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Chakraborty D, Mondal B, Thirumalai D. Brewing COFFEE: A Sequence-Specific Coarse-Grained Energy Function for Simulations of DNA-Protein Complexes. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1398-1413. [PMID: 38241144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
DNA-protein interactions are pervasive in a number of biophysical processes ranging from transcription and gene expression to chromosome folding. To describe the structural and dynamic properties underlying these processes accurately, it is important to create transferable computational models. Toward this end, we introduce Coarse-grained Force Field for Energy Estimation, COFFEE, a robust framework for simulating DNA-protein complexes. To brew COFFEE, we integrated the energy function in the self-organized polymer model with side-chains for proteins and the three interaction site model for DNA in a modular fashion, without recalibrating any of the parameters in the original force-fields. A unique feature of COFFEE is that it describes sequence-specific DNA-protein interactions using a statistical potential (SP) derived from a data set of high-resolution crystal structures. The only parameter in COFFEE is the strength (λDNAPRO) of the DNA-protein contact potential. For an optimal choice of λDNAPRO, the crystallographic B-factors for DNA-protein complexes with varying sizes and topologies are quantitatively reproduced. Without any further readjustments to the force-field parameters, COFFEE predicts scattering profiles that are in quantitative agreement with small-angle X-ray scattering experiments, as well as chemical shifts that are consistent with NMR. We also show that COFFEE accurately describes the salt-induced unraveling of nucleosomes. Strikingly, our nucleosome simulations explain the destabilization effect of ARG to LYS mutations, which do not alter the balance of electrostatic interactions but affect chemical interactions in subtle ways. The range of applications attests to the transferability of COFFEE, and we anticipate that it would be a promising framework for simulating DNA-protein complexes at the molecular length-scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debayan Chakraborty
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin 78712, Texas, United States
| | - Balaka Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin 78712, Texas, United States
| | - D Thirumalai
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 E 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin 78712, Texas, United States
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Austin, 2515 Speedway, Austin 78712, Texas, United States
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Garcia-Rodriguez G, Girardin Y, Kumar Singh R, Volkov AN, Van Dyck J, Muruganandam G, Sobott F, Charlier D, Loris R. Toxin:antitoxin ratio sensing autoregulation of the Vibrio cholerae parDE2 module. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadj2403. [PMID: 38181072 PMCID: PMC10776004 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
The parDE family of toxin-antitoxin (TA) operons is ubiquitous in bacterial genomes and, in Vibrio cholerae, is an essential component to maintain the presence of chromosome II. Here, we show that transcription of the V. cholerae parDE2 (VcparDE) operon is regulated in a toxin:antitoxin ratio-dependent manner using a molecular mechanism distinct from other type II TA systems. The repressor of the operon is identified as an assembly with a 6:2 stoichiometry with three interacting ParD2 dimers bridged by two ParE2 monomers. This assembly docks to a three-site operator containing 5'- GGTA-3' motifs. Saturation of this TA complex with ParE2 toxin results in disruption of the interface between ParD2 dimers and the formation of a TA complex of 2:2 stoichiometry. The latter is operator binding-incompetent as it is incompatible with the required spacing of the ParD2 dimers on the operator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Garcia-Rodriguez
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Yana Girardin
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Ranjan Kumar Singh
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Alexander N. Volkov
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Jean Jeener NMR Centre, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Van Dyck
- Department of Chemistry, Universiteit Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, Antwerpen 2020, Belgium
| | - Gopinath Muruganandam
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Frank Sobott
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Daniel Charlier
- Research Group of Microbiology, Department of Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Remy Loris
- Structural Biology Brussels, Department of Biotechnology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
- Structural Biology Research Center, Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
