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Rosado D, Canada P, Marques Silva S, Ribeiro N, Diniz P, Xavier R. Disruption of the skin, gill, and gut mucosae microbiome of gilthead seabream fingerlings after bacterial infection and antibiotic treatment. FEMS MICROBES 2023; 4:xtad011. [PMID: 37389204 PMCID: PMC10306326 DOI: 10.1093/femsmc/xtad011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The activity of the microbiome of fish mucosae provides functions related to immune response, digestion, or metabolism. Several biotic and abiotic factors help maintaining microbial homeostasis, with disruptions leading to dysbiosis. Diseases and antibiotic administration are known to cause dysbiosis in farmed fish. Pathogen infections greatly affect the production of gilthead seabream, and antibiotic treatment is still frequently required. Here, we employed a 16S rRNA high-throughput metataxonomics approach to characterize changes in the gut, skin, and gill microbiomes occurring due to infection with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and subsequent antibiotic treatment with oxytetracycline (OTC), as well as during recovery. Although microbiota response differed between studied tissues, overall changes in composition, diversity, structure, and predicted function were observed in all mucosae. The skin and gill microbiomes of diseased fish became largely dominated by taxa that have been frequently linked to secondary infections, whereas in the gut the genus Vibrio, known to include pathogenic bacteria, increased with OTC treatment. The study highlights the negative impacts of disease and antibiotic treatment on the microbiome of farmed fish. Our results also suggest that fish transportation operations may have profound effects on the fish microbiome, but further studies are needed to accurately evaluate their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rosado
- S2AQUA – Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Avenida Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
| | - Paula Canada
- Corresponding author. Paula Canada, CIIMAR – Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros de Leixões. Av. General Norton de Matos, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal, CMC; Centro de Maricultura da Calheta, Direcção Regional do Mar, Av. D. Manuel I, nº 7, 9370-135 Calheta, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Sofia Marques Silva
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, R. Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Nuno Ribeiro
- MVAQUA – Serviços Médico Veterinários dedicados a Aquacultura, Av. do Parque de Campismo Lote 24, Fração C, 3840-264 Gafanha da Boa Hora, Portugal
| | - Pedro Diniz
- Marismar – Aquicultura Marinha, Lda, Rua do Cabrestante 28, 9000-105 Funchal, Portugal
| | - Raquel Xavier
- Raquel Xavier, CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, R. Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal, BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, R. Padre Armando Quintas 7, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; E-mail:
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Wu Y, Zhang Y, Yang X, Li K, Mai B, He Z, Wu R. Deterministic processes shape bacterial community assembly in a karst river across dry and wet seasons. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:938490. [PMID: 36274723 PMCID: PMC9584624 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.938490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Karst rivers are particularly vulnerable to bacterial pollution because immigrations are easily diffused from the surrounding environments due to their strong hydraulic connectivity. However, the assembly mechanism in shaping riverine bacterial biogeography is still poorly understood, especially for an ecosystem in the karst area. Here, 16S rRNA genes were used to explore the spatiotemporal and biogeographical patterns of bacterial communities from the Chishui River in the dry and wet seasons, and explore the impact of external immigration on the assembly of water bacterial communities. Our results showed clear spatiotemporal patterns of bacterial communities with a more pronounced seasonal rather than spatial fluctuation, which appeared to be dependent on seasonal-related environmental factors (e.g., temperature and turbidity). The bacterial communities exhibited a significant (p < 0.05) distance–decay pattern in both seasons, and they had a stronger distance–decay relationship in the dry season than in the wet season. However, most of the biomarkers of different external immigrations did not show significant (p > 0.05) distance–decay patterns along the Chishui river, implying that the biomarkers could be used as indicators of external immigration (e.g., OTU_125 and OTU_536). Also, the tributaries were the main external immigration (20.44–83.68%) for the Chishui River, while other terrestrial immigration (e.g., livestock, the soil of the cropland, brewing wastewater treatment plant, and sewages) showed relatively little influence, which could be due to the hydrodynamic conditions (e.g., fragile rock–soil system and hydrological structure) of the karst river. Additionally, the assembly of water bacterial communities in the Chishui river was governed by more determinism (50.7–85.7%) than stochasticity (14.3–49.3%) in both the dry and wet seasons. We demonstrated that the bacterial community’s substantial variations are largely shaped by deterministic processes, thereby providing a better understanding of spatiotemporal patterns and mechanisms of the bacterial community in karst river waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueqin Yang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaiming Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Resources Utilization and Protection, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhili He
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, China
| | - Renren Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People’s Republic of China, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Renren Wu,
