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Vadakkan K, Sathishkumar K, Kuttiyachan Urumbil S, Ponnenkunnathu Govindankutty S, Kumar Ngangbam A, Devi Nongmaithem B. A review of chemical signaling mechanisms underlying quorum sensing and its inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107465. [PMID: 38761705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterium responsible for multiple infections and is a primary cause of fatalities among patients in hospital environments. The advent of pathogenic bacteria such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus revealed the shortcomings of employing antibiotics to treat bacterial infectious diseases. Quorum sensing enhances S. aureus's survivability through signaling processes. Targeting the key components of quorum sensing has drawn much interest nowadays as a promising strategy for combating infections caused by bacteria. Concentrating on the accessory gene regulator quorum-sensing mechanism is the most commonly suggested anti-virulence approach for S.aureus. Quorum quenching is a common strategy for controlling illnesses triggered by microorganisms since it reduces the pathogenicity of bacteria and improves bacterial biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics, thus providing an intriguing prospect for drug discovery. Quorum sensing inhibition reduces selective stresses and constrains the emergence of antibiotic resistance while limiting bacterial pathogenicity. This review examines the quorum sensing mechanisms involved in S. aureus, quorum sensing targets and gene regulation, environmental factors affecting quorum sensing, quorum sensing inhibition, natural products as quorum sensing inhibitory agents and novel therapeutical strategies to target quorum sensing in S. aureus as drug developing technique to augment conventional antibiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeen Vadakkan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala 680020, India; Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur 795140, India.
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
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Bashabsheh RH, AL-Fawares O, Natsheh I, Bdeir R, Al-Khreshieh RO, Bashabsheh HH. Staphylococcus aureus epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations and application of nano-therapeutics as a promising approach to combat methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Pathog Glob Health 2024; 118:209-231. [PMID: 38006316 PMCID: PMC11221481 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2023.2285187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a Gram-positive bacterium and one of the most prevalent infectious disease-related causes of morbidity and mortality in adults. This pathogen can trigger a broad spectrum of diseases, from sepsis and pneumonia to severe skin infections that can be fatal. In this review, we will provide an overview of S. aureus and discuss the extensive literature on epidemiology, transmission, genetic diversity, evolution and antibiotic resistance strains, particularly methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA). While many different virulence factors that S. aureus produces have been investigated as therapeutic targets, this review examines recent nanotechnology approaches, which employ materials with atomic or molecular dimensions and are being used to diagnose, treat, or eliminate the activity of S. aureus. Finally, having a deeper understanding and clearer grasp of the roles and contributions of S. aureus determinants, antibiotic resistance, and nanotechnology will aid us in developing anti-virulence strategies to combat the growing scarcity of effective antibiotics against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad H.F. Bashabsheh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - O’la AL-Fawares
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Iyad Natsheh
- Department of Allied Medical Sciences, Zarqa College, Al-Balqa Applied University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Roba Bdeir
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Nursing, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Rozan O. Al-Khreshieh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
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ElNaggar MH, Abdelmohsen UR, Abdel Bar FM, Kamer AA, Bringmann G, Elekhnawy E. Investigation of bioactive components responsible for the antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of Caroxylon volkensii by LC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis and molecular docking. RSC Adv 2024; 14:11388-11399. [PMID: 38595719 PMCID: PMC11002840 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra01646g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Caroxylon volkensii is a wild desert plant of the family Amaranthaceae. This study represents the first report of the metabolomic profiling of C. volkensii by liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS/MS). The dereplication study of its secondary metabolites led to the characterization of 66 known compounds. These compounds include catecholamines, tyramine derivatives, phenolic acids, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and others. A new tyramine derivative, alongside other known compounds, was reported for the first time in the Amaranthaceae family. The new derivative and the first-reported compounds were putatively identified through MS/MS fragmentation data. Given the notorious taxonomical challenges within the genus Salsola, to which C. volkensii previously belonged, our study could offer a valuable insight into its chemical fingerprint and phylogenetic relationship to different Salsola species. The antibacterial potential of C. volkensii methanolic extract (CVM) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was screened. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of CVM ranged from 32 to 256 μg mL-1. The anti-quorum sensing potential of CVM resulted in a decrease in the percentage of strong and moderate biofilm-forming isolates from 47.83% to 17.39%. It revealed a concentration-dependent inhibitory activity on violacein formation by Chromobacterium violaceum. Moreover, CVM exhibited an in vivo protective potential against the killing capacity of P. aeruginosa isolates. A molecular docking study revealed that the quorum-sensing inhibitory effect of CVM can be attributed to the binding of tyramine conjugates, ethyl-p-digallate, and isorhamnetin to the transcriptional global activator LasR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai H ElNaggar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University 33516 Kafrelsheikh Egypt
| | - Usama Ramadan Abdelmohsen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University 61111 New Minia Egypt