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Pizzolato-Cezar LR, Spira B, Machini MT. Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems: Novel insights on toxin activation across populations and experimental shortcomings. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 5:100204. [PMID: 38024808 PMCID: PMC10643148 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The alarming rise in hard-to-treat bacterial infections is of great concern to human health. Thus, the identification of molecular mechanisms that enable the survival and growth of pathogens is of utmost urgency for the development of more efficient antimicrobial therapies. In challenging environments, such as presence of antibiotics, or during host infection, metabolic adjustments are essential for microorganism survival and competitiveness. Toxin-antitoxin systems (TASs) consisting of a toxin with metabolic modulating activity and a cognate antitoxin that antagonizes that toxin are important elements in the arsenal of bacterial stress defense. However, the exact physiological function of TA systems is highly debatable and with the exception of stabilization of mobile genetic elements and phage inhibition, other proposed biological functions lack a broad consensus. This review aims at gaining new insights into the physiological effects of TASs in bacteria and exploring the experimental shortcomings that lead to discrepant results in TAS research. Distinct control mechanisms ensure that only subsets of cells within isogenic cultures transiently develop moderate levels of toxin activity. As a result, TASs cause phenotypic growth heterogeneity rather than cell stasis in the entire population. It is this feature that allows bacteria to thrive in diverse environments through the creation of subpopulations with different metabolic rates and stress tolerance programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis R. Pizzolato-Cezar
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beny Spira
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M. Teresa Machini
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Oliveira HL, Dias GM, Neves BC. Genome sequence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA1-Petro—A role model of environmental adaptation and a potential biotechnological tool. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11566. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Luo TL, Corey BW, Snesrud E, Iovleva A, McElheny CL, Preston LN, Kwak YI, Bennett JW, Doi Y, McGann PT, Lebreton F. IS 26-mediated plasmid reshuffling results in convergence of toxin-antitoxin systems but loss of resistance genes in XDR Klebsiella pneumoniae from a chronic infection. Microb Genom 2022; 8. [PMID: 36169644 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales pose an urgent threat to human health worldwide. Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type (ST) 14, initially identified in the Middle East and South-Asia and co-harbouring the carbapenemase genes bla OXA-232 and bla NDM-1, is now emerging globally. One such strain was detected in the USA in 2013 from a patient initially treated in India that also carried armA, a 16S rRNA methyltransferase that confers resistance to all clinically relevant aminoglycosides. Genetic and phenotypic changes were observed in 14 serial isolates collected from this chronically infected patient. The index isolate carried five plasmids, including an IncFIB-IncHI1B (harbouring armA and bla NDM-1), an IncFIA (bla CTX-M-15) and a ColE-like (bla OXA-232), and was extensively resistant to antibiotics. Four years later, a subsequent isolate had accumulated 34 variants, including a loss-of-function mutation in romA, resulting in tigecycline non-susceptibility. Importantly, this isolate now only carried two plasmids, including a large mosaic molecule made of fragments, all harbouring distinct toxin-antitoxin systems, from three of the canonical plasmids. Of the original acquired antibiotic resistance genes, this isolate only retained bla CTX-M-15, and as a result susceptibility to the carbapenems and amikacin was restored. Long-read sequencing of a subset of five representative isolates, collected between 2013 and 2017, allowed for the elucidation of the complex plasmid patterns and revealed the role of IS26-mediated plasmid reshuffling in the evolution of this clone. Such investigations of the mechanisms underlying plasmid stability, together with global and local surveillance programmes, are key to a better understanding of plasmid host range and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting L Luo
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Brendan W Corey
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Erik Snesrud
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Alina Iovleva
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christi L McElheny
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lan N Preston
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoon I Kwak
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason W Bennett
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Yohei Doi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Patrick T McGann
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Francois Lebreton