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Pardesi B, Roberton AM, Lee KC, Angert ER, Rosendale DI, Boycheva S, White WL, Clements KD. Distinct microbiota composition and fermentation products indicate functional compartmentalization in the hindgut of a marine herbivorous fish. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:2494-2509. [PMID: 35152505 PMCID: PMC9306998 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many marine herbivorous fishes harbour diverse microbial communities in the hindgut that can play important roles in host health and nutrition. Kyphosus sydneyanus is a temperate marine herbivorous fish that feeds predominantly on brown seaweeds. We employed 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and gas chromatography to characterize microbial communities and their metabolites in different hindgut regions of six K. sydneyanus. Measurements were confined to three distal sections of the intestine, labelled III, IV and V from anterior to posterior. A total of 625 operational taxonomic units from 20 phyla and 123 genera were obtained. Bacteroidota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria were the major phyla in mean relative abundance, which varied along the gut. Firmicutes (76%) was the most dominant group in section III, whereas Bacteroidota (69.3%) dominated section V. Total short‐chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration was highest in sections IV and V, confirming active fermentation in these two most distal sections. The abundance of Bacteroidota correlated with propionate concentration in section V, while Firmicutes positively correlated with formate in sections III and IV. Acetate levels were highest in sections IV and V, which correlated with abundance of Bacteroidota. Despite differences in gut microbial community composition, SCFA profiles were consistent between individual fish in the different hindgut regions of K. sydneyanus, although proportions of SCFAs differed among gut sections. These findings demonstrate functional compartmentalization of the hindgut microbial community, highlighting the need for regional sampling when interpreting overall microbiome function. These results support previous work suggesting that hindgut microbiota in marine herbivorous fish are important to nutrition in some host species by converting dietary carbohydrates into metabolically useful SCFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikiran Pardesi
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Kevin C. Lee
- Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
| | - Esther R. Angert
- Department of Microbiology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Douglas I. Rosendale
- Plant & Food Research Ltd Palmerston North New Zealand
- Anagenix Ltd Parnell, Auckland 1052 New Zealand
| | - Svetlana Boycheva
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Biotelliga, Parnell, Auckland 1052 New Zealand
| | - William Lindsey White
- School of Science Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences Auckland University of Technology Auckland New Zealand
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Chen P, Huang J, Rao L, Zhu W, Yu Y, Xiao F, Chen X, Yu H, Wu Y, Xu K, Zheng X, Hu R, He Z, Yan Q. Resistance and Resilience of Fish Gut Microbiota to Silver Nanoparticles. mSystems 2021; 6:e0063021. [PMID: 34519523 PMCID: PMC8547456 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00630-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding mechanisms governing the resistance and resilience of microbial communities is essential for predicting their ecological responses to environmental disturbances. Although we have a good understanding of such issues for soil and lake ecosystems, how ecological resistance and resilience regulate the microbiota in the fish gut ecosystem remains unclear. Using the zebrafish model, we clarified the potential mechanisms governing the gut microbiota after exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Here, we explored the ecological resistance and resilience of gut microbiota in zebrafish exposed to different concentrations of AgNPs (i.e., 10, 33 and 100 μg/liter) for 15, 45, 75 days. The high-throughput sequencing analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that AgNP exposure significantly reduced the α-diversity of gut microbiota and resulted in obvious dynamics of community composition and structure. However, the rebound of zebrafish gut microbiota was pushed toward an alternative state after 15 days of AgNP exposure. We found that homogeneous selection was a more prevalent contributor in driving gut community recovery after AgNP exposure. The resilience and resistance of gut microbiota responses to AgNP disturbance might be mainly determined by the predominant keystone taxa such as Acinetobacter and Gemmata. This study not only expanded our understanding of fish gut microbiota's responses to pollutants but also provided new insights into maintaining host-microbiome stability during environmental perturbations. IMPORTANCE Understanding the ecological mechanisms governing the resistance and resilience of microbial communities is a key issue to predict their responses to environmental disturbances. Using the zebrafish model, we wanted to clarify the potential mechanisms governing the resistance and resilience of gut microbiota after exposure to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). We found that AgNP contamination significantly reduced the α-diversity of gut microbiota and resulted in obvious changes in community composition. The resilience and resistance of gut microbiota to AgNPs might be associated with the predominant keystone taxa (e.g., Acinetobacter and Gemmata). This study greatly expanded our understanding of how fish gut microbiota responds to environmental perturbations and maintains stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pubo Chen
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liuyu Rao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wengen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhe Yu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fanshu Xiao
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Impacts of Hydraulic-Projects and Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystem of Ministry of Water Resources, Institute of Hydroecology, Ministry of Water Resources and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Huang Yu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjie Wu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Xu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiafei Zheng
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiwen Hu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhili He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- College of Agronomy, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingyun Yan
