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Singha R, Sharma D, Saha AK, Das P. Foliar phenols and flavonoids level in pteridophytes: an insight to culturable fungal endophyte colonisation. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:170. [PMID: 38491263 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03880-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
There are many available reports of secondary metabolites as bioactive molecules from culturable endophytes, nevertheless, there are scarce research pertaining to the levels of metabolites in plants with respect to the incidence and colonisation of fungal endophytes in the same foliar tissues. Therefore, the study was focussed to examine whether fungal endophyte colonisation and the accumulation of secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and phenols, in the plants are related in any way. For this reason, the study aims to analyse phenols and flavonoids from the fronds of eleven pteridophytes along with the culture-dependent isolation of fungal endophytes from the host plants subsequently assigning them to morphological category and their quantitative analysis and further resolving its identities through molecular affiliation. The results revealed that nine morpho-categories of fungal endophytes were allotted based on culture attributes, hyphal patterns and reproductive structural characters. Highest numbers of species were isolated from Adiantum capillus-veneris and least was recorded from Pteris vittata and Dicranopteris linearis. Maximum phenol content was analysed from the fronds of P. vittata and lowest was recorded in A. capillus-veneris. Highest flavonoid content was measured in D. linearis and lowest was detected in Christella dentata. Significant negative correlation was observed between phenol content of ferns and species richness of fungi. Moreover, significant positive correlation was observed with the relative abundance of Chaetomium globosum and flavonoid content of ferns and negative significant relation was found between relative abundance of Pseudopestalotiopsis chinensis and phenol content of pteridophytes. The occurrence and the quantitative aspects of endophytes in ferns and their secondary metabolites are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Royee Singha
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Dipashree Sharma
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Ajay Krishna Saha
- Mycology and Plant Pathology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India
| | - Panna Das
- Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Tripura University, Suryamaninagar, Tripura, 799022, India.
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Guillen-Otero T, Lee SJ, Hertel D, Kessler M. Facultative mycorrhization in a fern (Struthiopteris spicant L. Weiss) is bound to light intensity. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:103. [PMID: 38331718 PMCID: PMC10854079 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04782-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The establishment of mycorrhizal relationships between a fungus and a plant typically enhances nutrient and water uptake for the latter while securing a carbon source for the fungus. However, under a particular set of environmental conditions, such as low availability of light and abundant nutrients in the soil, the resources invested in the maintenance of the fungi surpass the benefits obtained by the host. In those cases, facultative mycorrhizal plants are capable of surviving without symbiosis. Facultative mycorrhization in ferns has been overlooked until now. The present study measured the response of Struthiopteris spicant L. Weiss, and its root-associated fungi to different levels of light and nutrient availability in terms of growth, mycorrhizal presence, and leaf nutrient content. This fern species exhibits a great tolerance to variable light, nutrient, and pH conditions, and it has been found with and without mycorrhizae. We conducted a greenhouse experiment with 80 specimens of S. spicant and three factors (Light, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen) resulting in eight treatments. RESULTS We found a significant influence of the factor light on fungal community composition, plant biomass, and nutrient accumulation. Departing from a lack of colonization at the initial stage, plants showed a remarkable increment of more than 80% in the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) richness and abundance in their roots when grown under high light conditions, compared with the ones in low light. We also observed an upward trend of C:P and C:N ratios and the above- and belowground biomass production when AMF abundance increased. Furthermore, the compositional analysis of the whole fungal communities associated with S. spicant roots revealed clear differences among low-light and high-light treatments. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to investigate the importance of light and nutrient availability in determining fern-AMF relationships. We confirmed that Struthiopteris spicant is a facultative mycorrhizal plant. The composition and diversity of AMF found in the roots of this fern are strongly influenced by light and less by nutrient conditions. Our study shows that ferns respond very sensitively to changes in environmental factors, leading to shifts in the associated mycorrhizal communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Guillen-Otero
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Soon-Jae Lee
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dietrich Hertel
- Albrecht von Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Liu Y, Yan W, Yang T, An Y, Li X, Gao H, Peng Z, Wei G, Jiao S. Grass-legume mixtures maintain forage biomass under microbial diversity loss via gathering Pseudomonas in root zone soil. mSystems 2023; 8:e0075523. [PMID: 37902338 PMCID: PMC10734449 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00755-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Grass-legume mixtures are a common practice for establishing artificial grasslands, directly or indirectly contributing to the improvement of yield. In addition, this method helps maintain soil and plant health by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. The impact of grass-legume mixtures on yield and its underlying microbial mechanisms have been a focus of scientific investigation. However, the benefits of mixtures in the context of soil microbial diversity loss remain a problem worthy of exploration. In this study, we examined different aboveground and belowground diversity combinations to elucidate the mechanisms by which grass-legume mixtures help maintain stable yields in the face of diversity loss. We identified the significantly enriched Pseudomonas genus microbial ASV53, which was gathered through homogeneous selection and served as a keystone in the co-occurrence network. ASV53 showed a strong positive correlation with biomass and the abundance of nitrogen-fixing genes. These findings provide a new theoretical foundation for utilizing grass-legume mixtures to enhance grass yields and address the challenges posed by diversity loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Gansu Vocational College of Agriculture, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tongyao Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yining An