- Multidrug-Resistant Organism Repository and Surveillance Network (MRSN), Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Evaluating the Contribution of the Predicted Toxin-Antitoxin System HigBA to Persistence, Biofilm Formation, and Virulence in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Infect Immun 2022; 90:e0003522. [PMID: 35695502 PMCID: PMC9302164 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00035-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melioidosis is an underreported human disease caused by the Gram-negative intracellular pathogen Burkholderia pseudomallei (Bpm). Both the treatment and the clearance of the pathogen are challenging, with high relapse rates leading to latent infections. This has been linked to the bacterial persistence phenomenon, a growth arrest strategy that allows bacteria to survive under stressful conditions, as in the case of antibiotic treatment, within a susceptible clonal population. At a molecular level, this phenomenon has been associated with the presence of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. We annotated the Bpm K96243 genome and selected 11 pairs of genes encoding for these TA systems, and their expression was evaluated under different conditions (supralethal antibiotic conditions; intracellular survival bacteria). The predicted HigB toxin (BPSL3343) and its predicted antitoxin HigA (BPS_RS18025) were further studied using mutant construction. The phenotypes of two mutants (ΔhigB and ΔhigB ΔhigA) were evaluated under different conditions compared to the wild-type (WT) strain. The ΔhigB toxin mutant showed a defect in intracellular survival on macrophages, a phenotype that was eliminated after levofloxacin treatment. We found that the absence of the toxin provides an advantage over the WT strain, in both in vitro and in vivo models, during persister conditions induced by levofloxacin. The lack of the antitoxin also resulted in differential responses to the conditions evaluated, and under some conditions, it restored the WT phenotype, overall suggesting that both toxin and antitoxin components play a role in the persister-induced phenotype in Bpm.
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Bacterial Transcriptional Regulators: A Road Map for Functional, Structural, and Biophysical Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042179. [PMID: 35216300 PMCID: PMC8879271 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The different niches through which bacteria move during their life cycle require a fast response to the many environmental queues they encounter. The sensing of these stimuli and their correct response is driven primarily by transcriptional regulators. This kind of protein is involved in sensing a wide array of chemical species, a process that ultimately leads to the regulation of gene transcription. The allosteric-coupling mechanism of sensing and regulation is a central aspect of biological systems and has become an important field of research during the last decades. In this review, we summarize the state-of-the-art techniques applied to unravel these complex mechanisms. We introduce a roadmap that may serve for experimental design, depending on the answers we seek and the initial information we have about the system of study. We also provide information on databases containing available structural information on each family of transcriptional regulators. Finally, we discuss the recent results of research about the allosteric mechanisms of sensing and regulation involving many transcriptional regulators of interest, highlighting multipronged strategies and novel experimental techniques. The aim of the experiments discussed here was to provide a better understanding at a molecular level of how bacteria adapt to the different environmental threats they face.
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Saldarriaga-Córdoba M, Irgang R, Avendaño-Herrera R. Comparison between genome sequences of Chilean Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi isolated from red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis) and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) focusing on bacterial virulence determinants. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1843-1860. [PMID: 34369594 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi is an emerging pathogen for salmonid cultures and red conger eel (Genypterus chilensis) in Chile, causing high economic losses not only in Chile but also to the global salmon industry. Infected fish show severe gross skin lesions that are sometimes accompanied by bone exposure. Despite pathogenicity demonstrated by Koch's postulates, no knowledge is currently available regarding the virulence machinery of T. dicentrarchi strains. Comparisons between the genome sequences of the eight T. dicentrarchi strains obtained from G. chilensis and Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) provide insights on the existence of genomic diversity within this bacterium. The T. dicentrarchi type strain 3509T was used as a reference genome. Depending on the T. dicentrarchi strain, the discovered diversity included genes associated with iron acquisition mechanisms, copper homeostasis encoding, resistance to tetracycline and fluoroquinolones, pathogenic genomic islands and phages. Interestingly, genes encoding the T9SS membrane protein PorP/SprF were retrieved in all of the analysed T. dicentrarchi strains, regardless of the host fish (i.e. red conger eel or Atlantic salmon). However, the T6SS core component protein VgrG was identified in only one Atlantic salmon strain. Three types of peptidase genes and proteins associated with quorum sensing were detected in all of the T. dicentrarchi strains. In turn, all eight strains presented a total of 17 proteins associated with biofilm formation, which was previously confirmed through physiological studies. This comparative analysis will help elucidate and describe the genes and pathways that are likely involved in the virulence process of T. dicentrarchi. All or part of these predicted genes could aid the pathogen during the infective process in fish, making further physiological research necessary for clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Saldarriaga-Córdoba
