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Nermuť J, Konopická J, Weijler V, Půža V. The use of Phasmarhabditis nematodes and metabolites of Xenorhabdus bacteria in slug control. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:8. [PMID: 38165479 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12886-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Many species of slugs are considered serious pests in agriculture and horticulture around the world. In Europe, slugs of the genera Arion and Deroceras are the most harmful pests in agriculture. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of the whole-cell metabolites of 10 strains of five Xenorhabdus and three slug-parasitic nematodes (Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, Phasmarhabditis bohemica, and Phasmarhabditis apuliae) on the feeding behaviour and repellent effect on target slugs and evaluate a new possible means of biocontrol of these pests. The repellent and anti-feedant effects of nematode-killed insects, metabolites, slug-parasitic nematodes and a combination of metabolites and nematodes were studied through experimental designs: sand-filled plastic boxes divided into two parts in several modifications: with dead Galleria mellonella killed by nematodes, lettuce treated with bacterial metabolites and lettuce placed on the treated sand. We found that slugs avoid eating G. mellonella killed by nematodes, while they eat freeze-killed G. mellonella. Similarly, they avoid the consumption of lettuce in areas treated with bacterial metabolites (the most effective strains being Xenorhabus bovienii NFUST, Xenorhabdus kozodoii SLOV and JEGOR) with zero feeding in the treated side. All three Phasmarhabditis species also provided a significant anti-feedant/repellent effect. Our study is the first to show the repellent and anti-feedant effects of metabolites of Xenorhabdus bacteria against Arion vulgaris, and the results suggest that these substances have great potential for biocontrol. Our study is also the first to demonstrate the repellent effect of P. apuliae and P. bohemica. KEY POINTS: • Slugs avoid eating G. mellonella killed by entomopathogenic nematodes. • Bacterial metabolites have a strong repellent and antifeedant effect on slugs. • Presence of slug parasitic nematodes increases the repellent effect of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Nermuť
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Jana Konopická
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Victoria Weijler
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Půža
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre CAS, Branišovská 1160/31, 370 05, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Touray M, Ulug D, Gulsen SH, Cimen H, Hazir C, Bode HB, Hazir S. Natural products from Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus show promise as biolarvicides against Aedes albopictus. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4231-4242. [PMID: 38619291 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the perpetual struggle to manage mosquito populations, there has been increasing demand for the development of biopesticides to supplant/complement current products. The insecticidal potential of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus has long been recognized and is of interest for the control of important mosquitoes like Aedes albopictus which vectors over 20 different arboviruses of global public health concern. RESULTS The larvicidal effects of cell-free supernatants, cell growth cultures and cell mass of an extensive list of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. was investigated. They were quite effective against Ae. albopictus causing larval mortality ranging between 52-100%. Three Photorhabdus spp. and 13 Xenorhabdus spp. release larvicidal compounds in cell-free supernatants. Cell growth culture of all tested species exhibited larvicidal activity, except for Xenorhabdus sp. TS4. Twenty-one Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacterial cells (pellet) exhibited oral toxicity (59-91%) against exposed larvae. The effect of bacterial supernatants on the mosquito eggs were also assessed. Bacterial supernatants inhibited the hatching of mosquito eggs; when unhatched eggs were transferred to clean water, they all hatched. Using the easyPACId approach, the larvicidal compounds in bacterial supernatant were identified as fabclavine from X. szentirmaii and xencoumacin from X. nematophila (causing 98 and 70% mortality, respectively, after 48 h). Xenorhabdus cabanillasii and X. hominickii fabclavines were as effective as commercial Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and spinosad products within 5 days post-application (dpa). CONCLUSION Fabclavine and xenocoumacin can be developed into novel biolarvicides, can be used as a model to synthesize other compounds or/and can be combined with other commercial biolarvicides. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Kocarli Vocational School, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Harun Cimen
- Recombinant DNA and Recombinant Protein Center, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Canan Hazir
- Aydin Health Services Vocational School, Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - Helge B Bode
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Marburg, Germany
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry, Phillips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
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Ulug D, Touray M, Hazal Gulsen S, Cimen H, Hazir C, Bode HB, Hazir S. A taste of a toxin paradise: Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacterial secondary metabolites against Aedes aegypti larvae and eggs. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 205:108126. [PMID: 38734162 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Aedes-transmitted arboviral infections such as Dengue, Yellow Fever, Zika and Chikungunya are increasing public health problems. Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria are promising sources of effective compounds with important biological activities. This study investigated the effects of cell-free supernatants of X. szentirmaii, X. cabanillasii and P. kayaii against Ae. aegypti eggs and larvae and identified the bioactive larvicidal compound in X. szentirmaii using The EasyPACId method. Among the three tested bacterial species, X. cabanillasii exhibited the highest (96%) egg hatching inhibition and larvicidal activity (100% mortality), whereas P. kayaii was the least effective species in our study. EasyPACId method revealed that bioactive larvicidal compound in the bacterial supernatant was fabclavine. Fabclavines obtained from promoter exchange mutants of different bacterial species such as X. cabanillasii, X. budapestensis, X. indica, X. szentirmaii, X. hominckii and X. stockiae were effective against mosquito larvae. Results show that these bacterial metabolites have potential to be used in integrated pest management (IPM) programmes of mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye.
