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Sabotič J, Bayram E, Ezra D, Gaudêncio SP, Haznedaroğlu BZ, Janež N, Ktari L, Luganini A, Mandalakis M, Safarik I, Simes D, Strode E, Toruńska-Sitarz A, Varamogianni-Mamatsi D, Varese GC, Vasquez MI. A guide to the use of bioassays in exploration of natural resources. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 71:108307. [PMID: 38185432 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Bioassays are the main tool to decipher bioactivities from natural resources thus their selection and quality are critical for optimal bioprospecting. They are used both in the early stages of compounds isolation/purification/identification, and in later stages to evaluate their safety and efficacy. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the most common bioassays used in the discovery and development of new bioactive compounds with a focus on marine bioresources. We present a comprehensive list of practical considerations for selecting appropriate bioassays and discuss in detail the bioassays typically used to explore antimicrobial, antibiofilm, cytotoxic, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-ageing potential. The concept of quality control and bioassay validation are introduced, followed by safety considerations, which are critical to advancing bioactive compounds to a higher stage of development. We conclude by providing an application-oriented view focused on the development of pharmaceuticals, food supplements, and cosmetics, the industrial pipelines where currently known marine natural products hold most potential. We highlight the importance of gaining reliable bioassay results, as these serve as a starting point for application-based development and further testing, as well as for consideration by regulatory authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Engin Bayram
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - David Ezra
- Department of Plant Pathology and Weed Research, ARO, The Volcani Institute, P.O.Box 15159, Rishon LeZion 7528809, Israel
| | - Susana P Gaudêncio
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Biomolecular Sciences Unit, Department of Chemistry, Blue Biotechnology & Biomedicine Lab, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University of Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Berat Z Haznedaroğlu
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, Istanbul 34342, Turkey
| | - Nika Janež
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Leila Ktari
- B3Aqua Laboratory, National Institute of Marine Sciences and Technologies, Carthage University, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anna Luganini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, 10123 Turin, Italy
| | - Manolis Mandalakis
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ivo Safarik
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Biology Centre, ISBB, CAS, Na Sadkach 7, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute, Palacky University, Slechtitelu 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Dina Simes
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; 2GenoGla Diagnostics, Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Evita Strode
- Latvian Institute of Aquatic Ecology, Agency of Daugavpils University, Riga LV-1007, Latvia
| | - Anna Toruńska-Sitarz
- Department of Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Oceanography and Geography, University of Gdańsk, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Despoina Varamogianni-Mamatsi
- Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture, Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, 71500 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Marlen I Vasquez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 3036 Limassol, Cyprus
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Tsumori C, Matsuo S, Murai Y, Kai K. Quorum Sensing-Dependent Invasion of Ralstonia solanacearum into Fusarium oxysporum Chlamydospores. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0003623. [PMID: 37367297 PMCID: PMC10433826 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00036-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Strains of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC), although known as the causative agent of bacterial wilt disease in plants, induce the chlamydospores of many fungal species and invade them through the spores. The lipopeptide ralstonins are the chlamydospore inducers produced by RSSC and are essential for this invasion. However, no mechanistic investigation of this interaction has been conducted. In this study, we report that quorum sensing (QS), which is a bacterial cell-cell communication, is important for RSSC to invade the fungus Fusarium oxysporum (Fo). ΔphcB, a deletion mutant of QS signal synthase, lost the ability to both produce ralstonins and invade Fo chlamydospores. The QS signal methyl 3-hydroxymyristate rescued these disabilities. In contrast, exogenous ralstonin A, while inducing Fo chlamydospores, failed to rescue the invasive ability. Gene-deletion and -complementation experiments revealed that the QS-dependent production of extracellular polysaccharide I (EPS I) is essential for this invasion. The RSSC cells adhered to Fo hyphae and formed biofilms there before inducing chlamydospores. This biofilm formation was not observed in the EPS I- or ralstonin-deficient mutant. Microscopic analysis showed that RSSC infection resulted in the death of Fo chlamydospores. Altogether, we report that the RSSC QS system is important for this lethal endoparasitism. Among the factors regulated by the QS system, ralstonins, EPS I, and biofilm are important parasitic factors. IMPORTANCE Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) strains infect both plants and fungi. The phc quorum-sensing (QS) system of RSSC is important for parasitism on plants, because it allows them to invade and proliferate within the hosts by causing appropriate activation of the system at each infection step. In this study, we confirm that ralstonin A is important not only for Fusarium oxysporum (Fo) chlamydospore induction but also for RSSC biofilm formation on Fo hyphae. Extracellular polysaccharide I (EPS I) is also essential for biofilm formation, while the phc QS system controls these factors in terms of production. The present results advocate a new QS-dependent mechanism for the process by which a bacterium invades a fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiaki Tsumori
