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Dohnalová L, Lundgren P, Carty JRE, Goldstein N, Wenski SL, Nanudorn P, Thiengmag S, Huang KP, Litichevskiy L, Descamps HC, Chellappa K, Glassman A, Kessler S, Kim J, Cox TO, Dmitrieva-Posocco O, Wong AC, Allman EL, Ghosh S, Sharma N, Sengupta K, Cornes B, Dean N, Churchill GA, Khurana TS, Sellmyer MA, FitzGerald GA, Patterson AD, Baur JA, Alhadeff AL, Helfrich EJN, Levy M, Betley JN, Thaiss CA. A microbiome-dependent gut-brain pathway regulates motivation for exercise. Nature 2022; 612:739-747. [PMID: 36517598 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05525-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Exercise exerts a wide range of beneficial effects for healthy physiology1. However, the mechanisms regulating an individual's motivation to engage in physical activity remain incompletely understood. An important factor stimulating the engagement in both competitive and recreational exercise is the motivating pleasure derived from prolonged physical activity, which is triggered by exercise-induced neurochemical changes in the brain. Here, we report on the discovery of a gut-brain connection in mice that enhances exercise performance by augmenting dopamine signalling during physical activity. We find that microbiome-dependent production of endocannabinoid metabolites in the gut stimulates the activity of TRPV1-expressing sensory neurons and thereby elevates dopamine levels in the ventral striatum during exercise. Stimulation of this pathway improves running performance, whereas microbiome depletion, peripheral endocannabinoid receptor inhibition, ablation of spinal afferent neurons or dopamine blockade abrogate exercise capacity. These findings indicate that the rewarding properties of exercise are influenced by gut-derived interoceptive circuits and provide a microbiome-dependent explanation for interindividual variability in exercise performance. Our study also suggests that interoceptomimetic molecules that stimulate the transmission of gut-derived signals to the brain may enhance the motivation for exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Dohnalová
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Molecular Bio Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, and LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick Lundgren
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jamie R E Carty
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nitsan Goldstein
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sebastian L Wenski
- Institute for Molecular Bio Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, and LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Pakjira Nanudorn
- Institute for Molecular Bio Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, and LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sirinthra Thiengmag
- Institute for Molecular Bio Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, and LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Lev Litichevskiy
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hélène C Descamps
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karthikeyani Chellappa
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ana Glassman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susanne Kessler
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jihee Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Timothy O Cox
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oxana Dmitrieva-Posocco
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrea C Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erik L Allman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Soumita Ghosh
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nitika Sharma
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kasturi Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Tejvir S Khurana
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Pennsylvania Muscle Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark A Sellmyer
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Garret A FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Joseph A Baur
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amber L Alhadeff
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric J N Helfrich
- Institute for Molecular Bio Science, Goethe University Frankfurt, and LOEWE Center for Translational Biodiversity Genomics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maayan Levy
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - J Nicholas Betley
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Institute for Obesity, Diabetes and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Gulsen SH, Tileklioglu E, Bode E, Cimen H, Ertabaklar H, Ulug D, Ertug S, Wenski SL, Touray M, Hazir C, Bilecenoglu DK, Yildiz I, Bode HB, Hazir S. Antiprotozoal activity of different Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacterial secondary metabolites and identification of bioactive compounds using the easyPACId approach. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10779. [PMID: 35750682 PMCID: PMC9232601 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13722-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products have been proven to be important starting points for the development of new drugs. Bacteria in the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus produce antimicrobial compounds as secondary metabolites to compete with other organisms. Our study is the first comprehensive study screening the anti-protozoal activity of supernatants containing secondary metabolites produced by 5 Photorhabdus and 22 Xenorhabdus species against human parasitic protozoa, Acanthamoeba castellanii, Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas vaginalis, Leishmania tropica and Trypanosoma cruzi, and the identification of novel bioactive antiprotozoal compounds using the easyPACId approach (easy Promoter Activated Compound Identification) method. Though not in all species, both bacterial genera produce antiprotozoal compounds effective on human pathogenic protozoa. The promoter exchange mutants revealed that antiprotozoal bioactive compounds produced by Xenorhabdus bacteria were fabclavines, xenocoumacins, xenorhabdins and PAX peptides. Among the bacteria assessed, only P. namnaoensis appears to have acquired amoebicidal property which is effective on E. histolytica trophozoites. These discovered antiprotozoal compounds might serve as starting points for the development of alternative and novel pharmaceutical agents against human parasitic protozoa in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebnem Hazal Gulsen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Evren Tileklioglu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Edna Bode
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Department, Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harun Cimen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Hatice Ertabaklar
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Derya Ulug
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Sema Ertug
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Sebastian L Wenski
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Department, Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Mustapha Touray
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Canan Hazir
- Aydin Health Services Vocational School, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, 09100, Aydin, Türkiye
| | | | - Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye
| | - Helge B Bode
- Max-Planck-Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology Department, Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 10, 35043, Marburg, Germany. .,Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Türkiye.
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Wenski SL, Cimen H, Berghaus N, Fuchs SW, Hazir S, Bode HB. Fabclavine diversity in Xenorhabdus bacteria. Beilstein J Org Chem 2020; 16:956-965. [PMID: 32461774 PMCID: PMC7214866 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.16.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global threat of multiresistant pathogens has to be answered by the development of novel antibiotics. Established antibiotic applications are often based on so-called secondary or specialized metabolites (SMs), identified in large screening approaches. To continue this successful strategy, new sources for bioactive compounds are required, such as the bacterial genera Xenorhabdus or Photorhabdus. In these strains, fabclavines are widely distributed SMs with a broad-spectrum bioactivity. Fabclavines are hybrid SMs derived from nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), and polyketide synthases (PKS). Selected Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus mutant strains were generated applying a chemically inducible promoter in front of the suggested fabclavine (fcl) biosynthesis gene cluster (BGC), followed by the analysis of the occurring fabclavines. Subsequently, known and unknown derivatives were identified and confirmed by MALDI-MS and MALDI-MS2 experiments in combination with an optimized sample preparation. This led to a total number of 22 novel fabclavine derivatives in eight strains, increasing the overall number of fabclavines to 32. Together with the identification of fabclavines as major antibiotics in several entomopathogenic strains, our work lays the foundation for the rapid fabclavine identification and dereplication as the basis for future work of this widespread and bioactive SM class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian L Wenski
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Harun Cimen
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Natalie Berghaus
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian W Fuchs
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Selcuk Hazir
- Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, 09010 Aydin, Turkey
| | - Helge B Bode
- Molekulare Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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