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University 61519 Minia Egypt
| | - Fatma M Abdel Bar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Amal Abo Kamer
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Gerhard Bringmann
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
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Fagheei Aghmiyuni Z, Saderi H, Owlia P, Saidi N. Evaluation of the Effect of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356 Bacteriocin against Staphylococcus aureus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 2024:4119960. [PMID: 38559901 PMCID: PMC10980545 DOI: 10.1155/2024/4119960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background Lactobacillus acidophilus is lactic acid bacteria that produce bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are antimicrobial peptides or proteins that exhibit activity against closely related bacteria. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 bacteriocin against Staphylococcus aureus. Material and Methods. We used four different phenotypic methods for antimicrobial activities against two standard strains: methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591 and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) ATCC 25923. The methods were (1) agar well diffusion, (2) overlay soft agar, (3) paper disk, and (4) modification of punch hole. The ammonium sulfate method was used to concentrate crude bacteriocin, and ultrafiltration and dialysis tubes were used to remove ammonium sulfate from the bacteriocins. Each method was repeated in triplicate. Result L. acidophilus ATCC 4356 showed antimicrobial activity against both MRSA and MSSA standard strains only by the overlay soft agar method and not by the agar well diffusion, punch hole modification, and paper disk methods. No antimicrobial effects were observed in crude bacteriocins concentrated. Conclusion The growth inhibition of S. aureus in overlay soft agar method may be due to the production of bacteriocin-like substances. The overlay soft agar method is a qualitative test, so there is a need for further study to optimize the conditions for the production of bacteriocin-like substances in the culture supernatant and precise comparison between the inhibitory activity and pheromone secretion of different strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Horieh Saderi
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parviz Owlia
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Saidi
- Molecular Microbiology Research Center, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Roese KHC, Torlone C, Cooper LA, Esposito L, Deveau AM, Röse USR, Burkholder KM. Pyrogallol impairs staphylococcal biofilm formation via induction of bacterial oxidative stress. J Appl Microbiol 2023; 134:lxad270. [PMID: 37974055 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the effect of the phenolic compound pyrogallol on staphylococcal biofilm formation. METHODS AND RESULTS In crystal violet biofilm assays, pyrogallol-reduced biofilm formation in Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Staph. epidermidis NRRL-B41021, Staphylococcus aureus USA300, and Staph. aureus Newman, without significantly impairing bacterial viability. Pyrogallol-mediated impairment of biofilm formation was likely due to induction of bacterial oxidative stress, as its effect was greater in catalase-deficient versus WT Staph. aureus, and biofilm production was rescued by exogenous catalase. The effect of pyrogallol on staphylococcal biofilm formation mirrored that of the known oxidant hydrogen peroxide, which also reduced biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS Pyrogallol reduces biofilm formation in S. aureus and Staph. epidermidis in a mechanism involving induction of bacterial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina H C Roese
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Christina Torlone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Lauren A Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Lee Esposito
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Amy M Deveau
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Ursula S R Röse
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
| | - Kristin M Burkholder
- School of Biological Sciences, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005, USA
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Kumar S, Sandeep K, Kumar R, Kumar A. Antimicrobial effect of pimozide by targeting ROS-mediated killing in Staphylococcus aureus. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2023; 70:1679-1689. [PMID: 37000616 DOI: 10.1002/bab.2465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
In spite of the higher nosocomial and community-acquired infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus, emerging drug resistance is a leading cause of increased mortality and morbidity associated with the overuse of antimicrobials. It is an emergent need to find out new molecules to combat such infections. In the present study, we analyzed the antibacterial effect of pimozide (PMZ) against gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial strains, including methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus. The growth of MSSA and MRSA was completely inhibited at concentrations of 12.5 and 100 μg/mL, respectively, which is referred to as 1× minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The cell viability was completely eliminated within 90 min of PMZ treatment (2× MIC) through reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated killing without affecting cell membrane permeability. It suppressed α-hemolysin production and biofilm formation of different S. aureus strains by almost 50% at 1× MIC concentration, and was found to detach matured biofilm. PMZ treatment effectively eliminates S. aureus infection in Caenorhabditis elegans and improves its survival by 90% and is found safe to use with no hemolytic effect on human and chicken blood tissues. Taken together, it is concluded that PMZ may turn out to be an effective antibacterial for treating bacterial infections including MSSA and MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Kumar Sandeep
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Institute - Rotary Cancer Hospital, AIIMS, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Central University of South Bihar, Gaya, Bihar, India
| | - Antresh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, Central University of Haryana, Mahendergarh, Haryana, India
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7
