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Heß MC, Grollius M, Duhay V, Koopmeiners S, Bloess S, Fischer von Mollard G. Analysis of N-glycosylation in fungal l-amino acid oxidases expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1224. [PMID: 34459552 PMCID: PMC8364938 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of l-amino acids to corresponding α-keto acids. Here, we describe the heterologous expression of four fungal LAAOs in Pichia pastoris. cgLAAO1 from Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and ncLAAO1 from Neurospora crassa were able to convert substrates not recognized by recombinant 9His-hcLAAO4 from the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum described earlier thereby broadening the substrate spectrum for potential applications. 9His-frLAAO1 from Fibroporia radiculosa and 9His-laLAAO2 from Laccaria amethystine were obtained only in low amounts. All four enzymes were N-glycosylated. We generated mutants of 9His-hcLAAO4 lacking N-glycosylation sites to further understand the effects of N-glycosylation. All four predicted N-glycosylation sites were glycosylated in 9His-hcLAAO4 expressed in P. pastoris. Enzymatic activity was similar for fully glycosylated 9His-hcLAAO4 and variants without one or all N-glycosylation sites after acid activation of all samples. However, activity without acid treatment was low in a variant without N-glycans. This was caused by the absence of a hypermannosylated N-glycan on asparagine residue N54. The lack of one or all of the other N-glycans was without effect. Our results demonstrate that adoption of a more active conformation requires a specific N-glycosylation during biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Christian Heß
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Marvin Grollius
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Valentin Duhay
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Simon Koopmeiners
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
| | - Svenja Bloess
- Biochemistry IIIDepartment of ChemistryBielefeld UniversityBielefeldGermany
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Khullar S, Sudhakara Reddy M. Cadmium and arsenic responses in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor: glutathione metabolism and its role in metal(loid) homeostasis. Environ Microbiol Rep 2019; 11:53-61. [PMID: 30411517 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi play an important role in protecting their host plant from metal(loid) stresses by synthesizing various thiol rich compounds like metallothioneins and glutathione. We investigated the effect of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) stress with a specific interest on glutathione (GSH) in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor. The total GSH levels inside the cell were significantly increased with increase in external metal(loid) stress. An analysis of the transcript levels of genes responsible for GSH synthesis, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (Lbγ-GCS) and glutathione synthetase (LbGS), using qPCR revealed that expression of both genes increased as a function of external metal(loid) concentration. The enzyme activity of both Lbγ-GCS and LbGS were increased with increase in external Cd and As concentration. Further, the functional role of Lbγ-GCS and LbGS genes in response to Cd and As stress was studied using their respective yeast mutant strains gsh1 Δ and gsh2 Δ . The mutant strains successfully expressed the two genes resulting in wild-type phenotype restoration of Cd and As tolerance. From these results, it was concluded that GSH act as a core component in the mycorrhizal defence system under Cd and As stress for metal(loid) homeostasis and detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Khullar
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
| | - M Sudhakara Reddy
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, 147004, India
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Zhang F, Anasontzis GE, Labourel A, Champion C, Haon M, Kemppainen M, Commun C, Deveau A, Pardo A, Veneault-Fourrey C, Kohler A, Rosso MN, Henrissat B, Berrin JG, Martin F. The ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor releases a secreted β-1,4 endoglucanase that plays a key role in symbiosis development. New Phytol 2018; 220:1309-1321. [PMID: 29624684 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In ectomycorrhiza, root ingress and colonization of the apoplast by colonizing hyphae is thought to rely mainly on the mechanical force that results from hyphal tip growth, but this could be enhanced by secretion of cell-wall-degrading enzymes, which have not yet been identified. The sole cellulose-binding module (CBM1) encoded in the genome of the ectomycorrhizal Laccaria bicolor is linked to a glycoside hydrolase family 5 (GH5) endoglucanase, LbGH5-CBM1. Here, we characterize LbGH5-CBM1 gene expression and the biochemical properties of its protein product. We also immunolocalized LbGH5-CBM1 by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy in poplar ectomycorrhiza. We show that LbGH5-CBM1 expression is substantially induced in ectomycorrhiza, and RNAi mutants with a decreased LbGH5-CBM1 expression have a lower ability to form ectomycorrhiza, suggesting a key role in symbiosis. Recombinant LbGH5-CBM1 displays its highest activity towards cellulose and galactomannans, but no activity toward L. bicolor cell walls. In situ localization of LbGH5-CBM1 in ectomycorrhiza reveals that the endoglucanase accumulates at the periphery of hyphae forming the Hartig net and the mantle. Our data suggest that the symbiosis-induced endoglucanase LbGH5-CBM1 is an enzymatic effector involved in cell wall remodeling during formation of the Hartig net and is an important determinant for successful symbiotic colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - George E Anasontzis
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1163, Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Fungi, 13009, Marseille, France
- CNRS, UMR 7257 & Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Aurore Labourel
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1163, Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Fungi, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Charlotte Champion
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1163, Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Fungi, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1163, Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Fungi, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Minna Kemppainen
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and CONICET, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carine Commun
- UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Aurélie Deveau
- UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Alejandro Pardo
- Laboratorio de Micología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes and CONICET, Bernal, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claire Veneault-Fourrey
- UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Annegret Kohler
- UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1163, Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Fungi, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- CNRS, UMR 7257 & Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC, 1408 AFMB, 13288, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Université, UMR 1163, Biodiversity and Biotechnology of Fungi, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Francis Martin