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Kocarli Vocational School, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Harun Cimen
- Recombinant DNA and Recombinant Protein Application and Research Center, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Canan Hazir
- Aydin Health Services Vocational School, Adnan Menderes University, 09100 Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Helge B Bode
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany; Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Phillips University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Phillips University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany; Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main, 60325, Germany
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
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Guden RM, Haegeman A, Ruttink T, Moens T, Derycke S. Nematodes alter the taxonomic and functional profiles of benthic bacterial communities: A metatranscriptomic approach. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17331. [PMID: 38533629 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Marine sediments cover 70% of the Earth's surface, and harbour diverse bacterial communities critical for marine biogeochemical processes, which affect climate change, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. Nematodes, the most abundant and species-rich metazoan organisms in marine sediments, in turn, affect benthic bacterial communities and bacterial-mediated ecological processes, but the underlying mechanisms by which they affect biogeochemical cycles remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate using a metatranscriptomic approach that nematodes alter the taxonomic and functional profiles of benthic bacterial communities. We found particularly strong stimulation of nitrogen-fixing and methane-oxidizing bacteria in the presence of nematodes, as well as increased functional activity associated with methane metabolism and degradation of various carbon compounds. This study provides empirical evidence that the presence of nematodes results in taxonomic and functional shifts in active bacterial communities, indicating that nematodes may play an important role in benthic ecosystem processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodgee Mae Guden
- Marine Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annelies Haegeman
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Tom Ruttink
- Plant Sciences Unit, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Tom Moens
- Marine Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sofie Derycke
- Marine Biology Unit, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Aquatic Environment and Quality, Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (ILVO), Oostende, Belgium
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Yuan B, Li B, Shen H, Duan J, Jia F, Maimaiti Y, Li Y, Li G. Identification of fabclavine derivatives, Fcl-7 and Fcl-8, from Xenorhabdus budapestensis as major antifungal natural products against Rhizoctonia solani. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad190. [PMID: 37656887 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Black scurf disease, caused by Rhizoctonia solani, is a severe soil-borne and tuber-borne disease, which occurs and spreads in potato growing areas worldwide and poses a serious threat to potato production. New biofungicide is highly desirable for addressing the issue, and natural products (NPs) from Xenorhabdus spp. provide prolific resources for biofungicide development. In this study, we aim to identify antifungal NPs from Xenorhabdus spp. for the management of this disease. METHODS AND RESULTS Out of the 22 Xenorhabdus strains investigated, Xenorhabdus budapestensis 8 (XBD8) was determined to be the most promising candidate with the measured IC50 value of its cell-free supernatant against R. solani as low as 0.19 ml l-1. The major antifungal compound in XBD8 started to be synthesized in the middle logarithmic phase and reached a stable level at stationary phase. Core gene deletion coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis determined the major antifungal NPs as fabclavine derivatives, Fcl-7 and 8, which showed broad-spectrum bioactivity against important pathogenic fungi. Impressively, the identified fabclavine derivatives effectively controlled black scurf disease in both greenhouse and field experiments, significantly improving tuber quality and increasing with marketable tuber yield from 29 300 to 35 494 kg ha-1, comparable with chemical fungicide fludioxonil. CONCLUSIONS The fabclavine derivatives Fcl-7 and 8 were determined as the major antifungal NPs in XBD8, which demonstrated a bright prospect for the management of black scurf disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Hongfei Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiaqi Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fenglian Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yushanjiang Maimaiti