- Centro de Investigación en Recursos Naturales y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rute Irgang
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
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Pseudomonas Phage MD8: Genetic Mosaicism and Challenges of Taxonomic Classification of Lambdoid Bacteriophages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910350. [PMID: 34638693 PMCID: PMC8508860 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas phage MD8 is a temperate phage isolated from the freshwater lake Baikal. The organisation of the MD8 genome resembles the genomes of lambdoid bacteriophages. However, MD8 gene and protein sequences have little in common with classified representatives of lambda-like phages. Analysis of phage genomes revealed a group of other Pseudomonas phages related to phage MD8 and the genomic layout of MD8-like phages indicated extensive gene exchange involving even the most conservative proteins and leading to a high degree of genomic mosaicism. Multiple horizontal transfers and mosaicism of the genome of MD8, related phages and other λ-like phages raise questions about the principles of taxonomic classification of the representatives of this voluminous phage group. Comparison and analysis of various bioinformatic approaches applied to λ-like phage genomes demonstrated different efficiency and contradictory results in the estimation of genomic similarity and relatedness. However, we were able to make suggestions for the possible origin of the MD8 genome and the basic principles for the taxonomic classification of lambdoid phages. The group comprising 26 MD8-related phages was proposed to classify as two close genera belonging to a big family of λ-like phages.
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Espinosa-Camacho LF, Delgado G, Cravioto A, Morales-Espinosa R. Diversity in the composition of the accessory genome of Mexican Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. Genes Genomics 2021; 44:53-77. [PMID: 34410625 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-021-01155-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important opportunistic pathogen especially in nosocomial infections due to its easy adaptation to different environments; this characteristic is due to the great genetic diversity that presents its genome. In addition, it is considered a pathogen of critical priority due to the high antimicrobial resistance. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to characterize the mobile genetic elements present in the chromosome of six Mexican P. aeruginosa strains isolated from adults with pneumonia and children with bacteremia. METHODS The genomic DNA of six P. aeruginosa strains were isolated and sequenced using PacBio RS-II platform. They were annotated using Prokaryotic Genome Annotation Pipeline and manually curated and analyzed for the presence of mobile genetic elements, antibiotic resistances genes, efflux pumps and virulence factors using several bioinformatics programs and databases. RESULTS The global analysis of the strains chromosomes showed a novel chromosomal rearrangement in two strains, possibly mediated by subsequent recombination and inversion events. They have a high content of mobile genetic elements: 21 genomic islands, four new islets, four different integrative conjugative elements, 28 different prophages, one CRISPR-Cas arrangements, and one class 1 integron. The acquisition of antimicrobials resistance genes into these elements are in concordance with their phenotype of multi-drug resistance. CONCLUSION The accessory genome increased the ability of the strains to adapt or survive to the hospital environment, promote genomic plasticity and chromosomal rearrangements, which may affect the expression or functionality of the gene and might influence the clinical outcome, having an impact on the treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Espinosa-Camacho
- Laboratorio de Genómica Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Colonia Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Delgado
- Laboratorio de Genómica Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Colonia Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- Laboratorio de Genómica Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Colonia Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosario Morales-Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Bacteriana, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 3000, Colonia Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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11
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Abstract