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaomeng Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hang Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ziheng Peng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gehong Wei
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuo Jiao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement for Stress Tolerance and Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Guillen‐Otero T, Lee S, Chen C, Szoevenyi P, Kessler M. A metabarcoding protocol targeting two DNA regions to analyze root-associated fungal communities in ferns and lycophytes. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2023; 11:e11523. [PMID: 37342167 PMCID: PMC10278937 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Premise Detailed studies of the fungi associated with lycophytes and ferns provide crucial insights into the early evolution of land plants. However, most investigations to date have assessed fern-fungus interactions based only on visual root inspection. In the present research, we establish and evaluate a metabarcoding protocol to analyze the fungal communities associated with fern and lycophyte roots. Methods We used two primer pairs focused on the ITS rRNA region to screen the general fungal communities, and the 18S rRNA to target Glomeromycota fungi (i.e., arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi). To test these approaches, we collected and processed roots from 12 phylogenetically distant fern and lycophyte species. Results We found marked compositional differences between the ITS and 18S data sets. While the ITS data set demonstrated the dominance of orders Glomerales (phylum Glomeromycota), Pleosporales, and Helotiales (both in phylum Ascomycota), the 18S data set revealed the greatest diversity of Glomeromycota. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordination suggested an important geographical effect in sample similarities. Discussion The ITS-based approach is a reliable and effective method to analyze the fungal communities associated with fern and lycophyte roots. The 18S approach is more appropriate for studies focused on the detailed screening of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Guillen‐Otero
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Soon‐Jae Lee
- Department of Ecology and EvolutionUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Cheng‐Wei Chen
- Biodiversity Program, Taiwan International Graduate ProgramAcademia Sinica and National Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipei115Taiwan
| | - Peter Szoevenyi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Michael Kessler
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
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Perez‐Lamarque B, Laurent‐Webb L, Bourceret A, Maillet L, Bik F, Cartier D, Labolle F, Holveck P, Epp D, Selosse M. Fungal microbiomes associated with Lycopodiaceae during ecological succession. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2023; 15:109-118. [PMID: 36216403 PMCID: PMC10103886 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lycopodiaceae species form an early-diverging plant family, characterized by achlorophyllous and subterranean gametophytes that rely on mycorrhizal fungi for their nutrition. Lycopodiaceae often emerge after a disturbance, like in the Hochfeld reserve (Alsace, France) where seven lycopod species appeared on new ski trails following a forest cut. Here, to better understand their ecological dynamic, we conducted a germination experiment of lycopod spores following an anthropogenic disturbance and examined their associated fungi. Only 12% of the samples germinated, and all gametophytes were abundantly colonized by a specific clade of Densosporaceae (Endogonales, Mucoromycotina), which were also present in the roots of lycopod sporophytes, but absent from the ungerminated spores and the roots of surrounding herbaceous plants, suggesting high mycorrhizal specificity in Lycopodiaceae. In addition, ungerminated spores were profusely parasitized by chytrid fungi, also present in the surrounding lycopod gametophytes and sporophytes, which might explain the low spore germination rate. Altogether, the requirement of specific mycorrhizal Mucoromycotina fungi and the high prevalence of parasites may explain why Lycopodiaceae are often rare pioneer species in temperate regions, limited to the first stages of ecological succession. This illustrates the primordial roles that belowground microbes play in aboveground plant dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoît Perez‐Lamarque
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39ParisFrance
- Institut de biologie de l'École normale supérieure (IBENS), École normale supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, Université PSLParisFrance
| | - Liam Laurent‐Webb
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39ParisFrance
| | - Amélia Bourceret
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39ParisFrance
| | - Louis Maillet
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39ParisFrance
| | | | - Denis Cartier
- Pôle Lorrain du Futur Conservatoire Botanique National Nord‐Est, Jardin botanique Jean‐Marie PeltVillers‐lès‐NancyFrance
| | - François Labolle
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté des Sciences de la Vie, Institut de BotaniqueStrasbourgFrance
| | - Pascal Holveck
- Réseau National Habitats‐Flore, Office National des Forêts (ONF)ParisFrance
| | - Didier Epp
- Office National des Forêts (ONF), Service environnement et planification forestièreSchirmeckFrance
| | - Marc‐André Selosse
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, UA, CP39ParisFrance
- Department of Plant Taxonomy and Nature ConservationUniversity of GdanskGdanskPoland
- Institut universitaire de France (IUF)ParisFrance