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northwestern Oasis, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Research Institute of plant protection Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 83009, China
| | - Yaning Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Li B, Yuan B, Duan J, Qin Y, Shen H, Ren J, Francis F, Chen M, Li G. Identification of Fcl-29 as an Effective Antifungal Natural Product against Fusarium graminearum and Combinatorial Engineering Strategy for Improving Its Yield. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:5554-5564. [PMID: 36995163 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c09012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused by Fusarium graminearum, whose occurrence and prevalence causes 10-70% wheat production loss, is one of the most destructive diseases influencing the production of wheat globally. To identify the potential natural products (NPs) against F. graminearum, we screened 59 Xenorhabdus strains and discovered that the cell-free supernatant (CFS) of X. budapestensis 14 (XBD14) displays the highest bioactivity. Multiple genetic methods coupled with HRMS/MS analysis determined the major antifungal NP to be Fcl-29, a fabclavine derivative. Fcl-29 was found to effectively control FHB of wheat in the field test and demonstrated broad-spectrum antifungal activity against important pathogenic fungi. The production of Fcl-29 was dramatically improved by 33.82-fold with the combinatorial strategy of genetic engineering (1.66-fold) and fermentation engineering (20.39-fold). The exploration of a new biofungicide in global plant protection is now possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Baoming Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiaqi Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Youcai Qin
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hongfei Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, B-5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Minghua Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests/Key Laboratory of Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Plant Origin) for Agri-Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Vicente-Díez I, Pou A, Campos-Herrera R. The deterrent ability of Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus laumondii compounds as a potential novel tool for Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) management. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107911. [PMID: 36921888 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
The grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a critical pest for vineyards and causes significant economic losses in wine-growing areas worldwide. Identifying and developing novel semiochemical cues (e.g. volatile bacterial compounds) which modify the ovipositional and trophic behaviour of L. botrana in vineyard fields could be a novel control alternative in viticulture. Xenorhabdus spp. and Photorhabdus spp. are becoming one of the best-studied bacterial species due to their potential interest in producing toxins and deterrent factors. In this study, we investigated the effect of the deterrent compounds produced by Xenorhabdus nematophila and Photorhabdus laumondii on the ovipositional moth behaviour and the larval feeding preference of L. botrana. Along with the in-vitro bioassays performed, we screened the potential use of 3 d cell-free bacterial supernatants and 3 and 5 d unfiltered bacterial ferments. In addition, we tested two application systems: (i) contact application of the bacterial compounds and (ii) volatile bacterial compounds application. Our findings indicate that the deterrent effectiveness varied with bacterial species, the use of bacterial cell-free supernatants or unfiltered fermentation product, and the culture times. Grapes soaked in the 3 d X. nematophila and P. laumondii ferments had ∼ 55% and ∼ 95% fewer eggs laid than the control, respectively. Likewise, the volatile compounds emitted by the 5 d P. laumondii fermentations resulted in ∼ 100% avoidance of L. botrana ovipositional activity for three days. Furthermore, both bacterial fermentation products have larval feeding deterrent effects (∼65% of the larva chose the control grapes), and they significantly reduced the severity of damage caused by third instar larva in treated grapes. This study provides insightful information about a novel bacteria-based tool which can be used as an eco-friendly and economical alternative in both organic and integrated control of L. botrana in vineyard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Vicente-Díez
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV, Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja), Finca La GRajera, Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain
| | - Alicia Pou
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV, Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja), Finca La GRajera, Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain
| | - Raquel Campos-Herrera
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Vid y del Vino (ICVV, Gobierno de La Rioja, CSIC, Universidad de La Rioja), Finca La GRajera, Ctra. Burgos Km. 6 Salida 13 Lo-20, Logroño 26007, Spain.