A putative type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) module almost exclusively associated with conjugative IncC plasmids is homologous to the higBA family of TA systems found in chromosomes and plasmids of several species of bacteria. Despite the clinical significance and strong association with high-profile antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, the TA system of IncC plasmids remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, we present evidence that IncC plasmids encode a bona fide HigB-like toxin that strongly inhibits bacterial growth and results in cell elongation in Escherichia coli. IncC HigB toxin acts as a ribosome-dependent endoribonuclease that significantly reduces the transcript abundance of a subset of adenine-rich mRNA transcripts. A glycine residue at amino acid position 64 is highly conserved in HigB toxins from different bacterial species, and its replacement with valine (G64V) abolishes the toxicity and the mRNA cleavage activity of the IncC HigB toxin. The IncC plasmid higBA TA system functions as an effective addiction module that maintains plasmid stability in an antibiotic-free environment. This higBA addiction module is the only TA system that we identified in the IncC backbone and appears essential for the stable maintenance of IncC plasmids. We also observed that exposure to subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin, a DNA-damaging fluoroquinolone antibiotic, results in elevated higBA expression, which raises interesting questions about its regulatory mechanisms. A better understanding of this higBA-type TA module potentially allows for its subversion as part of an AMR eradication strategy. IMPORTANCE Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems play vital roles in maintaining plasmids in bacteria. Plasmids with incompatibility group C are large plasmids that disseminate via conjugation and carry high-profile antibiotic resistance genes. We present experimental evidence that IncC plasmids carry a TA system that functions as an effective addiction module and maintains plasmid stability in an antibiotic-free environment. The toxin of IncC plasmids acts as an endoribonuclease that targets a subset of mRNA transcripts. Overexpressing the IncC toxin gene strongly inhibits bacterial growth and results in cell elongation in Escherichia coli hosts. We also identify a conserved amino acid residue in the toxin protein that is essential for its toxicity and show that the expression of this TA system is activated by a DNA-damaging antibiotic, ciprofloxacin. This mobile TA system may contribute to managing bacterial stress associated with DNA-damaging antibiotics.
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Song Y, Luo G, Zhu Y, Li T, Li C, He L, Zhao N, Zhao C, Yang J, Huang Q, Mu X, Tang X, Kang M, Wu S, He Y, Bao R. Pseudomonas aeruginosa antitoxin HigA functions as a diverse regulatory factor by recognizing specific pseudopalindromic DNA motifs. Environ Microbiol 2020; 23:1541-1558. [PMID: 33346387 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Type II toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems modulate many essential cellular processes in prokaryotic organisms. Recent studies indicate certain type II antitoxins also transcriptionally regulate other genes, besides neutralizing toxin activity. Herein, we investigated the diverse transcriptional repression properties of type II TA antitoxin PaHigA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Biochemical and functional analyses showed that PaHigA recognized variable pseudopalindromic DNA sequences and repressed expression of multiple genes. Furthermore, we presented high resolution structures of apo-PaHigA, PaHigA-PhigBA and PaHigA-Ppa2440 complex, describing how the rearrangements of the HTH domain accounted for the different DNA-binding patterns among HigA homologues. Moreover, we demonstrated that the N-terminal loop motion of PaHigA was associated with its apo and DNA-bound states, reflecting a switch mechanism regulating HigA antitoxin function. Collectively, this work extends our understanding of how the PaHigB/HigA system regulates multiple metabolic pathways to balance the growth and stress response in P. aeruginosa and could guide further development of anti-TA oriented strategies for pathogen treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Guihua Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yibo Zhu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Changcheng Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihui He
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ninglin Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Chang Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Huang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Mu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Kang
- Department of Laboratory medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siying Wu
- Department of Laboratory medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongxing He
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
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13