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shoma Matsuo
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Murai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Kai
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan
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Lipid-rich endo-metabolites from a vertically transmitted fungal endophyte Penicillium sp. PM031 attenuate virulence factors of phytopathogenic Ralstonia solanacearum. Microbiol Res 2022; 261:127058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Yuan W, Ruan S, Qi G, Wang R, Zhao X. Plant growth-promoting and antibacterial activities of cultivable bacteria alive in tobacco field against Ralstonia solanacearum. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:1411-1429. [PMID: 35112429 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial wilt disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum leads to decrease of crops yield. Investigation of cultivable bacteria diversity provides more microbial species for screening antagonistic bacteria. In the present study, a variety of cultivation methods were used to investigate the diversity of cultivable bacteria alive in tobacco field. A total of 441 bacterial strains were obtained that belonged to four phyla, 49 genera and 146 species. Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria were the dominant phyla. Agrobacterium, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Klebsiella, Paenarthrobacter, Pseudomonas and Pseudarthrobacter were the dominant genera. Some rare genera were discovered including Bosea, Cedecea, Delftia and Dyella. Diversity, species and abundances of bacteria altered under different cultivation conditions. One hundred three bacterial strains showed plant growth-promoting attributes. Twenty Bacillus strains showed high antibacterial activity against R. solanacearum. In field experiments, individual strain and consortia of Bacillus subtilis, B. siamensis and B. vallismortis effectively inhibited bacterial wilt. The core genes that controlled synthesis of secondary metabolites were knocked out in B. vallismortis SSB-10. Difficidin, which was synthesized by dif operon and controlled by sfp gene, was the antibacterial substance produced by SSB-10. Difficidin destroyed cell wall and cell membrane of R. solanacearum and inhibited its motility, production of extracellular polysaccharides and cellulase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfang Yuan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Song Ruan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Gaofu Qi
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiuyun Zhao
- College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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Trisrivirat D, Sutthaphirom C, Pimviriyakul P, Chaiyen P. Dual activities of oxidation and oxidative decarboxylation by flavoenzymes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100666. [PMID: 35040514 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Specific flavoenzyme oxidases catalyze oxidative decarboxylation in addition to their classical oxidation reactions in the same active sites. The mechanisms underlying oxidative decarboxylation by these enzymes and how they control their two activities are not clearly known. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of four enzymes from the l-amino acid oxidase and l-hydroxy acid oxidase families, including l-tryptophan 2-monooxygenase, l-phenylalanine 2-oxidase and l-lysine oxidase/monooxygenase and lactate monooxygenase which catalyze substrate oxidation and oxidative decarboxylation. Apart from specific interactions to allow substrate oxidation by the flavin cofactor, specific binding of oxidized product in the active sites appears to be important for enabling subsequent decarboxylation by these enzymes. Based on recent findings of l-lysine oxidase/monooxygenase, we propose that nucleophilic attack of H2O2 on the imino acid product is the mechanism enabling oxidative decarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangthip Trisrivirat
- VISTEC: Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Biomolecular Science and Engineering, THAILAND
| | - Chalermroj Sutthaphirom
- VISTEC: Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Biomolecular Science and Engineering, THAILAND
| | | | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, 21210, Wangchan District, THAILAND
