low intensity blue light. Like in other filamentous fungi BLR-1 appears to play a central role in the regulation of blue-light responses. Phenotypic characterization of the Δenv-1 mutant showed that ENVOY functions as a growth and conidiation checkpoint, preventing exacerbated light responses. Similarly, we observed that CRY-1 and CRY-DASH contribute to the typical light-induced conidiation response. In the Δenv-1 mutant, we observed, at the transcriptomic level, a general induction of DNA metabolic processes and strong repression of central metabolism. An analysis of the expression level of DNA repair genes showed that they increase their expression in the absence of env-1. Consistently, photoreactivation experiments showed that Δenv-1 had increased DNA repair capacity. Our results indicate that light perception in T. atroviride is far more complex than originally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Pola-Sánchez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Villalobos-Escobedo
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | | | - Pedro Martínez-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Emma Beatriz Beltrán-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Edgardo Ulises Esquivel-Naranjo
- Laboratorio de Microbiología Molecular, Unidad de Microbiología Básica y Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad-Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
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Wang Y, Yang Z, Bao D, Li B, Yin X, Wu Y, Chen H, Tang G, Li N, Zou G. Improving Hypoxia Adaption Causes Distinct Effects on Growth and Bioactive Compounds Synthesis in an Entomopathogenic Fungus Cordyceps militaris. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:698436. [PMID: 34239513 PMCID: PMC8258390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.698436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic fungus producing a variety of bioactive compounds. To meet the huge demand for medicinal and edible products, industrialized fermentation of mycelia and cultivation of stromata have been widely developed in China. The content of bioactive metabolites of C. militaris, such as cordycepin, is higher when cultivated on silkworm pupae than on rice or in broth. However, compared with other cultivation methods, C. militaris grows more slowly and accumulates less biomass. The hypoxic environment in pupa hemocoel is one of environmental factor which is not existed in other cultivation methods. It is suggested that hypoxia plays an important role on the growth and the synthesis of bioactive compounds in C. militaris. Here, we demonstrated that the distinct effects on the growth and synthesis of bioactive compounds employing different strategies of improving hypoxia adaption. The introduction of Vitreoscilla hemoglobin enhanced growth, biomass accumulation, and crude polysaccharides content of C. militaris. However, cordycepin production was decreased to 9-15% of the control group. Meanwhile, the yield of adenosine was increased significantly. Nonetheless, when the predicted bHLH transcription factor of sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) was overexpressed in C. militaris to improve the hypoxia adaption of fungal cells, cordycepin content was significantly increased more than two-fold. These findings reveal the role of SREBPs on growth and bioactive compounds synthesis. And it also provides a scientific basis for rationally engineering strains and optimization strategies of air supply in cultivation and fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanshan Yang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, China
| | - Dapeng Bao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Li
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Yin
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Guirong Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Nanyi Li
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A&F University, Lin'an, China
| | - Gen Zou
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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14
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Zhao Y, Li SL, Chen HY, Zou Y, Zheng QW, Guo LQ, Wu GH, Lu J, Lin JF, Ye ZW. Enhancement of carotenoid production and its regulation in edible mushroom Cordyceps militaris by abiotic stresses. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 148:109808. [PMID: 34116757 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris carotenoids are widely used as food additives, animal feed supplements, and so on. However, the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids in C. militaris is still obscure. In this paper, changes of mycelial morphology and carotenoid accumulation of C. militaris were investigated under oxidative (KMnO4) and osmotic stress (NaCl). Subsequently, qRT-PCR was employed to detect the expression levels of genes related to carotenogenesis to explore the mechanism of adaptation to abiotic stress. When the concentrations of KMnO4 and NaCl were respectively 0.4 g/L and 2 g/L, carotenoid accumulation reached a maximum of 6616.82 ± 666.43 μg/g and 6416.77 ± 537.02 μg/g. Under the oxidative stress condition of KMnO4, the expressions of psy and hsp70 increased significantly compared with control. Besides, the genes fus3 and hog1 were significantly enriched in the MAPK signal pathway. Compared with the control group, there was no significant difference in expression of psy in the NaCl group. Moreover, the accumulation of triacylglycerols may contribute significantly to the increase in carotenoid accumulation. The increased accumulation of antioxidant carotenoids induced under environmental stress is to resist oxidative conditions. Fus3 and Hog1 signaling in the MAPK pathway was activated and subsequently take effects on the resistance of oxidative condition by regulating related metabolic processes. C. militaris resist the stress of high oxygen by producing a large amount of glycerol and carotenoids when this fungus is cultured in a saline environment for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Zhao
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shu-Li Li
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hai-Ying Chen
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuan Zou
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian-Wang Zheng
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guang-Hong Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun Lu
- Faculty of Health & Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- College of Food Science & Institute of Food Biotechnology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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15
