1
|
Li W, Zhang S, Dang S, Gao L, Li G, Cheng D, Jiang L, Huang T, Zhai J. Establishment of an A/T-Rich Specifically MGB Probe digital droplet PCR Assays Based on SNP for Brucella wild strains and vaccine strains. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 110:116432. [PMID: 39024932 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, immunization with the S2 live-attenuated vaccine has been recognized as the most economical and effective strategy for preventing brucellosis in Inner Mongolia, China. However, there are still challenges related to vaccine toxicity and the inability to distinguish between vaccine immunization and natural infection. Therefore, in this study, we developed a digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) assay based on single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci to identify wild Brucella strains and S2 vaccine strains. The assay demonstrated excellent linearity (R2> 0.99) with a lower detection limit of 10 copies/µL for both wild and vaccine strains. Additionally, the ddPCR assay outperformed the real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay in screening 50 clinical samples. We have established an effective and highly sensitive ddPCR assay for Brucella, providing an efficient method for detecting and differentiating wild strains of Brucella from the S2 vaccine strain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanyang Li
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Sheng Dang
- Keerqin District First People's Hospital, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Lanzhu Gao
- Tongliao Infectious Disease Hospital, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Guangchen Li
- Tongliao Infectious Disease Hospital, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Dawei Cheng
- Beidahuang Industry Group General Hospital, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - Tianpeng Huang
- College of Public Health, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 028000, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 028000, China
| | - Jingbo Zhai
- Medical College, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, China; Brucellosis Prevention and Treatment Engineering Research Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 028000, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonose Prevention and Control at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Tongliao 028000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dass M, Ghai M. Development of a multiplex PCR assay and quantification of microbial markers by ddPCR for identification of saliva and vaginal fluid. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 362:112147. [PMID: 39067179 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2024.112147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
The identification of biological fluids at crime scenes contributes to crime scene reconstruction and provides investigative leads. Traditional methods for body fluid identification are limited in terms of sensitivity and are mostly presumptive. Emerging methods based on mRNA and DNA methylation require high quality template source. An exploitable characteristic of body fluids is their distinct microbial profiles allowing for the discrimination of body fluids based on microbiome content. Microbial DNA is highly abundant within the body, robust and stable and can persist in the environment long after human DNA has degraded. 16S rRNA sequencing is the gold standard for microbial analysis; however, NGS is costly, and requires intricate workflows and interpretation. Also, species level resolution is not always achievable. Based on the current challenges, the first objective of this study was to develop a multiplex conventional PCR assay to identify vaginal fluid and saliva by targeting species-specific 16S rRNA microbial markers. The second objective was to employ droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) as a novel approach to quantify bacterial species alone and in a mixture of body fluids. Lactobacillus crispatus and Streptococcus salivarius were selected because of high abundance within vaginal fluid and saliva respectively. While Fusobacterium nucleatum and Gardnerella vaginalis, though present in healthy humans, are also frequently found in oral and vaginal infections, respectively. The multiplex PCR assay detected L. crispatus and G. vaginalis in vaginal fluid while F. nucleatum and S. salivarius was detected in saliva. Multiplex PCR detected F. nucleatum, S. salivarius and L. crispatus in mixed body fluid samples while, G. vaginalis was undetected in mixtures containing vaginal fluid. For samples exposed at room temperature for 65 days, L. crispatus and G. vaginalis were detected in vaginal swabs while only S. salivarius was detected in saliva swabs. The limit of detection was 0.06 copies/µl for F. nucleatum (2.5 ×10-9 ng/µl) and S. salivarius (2.5 ×10-6 ng/µl). L. crispatus and G. vaginalis had detection limits of 0.16 copies/µl (2.5 ×10-4 ng/µl) and 0.48 copies/µl (2.5 ×10-7 ng/µl). All 4 bacterial species were detected in mixtures and aged samples by ddPCR. No significant differences were observed in quantity of bacterial markers in saliva and vaginal fluid. The present research reports for the first time the combination of the above four bacterial markers for the detection of saliva and vaginal fluid and highlights the sensitivity of ddPCR for bacterial quantification in pure and mixed body fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mishka Dass
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal - Westville Campus, Private Bag X 54001, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
| | - Meenu Ghai