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Abd-Elgawad MMM. Xenorhabdus spp.: An Overview of the Useful Facets of Mutualistic Bacteria of Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1360. [PMID: 36143397 PMCID: PMC9503066 DOI: 10.3390/life12091360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mounting concern over the misuse of chemical pesticides has sparked broad interest for safe and effective alternatives to control plant pests and pathogens. Xenorhabdus bacteria, as pesticidal symbionts of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema species, can contribute to this solution with a treasure trove of insecticidal compounds and an ability to suppress a variety of plant pathogens. As many challenges face sound exploitation of plant-phytonematode interactions, a full useful spectrum of such interactions should address nematicidal activity of Xenorhabdus. Steinernema-Xenorhabdus complex or Xenorhabdus individually should be involved in mechanisms underlying the favorable side of plant-nematode interactions in emerging cropping systems. Using Xenorhabdus bacteria should earnestly be harnessed to control not only phytonematodes, but also other plant pests and pathogens within integrated pest management plans. This review highlights the significance of fitting Xenorhabdus-obtained insecticidal, nematicidal, fungicidal, acaricidal, pharmaceutical, antimicrobial, and toxic compounds into existing, or arising, holistic strategies, for controlling many pests/pathogens. The widespread utilization of Xenorhabdus bacteria, however, has been slow-going, due to costs and some issues with their commercial processing. Yet, advances have been ongoing via further mastering of genome sequencing, discovering more of the beneficial Xenorhabdus species/strains, and their successful experimentations for pest control. Their documented pathogenicity to a broad range of arthropods and pathogens and versatility bode well for useful industrial products. The numerous beneficial traits of Xenorhabdus bacteria can facilitate their integration with other tactics for better pest/disease management programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahfouz M M Abd-Elgawad
- Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Division, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
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9
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Gulsen SH, Tileklioglu E, Bode E, Cimen H, Ertabaklar H, Ulug D, Ertug S, Wenski SL, Touray M, Hazir C, Bilecenoglu DK, Yildiz I, Bode HB, Hazir S. Antiprotozoal activity of different Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacterial secondary metabolites and identification of bioactive compounds using the easyPACId approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10779. [PMID: 35750682 PMCID: PMC9232601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been proven to be important starting points for the development of new drugs. Bacteria in the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus produce antimicrobial compounds as secondary metabolites to compete with other organisms. Our study is the first comprehensive study screening the anti-protozoal activity of supernatants containing secondary metabolites produced by 5 Photorhabdus and 22 Xenorhabdus species against human parasitic protozoa, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania tropica and Trypanosoma cruzi, and the identification of novel bioactive antiprotozoal compounds using the easyPACId approach (easy Promoter Activated Compound Identification) method. Though not in all species, both bacterial genera produce antiprotozoal compounds effective on human pathogenic protozoa. The promoter exchange mutants revealed that antiprotozoal bioactive compounds produced by Xenorhabdus bacteria were fabclavines, xenocoumacins, xenorhabdins and PAX peptides. Among the bacteria assessed, only P. namnaoensis appears to have acquired amoebicidal property which is effective on E. histolytica trophozoites. These discovered antiprotozoal compounds might serve as starting points for the development of alternative and novel pharmaceutical agents against human parasitic protozoa in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Evren Tileklioglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Edna Bode
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Department, Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Ertabaklar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Sema Ertug
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Sebastian L Wenski
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Department, Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Canan Hazir
- Aydin Health Services Vocational School, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
| | | | - Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Helge B Bode
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Department, Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany. .,Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye.
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10
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Natural products from Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus: mechanisms and impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:4387-4399. [PMID: 35723692 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Insects and fungal pathogens pose constant problems to public health and agriculture, especially in resource-limited parts of the world; and the use of chemical pesticides continues to be the main methods for the control of these organisms. Photorhabdus spp. and Xenorhabdus spp., (Fam; Morganellaceae), enteric symbionts of Steinernema, and Heterorhabditis nematodes are naturally found in soil on all continents, except Antarctic, and on many islands throughout the world. These bacteria produce diverse secondary metabolites that have important biological and ecological functions. Secondary metabolites include non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, and/or hybrid natural products that are synthesized using polyketide synthetase (PRS), non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), or similar enzymes and are sources of new pesticide/drug compounds and/or can serve as lead molecules for the design and synthesize of new alternatives that could replace current ones. This review addresses the effects of these bacterial symbionts on insect pests, fungal phytopathogens, and animal pathogens and discusses the substances, mechanisms, and impacts on agriculture and public health. KEY POINTS: • Insects and fungi are a constant menace to agricultural and public health. • Chemical-based control results in resistance development. • Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are compelling sources of biopesticides.