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Thananusak R, Laoteng K, Raethong N, Zhang Y, Vongsangnak W. Metabolic Responses of Carotenoid and Cordycepin Biosynthetic Pathways in Cordyceps militaris under Light-Programming Exposure through Genome-Wide Transcriptional Analysis. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:E242. [PMID: 32825642 PMCID: PMC7576481 DOI: 10.3390/biology9090242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is currently exploited for commercial production of specialty products as its biomass constituents are enriched in bioactive compounds, such as cordycepin. The rational process development is important for economically feasible production of high quality bioproducts. Light is an abiotic factor affecting the cultivation process of this entomopathogenic fungus, particularly in its carotenoid formation. To uncover the cell response to light exposure, this study aimed to systematically investigate the metabolic responses of C. militaris strain TBRC6039 using integrative genome-wide transcriptome and genome-scale metabolic network (GSMN)-driven analysis. The genome-wide transcriptome analysis showed 8747 expressed genes in the glucose and sucrose cultures grown under light-programming and dark conditions. Of them, 689 differentially expressed genes were significant in response to the light-programming exposure. Through integration with the GSMN-driven analysis using the improved network (iRT1467), the reporter metabolites, e.g., adenosine-5'-monophosphate (AMP) and 2-oxoglutarate, were identified when cultivated under the carotenoid-producing condition controlled by light-programming exposure, linking to up-regulations of the metabolic genes involved in glyoxalase system, as well as cordycepin and carotenoid biosynthesis. These results indicated that C. militaris had a metabolic control in acclimatization to light exposure through transcriptional co-regulation, which supported the cell growth and cordycepin production in addition to the accumulation of carotenoid as a photo-protective bio-pigment. This study provides a perspective in manipulating the metabolic fluxes towards the target metabolites through either genetic or physiological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roypim Thananusak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Kobkul Laoteng
- Industrial Bioprocess Technology Research Team, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Nachon Raethong
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding, Reproduction and Molecular Design of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China;
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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16
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Wang G, Li M, Zhang C, Cheng H, Gao Y, Deng W, Li T. Transcriptome and proteome analyses reveal the regulatory networks and metabolite biosynthesis pathways during the development of Tolypocladium guangdongense. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:2081-2094. [PMID: 32802280 PMCID: PMC7419252 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolypocladium guangdongense has a similar metabolite profile to Ophiocordyceps sinensis, a highly regarded fungus used for traditional Chinese medicine with high nutritional and medicinal value. Although the genome sequence of T. guangdongense has been reported, relatively little is known about the regulatory networks for fruiting body development and about the metabolite biosynthesis pathways. In order to address this, an analysis of transcriptome and proteome at differential developmental stages of T. guangdongense was performed. In total, 9076 genes were found to be expressed and 2040 proteins were identified. There were a large number of genes that were significantly differentially expressed between the mycelial stage and the stages. Interestingly, the correlation between the transcriptomic and proteomic data was low, suggesting the importance of the post-transcriptional processes in the growth and development of T. guangdongense. Among the genes/proteins that were both differentially expressed during the developmental process, there were numerous heat shock proteins and transcription factors. In addition, there were numerous proteins involved in terpenoid, ergosterol, adenosine and polysaccharide biosynthesis that also showed significant downregulation in their expression levels during the developmental process. Furthermore, both tryptophan and tryptamine were present at higher levels in the primordium stage. However, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) levels continuously decreased as development proceeded, and the enzymes involved in IAA biosynthesis were also clearly differentially downregulated. These data could be meaningful in studying the molecular mechanisms of fungal development, and for the industrial and medicinal application of macro-fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangzheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.,College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Tibet University, Nyingchi, 860000 Tibet, China
| | - Chenghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Huijiao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.,South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China.,College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wangqiu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Taihui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Guangdong Open Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Guangdong Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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17
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Lou HW, Zhao Y, Chen BX, Yu YH, Tang HB, Ye ZW, Lin JF, Guo LQ. Cmfhp Gene Mediates Fruiting Body Development and Carotenoid Production in Cordyceps militaris. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030410. [PMID: 32155914 PMCID: PMC7175373 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies contain a variety of bioactive components that are beneficial to the human body. However, the low yield of fruiting bodies and the low carotenoid content in C. militaris have seriously hindered the development of the C. militaris industry. To elucidate the developmental mechanism of the fruiting bodies of C. militaris and the biosynthesis mechanism of carotenoids, the function of the flavohemoprotein-like Cmfhp gene of C. militaris was identified for the first time. The Cmfhp gene was knocked out by the split-marker method, and the targeted gene deletion mutant ΔCmfhp was obtained. An increased nitric oxide (NO) content, no fruiting body production, decreased carotenoid content, and reduced conidial production were found in the mutant ΔCmfhp. These characteristics were restored when the Cmfhp gene expression cassette was complemented into the ΔCmfhp strain by the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method. Nonetheless, the Cmfhp gene had no significant effect on the mycelial growth rate of C. militaris. These results indicated that the Cmfhp gene regulated the biosynthesis of NO and carotenoids, the development of fruiting bodies, and the formation of conidia. These findings potentially pave the way to reveal the developmental mechanism of fruiting bodies and the biosynthesis mechanism of carotenoids in C. militaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Wei Lou
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.-W.L.); (B.-X.C.); (Y.-H.Y.); (Z.-W.Y.)
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China;
| | - Bai-Xiong Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.-W.L.); (B.-X.C.); (Y.-H.Y.); (Z.-W.Y.)
| | - Ying-Hao Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.-W.L.); (B.-X.C.); (Y.-H.Y.); (Z.-W.Y.)
| | - Hong-Biao Tang
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.-W.L.); (B.-X.C.); (Y.-H.Y.); (Z.-W.Y.)
| | - Zhi-Wei Ye
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.-W.L.); (B.-X.C.); (Y.-H.Y.); (Z.-W.Y.)
| | - Jun-Fang Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.-W.L.); (B.-X.C.); (Y.-H.Y.); (Z.-W.Y.)
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (J.-F.L.); (L.-Q.G.)
| | - Li-Qiong Guo
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510640, China; (H.-W.L.); (B.-X.C.); (Y.-H.Y.); (Z.-W.Y.)
- Research Center for Micro-Ecological Agent Engineering and Technology of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, China
- Correspondence: (J.-F.L.); (L.-Q.G.)
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