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Kowal J, Arrigoni E, Jarvis S, Zappala S, Forbes E, Bidartondo MI, Suz LM. Atmospheric pollution, soil nutrients and climate effects on Mucoromycota arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3390-3404. [PMID: 35641308 PMCID: PMC9544493 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fine root endophyte mycorrhizal fungi in the Endogonales (Mucoromycota arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, M‐AMF) are now recognized as at least as important globally as Glomeromycota AMF (G‐AMF), yet little is known about the environmental factors which influence M‐AMF diversity and colonization, partly because they typically only co‐colonize plants with G‐AMF. Wild populations of Lycopodiella inundata predominantly form mycorrhizas with M‐AMF and therefore allow focussed study of M‐AMF environmental drivers. Using microscopic examination and DNA sequencing we measured M‐AMF colonization and diversity over three consecutive seasons and modelled interactions between these response variables and environmental data. Significant relationships were found between M‐AMF colonization and soil S, P, C:N ratio, electrical conductivity, and the previously overlooked micronutrient Mn. Estimated N deposition was negatively related to M‐AMF colonization. Thirty‐nine Endogonales Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) were identified in L. inundata roots, a greater diversity than previously recognized in this plant. Endogonales OTU richness correlated negatively with soil C:N while community composition was mostly influenced by soil P. This study provides first evidence that M‐AMF have distinct ecological preferences in response to edaphic variables also related to air pollution. Future studies require site‐level atmospheric pollution monitoring to guide critical load policy for mycorrhizal fungi in heathlands and grasslands.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kowal
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - E Arrigoni
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
| | - S Jarvis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, UK
| | - S Zappala
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK
| | - E Forbes
- Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough, UK
| | - M I Bidartondo
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK.,Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - L M Suz
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey, UK
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Chen K, Xie Q, Chang C, Kuo L. Mycobiome detection from a single subterranean gametophyte using metabarcoding techniques. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11461. [PMID: 35495185 PMCID: PMC9039796 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Several ferns and lycophytes produce subterranean gametophytes, including the Ophioglossaceae, Psilotaceae, and some members of the Schizaeaceae, Gleicheniaceae, and Lycopodiaceae. Despite the surge in plant-microbiome research, which has been particularly boosted by high-throughput sequencing techniques, the microbiomes of these inconspicuous fern gametophytes have rarely been examined. The subterranean gametophytes are peculiar due to their achlorophyllous nature, which makes them rely on fungi to obtain nutrients. Furthermore, the factors that shape the fungal communities (mycobiomes) of fern gametophytes have not been examined in depth. METHODS AND RESULTS We present a workflow to study the mycobiome of the achlorophyllous gametophytes of Ophioderma pendulum using a high-throughput metabarcoding approach. Simultaneously, each gametophyte was investigated microscopically to detect fungal structures. Two primer sets of the nuclear ITS sequence targeting general fungi were applied, in addition to a primer set that specifically targets the nuclear small subunit ribosomal rDNA region of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Both the microscopic and metabarcoding approaches revealed many diverse fungi inhabiting a single gametophyte of O. pendulum. DISCUSSION This study provides methodological details and discusses precautions for the mycobiome investigation of achlorophyllous gametophytes. This research is also the first to uncover the mycobiome assembly of an achlorophyllous gametophyte of an epiphytic fern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ko‐Hsuan Chen
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
| | - Qiao‐Yi Xie
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia SinicaTaipeiTaiwan
- Life Science DepartmentNational Taiwan Normal UniversityTaipeiTaiwan
| | | | - Li‐Yaung Kuo
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular BiologyNational Tsing‐Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwan
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Genre A, Lanfranco L, Perotto S, Bonfante P. Unique and common traits in mycorrhizal symbioses. Nat Rev Microbiol 2020; 18:649-660. [PMID: 32694620 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-020-0402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mycorrhizas are among the most important biological interkingdom interactions, as they involve ~340,000 land plants and ~50,000 taxa of soil fungi. In these mutually beneficial interactions, fungi receive photosynthesis-derived carbon and provide the host plant with mineral nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen in exchange. More than 150 years of research on mycorrhizas has raised awareness of their biology, biodiversity and ecological impact. In this Review, we focus on recent phylogenomic, molecular and cell biology studies to present the current state of knowledge of the origin of mycorrhizal fungi and the evolutionary history of their relationship with land plants. As mycorrhizas feature a variety of phenotypes, depending on partner taxonomy, physiology and cellular interactions, we explore similarities and differences between mycorrhizal types. During evolution, mycorrhizal fungi have refined their biotrophic capabilities to take advantage of their hosts as food sources and protective niches, while plants have developed multiple strategies to accommodate diverse fungal symbionts. Intimate associations with pervasive ecological success have originated at the crossroads between these two evolutionary pathways. Our understanding of the biological processes underlying these symbioses, where fungi act as biofertilizers and bioprotectors, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing environmental and agricultural challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Genre
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Luisa Lanfranco
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvia Perotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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