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do Nascimento APB, Medeiros Filho F, Pauer H, Antunes LCM, Sousa H, Senger H, Albano RM, Trindade Dos Santos M, Carvalho-Assef APD, da Silva FAB. Characterization of a SPM-1 metallo-beta-lactamase-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa by comparative genomics and phenotypic analysis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13192. [PMID: 32764694 PMCID: PMC7413544 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the most common pathogens related to healthcare-associated infections. The Brazilian isolate, named CCBH4851, is a multidrug-resistant clone belonging to the sequence type 277. The antimicrobial resistance mechanisms of the CCBH4851 strain are associated with the presence of the bla\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$_\text {SPM-1}$$\end{document}SPM-1 gene, encoding a metallo-beta-lactamase, in combination with other exogenously acquired genes. Whole-genome sequencing studies focusing on emerging pathogens are essential to identify key features of their physiology that may lead to the identification of new targets for therapy. Using both Illumina and PacBio sequencing data, we obtained a single contig representing the CCBH4851 genome with annotated features that were consistent with data reported for the species. However, comparative analysis with other Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains revealed genomic differences regarding virulence factors and regulatory proteins. In addition, we performed phenotypic assays that revealed CCBH4851 is impaired in bacterial motilities and biofilm formation. On the other hand, CCBH4851 genome contained acquired genomic islands that carry transcriptional factors, virulence and antimicrobial resistance-related genes. Presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in the core genome, mainly those located in resistance-associated genes, suggests that these mutations may also influence the multidrug-resistant behavior of CCBH4851. Overall, characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa CCBH4851 complete genome revealed the presence of features that strongly relates to the virulence and antibiotic resistance profile of this important infectious agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heidi Pauer
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-361, Brazil
| | - Luis Caetano Martha Antunes
- Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico em Saúde, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21040-361, Brazil.,Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Hério Sousa
- Departamento de Computação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Hermes Senger
- Departamento de Computação, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Rodolpho Mattos Albano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21941-909, Brazil
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14
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Chimal-Cázares F, Hernández-Martínez G, Pacheco S, Ares MA, Soria-Bustos J, Sánchez-Gutiérrez M, Izquierdo-Vega JA, Ibarra JA, González-Y-Merchand JA, Gorvel JP, Méresse S, De la Cruz MA. Molecular Characterization of SehB, a Type II Antitoxin of Salmonella enterica Serotype Typhimurium: Amino Acid Residues Involved in DNA-Binding, Homodimerization, Toxin Interaction, and Virulence. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:614. [PMID: 32328049 PMCID: PMC7160566 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium is a bacterium that causes gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. The genome of S. Typhimurium codes for diverse virulence factors, among which are the toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems. SehAB is a type II TA, where SehA is the toxin and SehB is the antitoxin. It was previously reported that the absence of the SehB antitoxin affects the growth of S. Typhimurium. In addition, the SehB antitoxin can interact directly with the SehA toxin neutralizing its toxic effect as well as repressing its own expression. We identified conserved residues on SehB homologous proteins. Point mutations were introduced at both N- and C-terminal of SehB antitoxin to analyze the effect of these changes on its transcription repressor function, on its ability to form homodimers and on the virulence of S. Typhimurium. All changes in amino acid residues at both the N- and C-terminal affected the repressor function of SehB antitoxin and they were required for DNA-binding activity. Mutations in the amino acid residues at the N-terminal showed a lower capacity for homodimer formation of the SehB protein. However, none of the SehB point mutants were affected in the interaction with the SehA toxin. In terms of virulence, the eight single-amino acid mutations were attenuated for virulence in the mouse model. In agreement with our results, the eight amino acid residues of SehB antitoxin were required for its repressor activity, affecting both homodimerization and DNA-binding activity, supporting the notion that both activities of SehB antitoxin are required to confer virulence to Salmonella enterica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Chimal-Cázares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Hernández-Martínez
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sabino Pacheco
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Ares
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge Soria-Bustos
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico.,Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jose Antonio Ibarra
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jorge A González-Y-Merchand
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Miguel A De la Cruz
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Enfermedades Infecciosas y Parasitarias, Hospital de Pediatría, Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
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