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11
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Abebew D, Sayedain FS, Bode E, Bode HB. Uncovering Nematicidal Natural Products from Xenorhabdus Bacteria. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:498-506. [PMID: 34981939 PMCID: PMC8778618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes infect different species of animals and plants. Root-knot nematodes are members of the genus Meloidogyne, which is distributed worldwide and parasitizes numerous plants, including vegetables, fruits, and crops. To reduce the global burden of nematode infections, only a few chemical therapeutic classes are currently available. The majority of nematicides are prohibited due to their harmful effects on the environment and public health. This study was intended to identify new nematicidal natural products (NPs) from the bacterial genus Xenorhabdus, which exists in symbiosis with Steinernema nematodes. Cell-free culture supernatants of Xenorhabdus bacteria were used for nematicidal bioassay, and high mortality rates for Caenorhabditis elegans and Meloidogyne javanica were observed. Promoter exchange mutants of biosynthetic gene clusters encoding nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) or NRPS-polyketide synthase hybrids in Xenorhabdus bacteria carrying additionally a hfq deletion produce a single NP class, which have been tested for their bioactivity. Among the NPs tested, fabclavines, rhabdopeptides, and xenocoumacins were highly toxic to nematodes and resulted in mortalities of 95.3, 74.6, and 72.6% to C. elegans and 82.0, 90.0, and 85.3% to M. javanica, respectively. The findings of such nematicidal NPs can provide templates for uncovering effective and environmentally safe alternatives to commercially available nematicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desalegne Abebew
- Molekulare
Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
| | - Fatemeh S. Sayedain
- Department
of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Edna Bode
- Department
of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg 35043, Germany
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Molekulare
Biotechnologie, Goethe Universität
Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- Department
of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, Marburg 35043, Germany
- Senckenberg
Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Frankfurt am Main 60325, Germany
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12
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Antifungal activity of different Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species against various fungal phytopathogens and identification of the antifungal compounds from X. szentirmaii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5517-5528. [PMID: 34250572 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11435-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus spp. are enteric bacterial symbionts of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis nematodes, respectively. These bacteria produce an extensive set of natural products (NPs) with antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, insecticidal, or other bioactivities when vectored into insect hemocoel by nematodes. We assessed the in vitro activity of different Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus cell-free supernatants against important fungal phytopathogens, viz., Cryphonectria parasitica, Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and identified the bioactive antifungal compound/s present in the most effective bacterial supernatant using the easyPACId (easy promoter-activated compound identification) approach against chestnut blight C. parasitica. Our data showed that supernatants from Xenorhabdus species were comparatively more effective than extracts from Photorhabdus in suppressing the fungal pathogens; among the bacteria assessed, Xenorhabdus szentirmaii was the most effective species against all tested phytopathogens especially against C. parasitica. Subsequent analysis revealed fabclavines as antifungal bioactive compounds in X. szentirmaii, generated by a polyketide synthase (PKS) and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) hybrid system. Fabclavines are broad-spectrum, heat-stable NPs that have great potential as biological control compounds against fungal plant pathogens. More studies are needed to assess the potential phytotoxicity of these compounds and their effects on non-target organisms before commercialization. KEY POINTS: • Chemical fungicides have toxic effects on humans and other non-target organisms. • Alternatives with novel modes of action to supplant current fungicide are needed. • A novel bioactive antifungal compound from Xenorhabdus szentirmaii was identified.
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13
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Relative potency of a novel acaricidal compound from Xenorhabdus, a bacterial genus mutualistically associated with entomopathogenic nematodes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11253. [PMID: 34045620 PMCID: PMC8159955 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90726-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to identify the novel acaricidal compound in Xenorhabdus szentirmaii and X. nematophila using the easyPACId approach (easy Promoter Activated Compound Identification). We determined the (1) effects of cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from mutant strains against T. urticae females, (2) CFS of the acaricidal bioactive strain of X. nematophila (pCEP_kan_XNC1_1711) against different biological stages of T. urticae, and females of predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus, (3) effects of the extracted acaricidal compound on different biological stages of T. urticae, and (4) cytotoxicity of the active substance. The results showed that xenocoumacin produced by X. nematophila was the bioactive acaricidal compound, whereas the acaricidal compound in X. szentirmaii was not determined. The CFS of X. nematophila (pCEP_kan_XNC1_1711) caused 100, 100, 97.3, and 98.1% mortality on larvae, protonymph, deutonymph and adult female of T. urticae at 7 dpa in petri dish experiments; and significantly reduced T. urticae population in pot experiments. However, the same CFS caused less than 36% mortality on the predatory mites at 7dpa. The mortality rates of extracted acaricidal compound (xenocoumacin) on the larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult female of T. urticae were 100, 100, 97, 96% at 7 dpa. Cytotoxicity assay showed that IC50 value of xenocoumacin extract was 17.71 μg/ml after 48 h. The data of this study showed that xenocoumacin could potentially be used as bio-acaricide in the control of T. urticae; however, its efficacy in field experiments and its phytotoxicity need to be assessed in future.