- Department of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal - Westville Campus, Private Bag X 54001, Durban, KwaZulu Natal, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vidovic S, Taylor R, Hedderley D, Fletcher GC, Wei N. Detection of non-pathogenic and pathogenic populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in various samples by the conventional, quantitative and droplet digital PCRs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4137. [PMID: 38374337 PMCID: PMC10876695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, three generations of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays: (i) conventional PCR, (ii) qPCR and (iii) droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), were systematically tested for their abilities to detect non-pathogenic and pathogenic populations of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The limit of detection (LOD) for the ddPCR was 1.1 pg/µL of purified DNA, followed by the qPCR (5.6 pg/µL) and the conventional PCR (8.8 pg/µL). Regarding the LOD for V. parahaemolyticus cells, the ddPCR assay was able to detect 29 cells, followed by the conventional PCR assay (58 cells) and the qPCR assay (115 cells). Regarding the sensitivities to detect this pathogen from PCR inhibition prone samples (naturally contaminated mussels), the ddPCR assay significantly outperformed the conventional PCR and qPCR. The ddPCR assay was able to consistently detect non-pathogenic and pathogenic populations of V. parahaemolyticus from naturally contaminated mussels, indicating its tolerance to various PCR inhibitors. This study also revealed the significant difference between conventional PCR and qPCR. The conventional PCR assay showed significantly greater sensitivity than that of the qPCR assay in detecting V. parahaemolyticus in crude samples, whereas the qPCR assay showed better sensitivity in detecting the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in purified DNA samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinisa Vidovic
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mount Albert Road, Sandringham, 1025, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Roland Taylor
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mount Albert Road, Sandringham, 1025, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Duncan Hedderley
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Graham C Fletcher
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, 120 Mount Albert Road, Sandringham, 1025, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Desdouits M, Reynaud Y, Philippe C, Guyader FSL. A Comprehensive Review for the Surveillance of Human Pathogenic Microorganisms in Shellfish. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2218. [PMID: 37764063 PMCID: PMC10537662 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11092218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscan shellfish have been consumed for centuries. Being filter feeders, they may bioaccumulate some microorganisms present in coastal water, either naturally or through the discharge of human or animal sewage. Despite regulations set up to avoid microbiological contamination in shellfish, human outbreaks still occur. After providing an overview showing their implication in disease, this review aims to highlight the diversity of the bacteria or enteric viruses detected in shellfish species, including emerging pathogens. After a critical discussion of the available methods and their limitations, we address the interest of technological developments using genomics to anticipate the emergence of pathogens. In the coming years, further research needs to be performed and methods need to be developed in order to design the future of surveillance and to help risk assessment studies, with the ultimate objective of protecting consumers and enhancing the microbial safety of bivalve molluscan shellfish as a healthy food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Françoise S. Le Guyader
- Ifremer, Unité Microbiologie Aliment Santé et Environnement, RBE/LSEM, 44311 Nantes, France; (M.D.); (Y.R.); (C.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Searching pathogenic bacteria in the rare biosphere of the ocean. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 80:102894. [PMID: 36680847 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Harmful marine bacteria, such as Vibrio or Aeromonas species, typically exist at low abundance in ocean environments but represent a reservoir from which epidemics can arise. Particularly, Vibrio strains and their associated infections are on the rise globally due to increasing sea surface temperature representing an emergent threat for human and animal health also being responsible for large economic losses in the aquaculture industry worldwide. New technological approaches are needed to improve strategies targeting these pathogens. This review discusses new approaches based on improved sampling strategies and novel analytical methods offering increased accuracy, high throughput, and informativeness to study and detect microbial pathogens in the marine environment. Detecting and characterizing ultra-low-abundance pathogenic strains can serve as a critical tool in risk management and outbreak prevention of diseases caused by emerging marine pathogens.
Collapse
|
6
|
Xu D, Zhang W, Li H, Li N, Lin JM. Advances in droplet digital polymerase chain reaction on microfluidic chips. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:1258-1278. [PMID: 36752545 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00814a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The PCR technique has been known to the general public since the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19. This technique has progressed through three stages: from simple PCR to real-time fluorescence PCR to digital PCR. Among them, the microfluidic-based droplet digital PCR technique has attracted much attention and has been widely applied due to its advantages of high throughput, high sensitivity, low reagent consumption, low cross-contamination, and absolute quantification ability. In this review, we introduce various designs of microfluidic-based ddPCR developed within the last decade. The microfluidic-based droplet generation methods, thermal cycle strategies, and signal counting approaches are described, and the applications in the fields of single-cell analysis, disease diagnosis, and pathogen detection are introduced. Further, the challenges and prospects of microfluidic-based ddPCR are discussed. We hope that this review can contribute to the further development of the microfluidic-based ddPCR technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Weifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Hongmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Division of Chemical Metrology and Analytical Science, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), China.