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Xia Y, Cheng EH, Zheng BZ, Wu Q, Dong TT, Duan R, Qin Q, Wang W, Tsim KW. Feeding containing the aerial part of Scutellaria baicalensis promotes the growth and nutritive value of rabbit fish Siganus fuscescens. Food Sci Nutr 2021; 9:4827-4838. [PMID: 34531995 PMCID: PMC8441375 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.2410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The root of Scutellaria baicalensis (Scutellaria Radix) has been used as herbal medicine for years, while its stem and leaf (aerial part) are considered as waste. The water extract from the aerial part of S. baicalensis (named as SBA) being included in the feeding of Siganus fuscescens (grey rabbit fish) has been shown to replace antibiotics in aquaculture with excellent outcome. To strengthen the usage of SBA in fish feeding, the total fish output and its nutritive value were determined here. Feeding the fishes with different doses of SBA for a month, the body length and weight were significantly increased after intake of standard feed containing 1% SBA. In parallel, the expressions of alkaline phosphatase and growth-related factors in bone, liver, and muscle of 1% SBA-fed fishes were markedly increased, suggesting the beneficial effects of SBA. The composition of amino acid and fatty acid in fish muscle, after intaking 1% SBA-containing feed, was altered. In SBA-fed fish muscle, the amounts of threonine and methionine were increased, while the amount of leucine was decreased, as compared with control group. The amounts of fatty acids, including docosahexaenoic acid, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylethanolamine, were increased in the 1% SBA-fed fish, while the amounts of triglycerides were decreased. The results indicated the growth-promoting activity of SBA in an in vivo culture of S. fuscescens, as well as to increase the nutritive values of the muscle. Thus, the re-cycle of waste products during the farming of S. baicalensis herb in serving as fish feeding should be encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Teng Xia
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Edwin Hok‐Chi Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Brody Zhong‐Yu Zheng
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Qi‐Yun Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
| | - Tina Ting‐Xia Dong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Ran Duan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Qi‐Wei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Wen‐Xiong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
- School of Energy and EnvironmentCity University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Karl Wah‐Keung Tsim
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Edible and Medicinal BioresourcesHKUST Shenzhen Research InstituteShenzhenChina
- Division of Life Science and Centre for Chinese MedicineThe Hong Kong University of Science and TechnologyHong KongChina
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Region on Marine Bioresource Conservation and ExploitationCollege of Marine SciencesSouth China Agricultural UniversityGuangzhouChina
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Rosado D, Pérez-Losada M, Pereira A, Severino R, Xavier R. Effects of aging on the skin and gill microbiota of farmed seabass and seabream. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:10. [PMID: 33499971 PMCID: PMC7934244 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-020-00072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Important changes in microbial composition related to sexual maturation have been already reported in the gut of several vertebrates including mammals, amphibians and fish. Such changes in fish are linked to reproduction and growth during developmental stages, diet transitions and critical life events. We used amplicon (16S rRNA) high-throughput sequencing to characterize the skin and gill bacterial microbiota of farmed seabass and seabream belonging to three different developmental age groups: early and late juveniles and mature adults. We also assessed the impact of the surrounding estuarine water microbiota in shaping the fish skin and gill microbiota. Results Microbial diversity, composition and predicted metabolic functions varied across fish maturity stages. Alpha-diversity in the seabass microbiota varied significantly between age groups and was higher in older fish. Conversely, in the seabream, no significant differences were found in alpha-diversity between age groups. Microbial structure varied significantly across age groups; moreover, high structural variation was also observed within groups. Different bacterial metabolic pathways were predicted to be enriched in the microbiota of both species. Finally, we found that the water microbiota was significantly distinct from the fish microbiota across all the studied age groups, although a high percentage of ASVs was shared with the skin and gill microbiotas. Conclusions We report important microbial differences in composition and potential functionality across different ages of farmed seabass and seabream. These differences may be related to somatic growth and the onset of sexual maturation. Importantly, some of the inferred metabolic pathways could enhance the fish coping mechanisms during stressful conditions. Our results provide new evidence suggesting that growth and sexual maturation have an important role in shaping the microbiota of the fish external mucosae and highlight the importance of considering different life stages in microbiota studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s42523-020-00072-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Rosado
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marcos Pérez-Losada
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Porto, Portugal.,Computational Biology Institute, Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052-0066, USA
| | - Ana Pereira
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Severino
- Piscicultura Vale da Lama, Sapal do Vale da Lama, Odiáxere, 8600-258, Lagos, Portugal
| | - Raquel Xavier
- CIBIO-InBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, Universidade do Porto, Campus Agrário de Vairão, Vairão, 4485-661, Porto, Portugal.
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