- UMR 1136 INRA-Université de Lorraine 'Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes', Laboratoire d'Excellence ARBRE, Centre INRA-Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
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Abstract
Here, the genome sequence of the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolorwas explored with the aim of constructing a genome-wide inventory of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Sixty-three genes of the major pathways were annotated and validated by the detection of the corresponding transcripts. Seventy-one per cent belonged to multigene families of up to five members. In the mycelium of L. bicolor, 19 different fatty acids were detected, including at low concentrations palmitvaccenic acid (16:1(11Z)), which is known to be a marker for arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The pathways of fatty acid biosynthesis and degradation in L. bicolor were reconstructed using lipid composition, gene annotation and transcriptional analysis. Annotation results indicated that saturated fatty acids were degraded in mitochondria, whereas degradation of modified fatty acids was confined to peroxisomes. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) was the second largest protein annotated in L. bicolor. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that L. bicolor, Ustilago maydis and Coprinopsis cinerea have a vertebrate-like type I FAS encoded as a single protein, whereas in other basidiomycetes, including the human pathogenic basidiomycete Cryptococcus neoformans, and in most ascomycetes FAS is composed of the two structurally distinct subunits α and β.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlis Reich
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique)-Nancy Université, UMR1136, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, France
- Büsgen-Institut, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Cornelia Göbel
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique)-Nancy Université, UMR1136, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, France
| | - Marc Buée
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique)-Nancy Université, UMR1136, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, France
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique)-Nancy Université, UMR1136, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, France
| | - Ivo Feussner
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Biochemistry, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Polle
- Büsgen-Institut, Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Courty PE, Hoegger PJ, Kilaru S, Kohler A, Buée M, Garbaye J, Martin F, Kües U. Phylogenetic analysis, genomic organization, and expression analysis of multi-copper oxidases in the ectomycorrhizal basidiomycete Laccaria bicolor. New Phytol 2009; 182:736-750. [PMID: 19243515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
In forest soils, ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic Agaricales differ in their strategies for carbon acquisition, but share common gene families encoding multi-copper oxidases (MCOs). These enzymes are involved in the oxidation of a variety of soil organic compounds. The MCO gene family of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor is composed of 11 genes divided into two distinct subfamilies corresponding to laccases (lcc) sensu stricto (lcc1 to lcc9), sharing a high sequence homology with the coprophilic Coprinopsis cinerea laccase genes, and to ferroxidases (lcc10 and lcc11) that are not present in C. cinerea. The fet3-like ferroxidase genes lcc10 and lcc11 in L. bicolor are each arranged in a mirrored tandem orientation with an ftr gene coding for an iron permease. Unlike C. cinerea, L. bicolor has no sid1/sidA gene for siderophore biosynthesis. Transcript profiling using whole-genome expression arrays and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed that some transcripts were very abundant in ectomycorrhizas (lcc3 and lcc8), in fruiting bodies (lcc7) or in the free-living mycelium grown on agar medium (lcc9 and lcc10), suggesting a specific function of these MCOs. The amino acid composition of the MCO substrate binding sites suggests that L. bicolor MCOs interact with substrates different from those of saprotrophic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Courty
- UMR 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganisms, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
- Botanical Institute, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - P J Hoegger
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - S Kilaru
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - A Kohler
- UMR 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganisms, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - M Buée
- UMR 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganisms, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - J Garbaye
- UMR 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganisms, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - F Martin
- UMR 1136 INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganisms, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - U Kües
- Molecular Wood Biotechnology and Technical Mycology, Büsgen-Institute, Georg-August-University, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
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Rajashekar B, Kohler A, Johansson T, Martin F, Tunlid A, Ahrén D. Expansion of signal pathways in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor- evolution of nucleotide sequences and expression patterns in families of protein kinases and RAS small GTPases. New Phytol 2009; 183:365-379. [PMID: 19453435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria bicolor has the largest genome of all fungi yet sequenced. The large genome size is partly a result of an expansion of gene family sizes. Among the largest gene families are protein kinases and RAS small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), which are key components of signal transduction pathways. Comparative genomics and phylogenetic analyses were used to examine the evolution of the two largest families of protein kinases and RAS small GTPases in L. bicolor. Expression levels in various tissues and growth conditions were inferred from microarray data. The two families possessed a large number of young duplicates (paralogs) that had arisen in the Laccaria lineage following the separation from the saprophyte Coprinopsis cinerea. The protein kinase paralogs were dispersed in many small clades and the majority were pseudogenes. By contrast, the RAS paralogs were found in three large groups of RAS1-, RAS2- and RHO1-like GTPases with few pseudogenes. Duplicates of protein kinases and RAS small GTPase have either retained, gained or lost motifs found in the coding regions of their ancestors. Frequent outcomes during evolution were the formation of pseudogenes (nonfunctionalization) or proteins with novel structures and expression patterns (neofunctionalization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Rajashekar
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Annegret Kohler
- UMR1136, INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Tomas Johansson
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Francis Martin
- UMR1136, INRA-Nancy Université, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, INRA-Nancy, 54280 Champenoux, France
| | - Anders Tunlid
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Dag Ahrén
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Ecology Building, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
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