| | - Jin-Ming Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Microanalytical Methods and Instrumentation Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou H, Liu X, Lu Z, Hu A, Ma W, Shi C, Bie X, Cheng Y, Wu H, Yang J. Quantitative detection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquatic products by duplex droplet digital PCR combined with propidium monoazide. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
8
|
Fang Z, Zhou X, Wang X, Shi X. Development of a 3-plex droplet digital PCR for identification and absolute quantification of Salmonella and its two important serovars in various food samples. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
9
|
Liu S, Zhao K, Huang M, Zeng M, Deng Y, Li S, Chen H, Li W, Chen Z. Research progress on detection techniques for point-of-care testing of foodborne pathogens. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:958134. [PMID: 36003541 PMCID: PMC9393618 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.958134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The global burden of foodborne disease is enormous and foodborne pathogens are the leading cause of human illnesses. The detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria has become a research hotspot in recent years. Rapid detection methods based on immunoassay, molecular biology, microfluidic chip, metabolism, biosensor, and mass spectrometry have developed rapidly and become the main methods for the detection of foodborne pathogens. This study reviewed a variety of rapid detection methods in recent years. The research advances are introduced based on the above technical methods for the rapid detection of foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The study also discusses the limitations of existing methods and their advantages and future development direction, to form an overall understanding of the detection methods, and for point-of-care testing (POCT) applications to accurately and rapidly diagnose and control diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Liu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Kaixuan Zhao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Meiyuan Huang
- Zhuzhou Hospital Affiliated to Xiangya School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Central South University, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Meimei Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Song Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Wen Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Zhu Chen,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Du Y, Yan Z, Song K, Jin J, Xiao L, Sun Z, Tan Y, Zhang P, Du Z, Yang R, Zhao Y, Song Y. Development and evaluation of a multiplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction method for simultaneous detection of five biothreat pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:970973. [PMID: 35966705 PMCID: PMC9366144 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.970973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biothreat agents pose a huge threat to human and public health, necessitating the development of rapid and highly sensitive detection approaches. This study establishes a multiplex droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) method for simultaneously detecting five high-risk bacterial biothreats: Yersinia pestis, Bacillus anthracis, Brucella spp., Burkholderia pseudomallei, and Francisella tularensis. Unlike conventional multiplex real-time PCR (qPCR) methods, the multiplex ddPCR assay was developed using two types of probe fluorophores, allowing the assay to perform with a common two-color ddPCR system. After optimization, the assay performance was evaluated, showing a lower limit of detection (LOD) (0.1–1.0 pg/μL) and good selectivity for the five bacteria targets. The multiplex assay’s ability to simultaneously detect two or more kinds of targets in a sample was also demonstrated. The assay showed strong sample tolerance when testing simulated soil samples; the LOD for bacteria in soil was 2 × 102–2 × 103 colony-forming unit (CFU)/100 mg soil (around 5–50 CFU/reaction), which was 10-fold lower than that of the single-target qPCR method. When testing simulated soil samples at bacterial concentrations of 2 × 103–2 × 104 CFU/100 mg soil, the assay presented a higher sensitivity (100%, 35/35) than that of the qPCR method (65.71%, 23/35) and a good specificity (100%, 15/15). These results suggest that the developed 5-plex ddPCR method is more sensitive than conventional qPCR methods and is potentially suitable for rapidly detecting or screening the five selected bacterial biothreats in suspicious samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yipu Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- The First Department, General Hospital of Northern Theater Command, Shenyang, China
| | - Ziheng Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Liting Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhulin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yafang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Zongmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yong Zhao,
| | - Yajun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing, China
- Yajun Song,
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Advances in improvement strategies of digital nucleic acid amplification for pathogen detection. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
12
|
Bonny SQ, Hossain MAM, Uddin SMK, Pulingam T, Sagadevan S, Johan MR. Current trends in polymerase chain reaction based detection of three major human pathogenic vibrios. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 62:1317-1335. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1841728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharmin Quazi Bonny
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M. A. Motalib Hossain
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Syed Muhammad Kamal Uddin
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Thiruchelvi Pulingam
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|