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Fodor A, Abate BA, Deák P, Fodor L, Gyenge E, Klein MG, Koncz Z, Muvevi J, Ötvös L, Székely G, Vozik D, Makrai L. Multidrug Resistance (MDR) and Collateral Sensitivity in Bacteria, with Special Attention to Genetic and Evolutionary Aspects and to the Perspectives of Antimicrobial Peptides-A Review. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070522. [PMID: 32610480 PMCID: PMC7399985 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic poly-resistance (multidrug-, extreme-, and pan-drug resistance) is controlled by adaptive evolution. Darwinian and Lamarckian interpretations of resistance evolution are discussed. Arguments for, and against, pessimistic forecasts on a fatal “post-antibiotic era” are evaluated. In commensal niches, the appearance of a new antibiotic resistance often reduces fitness, but compensatory mutations may counteract this tendency. The appearance of new antibiotic resistance is frequently accompanied by a collateral sensitivity to other resistances. Organisms with an expanding open pan-genome, such as Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, can withstand an increased number of resistances by exploiting their evolutionary plasticity and disseminating clonally or poly-clonally. Multidrug-resistant pathogen clones can become predominant under antibiotic stress conditions but, under the influence of negative frequency-dependent selection, are prevented from rising to dominance in a population in a commensal niche. Antimicrobial peptides have a great potential to combat multidrug resistance, since antibiotic-resistant bacteria have shown a high frequency of collateral sensitivity to antimicrobial peptides. In addition, the mobility patterns of antibiotic resistance, and antimicrobial peptide resistance, genes are completely different. The integron trade in commensal niches is fortunately limited by the species-specificity of resistance genes. Hence, we theorize that the suggested post-antibiotic era has not yet come, and indeed might never come.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Fodor
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Correspondence: or (A.F.); (L.M.); Tel.: +36-(30)-490-9294 (A.F.); +36-(30)-271-2513 (L.M.)
| | - Birhan Addisie Abate
- Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology Directorate, Addis Ababa 5954, Ethiopia;
| | - Péter Deák
- Department of Genetics, University of Szeged, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary;
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Fodor
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 22, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary;
| | - Ervin Gyenge
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor St., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.G.); (G.S.)
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele St., 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Michael G. Klein
- Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Zsuzsanna Koncz
- Max-Planck Institut für Pflanzenzüchtungsforschung, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, D-50829 Köln, Germany;
| | | | - László Ötvös
- OLPE, LLC, Audubon, PA 19403-1965, USA;
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, H-1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Arrevus, Inc., Raleigh, NC 27612, USA
| | - Gyöngyi Székely
- Hungarian Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor St., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (E.G.); (G.S.)
- Institute for Research-Development-Innovation in Applied Natural Sciences, Babeș-Bolyai University, 30 Fântânele St., 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Babeș-Bolyai University, 5-7 Clinicilor St., 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Dávid Vozik
- Research Institute on Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, Faculty of Engineering, University of Veszprem, H-8200 Veszprém, Hungary; or or
| | - László Makrai
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 22, H-1581 Budapest, Hungary;
- Correspondence: or (A.F.); (L.M.); Tel.: +36-(30)-490-9294 (A.F.); +36-(30)-271-2513 (L.M.)