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Sterniša M, Sabotič J, Klančnik A. A novel approach using growth curve analysis to distinguish between antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities against Salmonella. Int J Food Microbiol 2022; 364:109520. [PMID: 35026447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella spp. are a commonly identified cause of outbreaks of food-borne diseases. Despite much research, there remains the need to find new antimicrobial and anti-biofilm agents against Salmonella. For this, it is necessary to distinguish between these two aspects. Agents that influence biofilm formation should not affect bacterial growth, to thus avoid further promotion of the development of resistance. In this study, we present the use of growth curves of Salmonella Infantis to simultaneously determine antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities, for the screening for anti-Salmonella activities of 42 aqueous fungal extracts. The extract from Pseudohydnum gelatinosum showed good antimicrobial activity, and that from Pleurotus ostreatus showed good anti-biofilm activity. In extracts from Infundibulicybe geotropa and Infundibulicybe gibba, both activities were determined after fractionation. The antimicrobial activity was associated with protein-rich fractions and mediated by l-amino acid oxidase activity. The fractionation did not allow determination of the anti-biofilm active fraction, so further studies are needed to define these compounds. Growth curve analysis of S. Infantis is shown here to provide a fast and simple approach to distinguish between antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities in a high-throughput setting, such that it can be easily implemented in screening and further bioassay-based purification of novel alternatives to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meta Sterniša
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Jerica Sabotič
- Department of Biotechnology, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anja Klančnik
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Lukasheva EV, Babayeva G, Karshieva SS, Zhdanov DD, Pokrovsky VS. L-Lysine α-Oxidase: Enzyme with Anticancer Properties. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1070. [PMID: 34832852 PMCID: PMC8618108 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
L-lysine α-oxidase (LO), one of L-amino acid oxidases, deaminates L-lysine with the yield of H2O2, ammonia, and α-keto-ε-aminocaproate. Multiple in vitro and in vivo studies have reported cytotoxic, antitumor, antimetastatic, and antitumor activity of LO. Unlike asparaginase, LO has a dual mechanism of action: depletion of L-lysine and formation of H2O2, both targeting tumor growth. Prominent results were obtained on murine and human tumor models, including human colon cancer xenografts HCT 116, LS174T, and T47D with maximum T/C 12, 37, and 36%, respectively. The data obtained from human cancer xenografts in immunodeficient mice confirm the potential of LO as an agent for colon cancer treatment. In this review, we discuss recently discovered molecular mechanisms of biological action and the potential of LO as anticancer enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Lukasheva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.L.); (G.B.)
| | - Gulalek Babayeva
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.L.); (G.B.)
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Saida Sh. Karshieva
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Dmitry D. Zhdanov
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Pogodinskaya Street 10/8, 119121 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vadim S. Pokrovsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Miklukho—Maklaya Street 6, 117198 Moscow, Russia; (E.V.L.); (G.B.)
- Laboratory of Combined Treatment, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Kashirskoe Shosse 24, 115478 Moscow, Russia;
- Center of Genetics and Life Sciences, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Federal Territory Sirius, 1 Olimpiisky Prospect, 354340 Sochi, Russia
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Heß MC, Grollius M, Duhay V, Koopmeiners S, Bloess S, Fischer von Mollard G. Analysis of N-glycosylation in fungal l-amino acid oxidases expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1224. [PMID: 34459552 PMCID: PMC8364938 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of l-amino acids to corresponding α-keto acids. Here, we describe the heterologous expression of four fungal LAAOs in Pichia pastoris. cgLAAO1 from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and ncLAAO1 from Neurospora crassa were able to convert substrates not recognized by recombinant 9His-hcLAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum described earlier thereby broadening the substrate spectrum for potential applications. 9His-frLAAO1 from Fibroporia radiculosa and 9His-laLAAO2 from Laccaria amethystine were obtained only in low amounts. All four enzymes were N-glycosylated. We generated mutants of 9His-hcLAAO4 lacking N-glycosylation sites to further understand the effects of N-glycosylation. All four predicted N-glycosylation sites were glycosylated in 9His-hcLAAO4 expressed in P. pastoris. Enzymatic activity was similar for fully glycosylated 9His-hcLAAO4 and variants without one or all N-glycosylation sites after acid activation of all samples. However, activity without acid treatment was low in a variant without N-glycans. This was caused by the absence of a hypermannosylated N-glycan on asparagine residue N54. The lack of one or all of the other N-glycans was without effect. Our results demonstrate that adoption of a more active conformation requires a specific N-glycosylation during biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Christian Heß
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Marvin Grollius
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Valentin Duhay
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Simon Koopmeiners
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Svenja Bloess
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
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