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15
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Mode of entry of secondary metabolites of the bacteria Xenorhabdus szentirmaii and X. nematophila into Tetranychus urticae, and their toxicity to the predatory mites Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus. J Invertebr Pathol 2020; 174:107418. [PMID: 32525025 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2020.107418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The bacterial metabolites in supernatants of Xenorhabdus species have acaricidal activity, but this mode of entry into mites has not yet been elucidated. Herein, we report on the possible mode of entry of Xenorhabdus szentirmaii and Xenorhabdus nematophila supernatants into Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) adult females. We also assessed the toxicity of the supernatants against the developmental stages of the predatory mites, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus californicus (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Experiments were conducted at 25 ± 1 °C, 70 ± 5% relative humidity, and 16:8h light:dark conditions. Our data showed that the bioactive acaricidal compound is most effective (86.5 to 89% mortality) when the entire integument of T. urticae comes in contact with it compared to contact of the ventral side only (26.5-34%). Against P. persimilis and N. californicus at 6 days post-application (dpa), the eggs were not affected by the X. szentirmaii or X. nematophila supernatant, whereas mortality of the mobile stages (larva, protonymph, deutonymph, adult) was 18.5% to 39.2%. Overall, the predatory mites were less affected by the bacterial metabolites than T. urticae. We hypothesize that the differences in morphology such as longer legs and thicker cuticle, as well as the diet of the predatory mites, reduce the contact of the body parts to the supernatant-treated surfaces. We need to isolate, identify, and characterize the X. szentirmaii and X. nematophila metabolite(s) and demonstrate efficacy to pestiferous mites and safety to plants, non-target organisms and the environment before it can be used as an acaricide.
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16
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Wenski SL, Cimen H, Berghaus N, Fuchs SW, Hazir S, Bode HB. Fabclavine diversity in Xenorhabdus bacteria. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:956-965. [PMID: 32461774 PMCID: PMC7214866 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global threat of multiresistant pathogens has to be answered by the development of novel antibiotics. Established antibiotic applications are often based on so-called secondary or specialized metabolites (SMs), identified in large screening approaches. To continue this successful strategy, new sources for bioactive compounds are required, such as the bacterial genera Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus. In these strains, fabclavines are widely distributed SMs with a broad-spectrum bioactivity. Fabclavines are hybrid SMs derived from nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and polyketide synthases (PKS). Selected Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus mutant strains were generated applying a chemically inducible promoter in front of the suggested fabclavine (fcl) biosynthesis gene cluster (BGC), followed by the analysis of the occurring fabclavines. Subsequently, known and unknown derivatives were identified and confirmed by MALDI-MS and MALDI-MS2 experiments in combination with an optimized sample preparation. This led to a total number of 22 novel fabclavine derivatives in eight strains, increasing the overall number of fabclavines to 32. Together with the identification of fabclavines as major antibiotics in several entomopathogenic strains, our work lays the foundation for the rapid fabclavine identification and dereplication as the basis for future work of this widespread and bioactive SM class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian L Wenski
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Harun Cimen
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Natalie Berghaus
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian W Fuchs
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Helge B Bode
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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17
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Alghamdi F, Shakir M. The Influence of Enterococcus faecalis as a Dental Root Canal Pathogen on Endodontic Treatment: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2020; 12:e7257. [PMID: 32292671 PMCID: PMC7152576 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.7257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endodontic treatment failure may occur due to different causes such as persistence of bacteria, root canals that are poorly cleaned and obturated, improper coronal seal (leakage), and untreated canals (missed canals). The main reason for endodontic failure is the presence of some species of bacteria inside the root canal system such as Enterococcus (E.) faecalis. Those bacteria are more resistant to disinfection agents, causing a persistent intra-radicular or extra-radicular infection. The current review aims to compile all the current studies concerning Enterococcus faecalis as a dental root canal pathogen that causes endodontic failure. In this systemic review, two databases, PubMed and Google Scholar, were searched using specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. Among 2943 studies, only 11 met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review for further analysis. The 11 studies give prominence to the high distribution of Enterococcus faecalis within the root canal system. These studies investigated different aspects of Enterococcus faecalis, including its prevalence, resistance mechanisms, characteristics, express survival genes, and treatment. The compiled data observed that most of the studies highlight Enterococcus faecalis as the primary pathogen associated with endodontic treatment. It has characteristic proprieties that make it capable of escaping disinfection means. Furthermore, clinical trials are required to examine E. faecalis and may provide valuable information about novel microbial detection methods to decrease the number of E. faecalis within the root canal system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marwa Shakir
- Endodontics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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