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Francis D, Veeramanickathadathil Hari G, Koonthanmala Subash A, Bhairaddy A, Joy A. The biofilm proteome of Staphylococcus aureus and its implications for therapeutic interventions to biofilm-associated infections. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 138:327-400. [PMID: 38220430 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major healthcare concern due to its ability to inflict life-threatening infections and evolve antibiotic resistance at an alarming pace. It is frequently associated with hospital-acquired infections, especially device-associated infections. Systemic infections due to S. aureus are difficult to treat and are associated with significant mortality and morbidity. The situation is worsened by the ability of S. aureus to form social associations called biofilms. Biofilms embed a community of cells with the ability to communicate with each other and share resources within a polysaccharide or protein matrix. S. aureus establish biofilms on tissues and conditioned abiotic surfaces. Biofilms are hyper-tolerant to antibiotics and help evade host immune responses. Biofilms exacerbate the severity and recalcitrance of device-associated infections. The development of a biofilm involves various biomolecules, such as polysaccharides, proteins and nucleic acids, contributing to different structural and functional roles. Interconnected signaling pathways and regulatory molecules modulate the expression of these molecules. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular biology of biofilm development would help to devise effective anti-biofilm therapeutics. Although bactericidal agents, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages and nano-conjugated anti-biofilm agents have been employed with varying levels of success, there is still a requirement for effective and clinically viable anti-biofilm therapeutics. Proteins that are expressed and utilized during biofilm formation, constituting the biofilm proteome, are a particularly attractive target for anti-biofilm strategies. The proteome can be explored to identify potential anti-biofilm drug targets and utilized for rational drug discovery. With the aim of uncovering the biofilm proteome, this chapter explores the mechanism of biofilm formation and its regulation. Furthermore, it explores the antibiofilm therapeutics targeted against the biofilm proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Francis
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, India.
| | | | | | - Anusha Bhairaddy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, India
| | - Atheene Joy
- Department of Life Sciences, Kristu Jayanti College (Autonomous), Bengaluru, India
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8
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Žiemytė M, Escudero A, Díez P, Ferrer MD, Murguía JR, Martí-Centelles V, Mira A, Martínez-Máñez R. Ficin-Cyclodextrin-Based Docking Nanoarchitectonics of Self-Propelled Nanomotors for Bacterial Biofilm Eradication. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023; 35:4412-4426. [PMID: 37332683 PMCID: PMC10269336 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Development of bioinspired nanomotors showing effective propulsion and cargo delivery capabilities has attracted much attention in the last few years due to their potential use in biomedical applications. However, implementation of this technology in realistic settings is still a barely explored field. Herein, we report the design and application of a multifunctional gated Janus platinum-mesoporous silica nanomotor constituted of a propelling element (platinum nanodendrites) and a drug-loaded nanocontainer (mesoporous silica nanoparticle) capped with ficin enzyme modified with β-cyclodextrins (β-CD). The engineered nanomotor is designed to effectively disrupt bacterial biofilms via H2O2-induced self-propelled motion, ficin hydrolysis of the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS) of the biofilm, and controlled pH-triggered cargo (vancomycin) delivery. The effective synergic antimicrobial activity of the nanomotor is demonstrated in the elimination of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. The nanomotor achieves 82% of EPS biomass disruption and a 96% reduction in cell viability, which contrasts with a remarkably lower reduction in biofilm elimination when the components of the nanomotors are used separately at the same concentrations. Such a large reduction in biofilm biomass in S. aureus has never been achieved previously by any conventional therapy. The strategy proposed suggests that engineered nanomotors have great potential for the elimination of biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miglė Žiemytė
- Genomics
& Health Department, FISABIO Foundation, 46020 València, Spain
| | - Andrea Escudero
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico
(IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat
de València, València 46022, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y
Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Díez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico
(IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat
de València, València 46022, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y
Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María D. Ferrer
- Genomics
& Health Department, FISABIO Foundation, 46020 València, Spain
- CIBER of
Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Cami
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Jose R. Murguía
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico
(IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat
de València, València 46022, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, València, Universitat
Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación
Príncipe Felipe, 46012 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y
Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico
(IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat
de València, València 46022, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y
Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alex Mira
- Genomics
& Health Department, FISABIO Foundation, 46020 València, Spain
- CIBER of
Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Cami
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico
(IDM), Universitat Politècnica de València, Universitat
de València, València 46022, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta UPV-CIPF de Investigación en Mecanismos de Enfermedades
y Nanomedicina, València, Universitat
Politècnica de València, Centro de Investigación
Príncipe Felipe, 46012 València, Spain
- Unidad
Mixta de Investigación en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat Politècnica de València,
Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, 46026 València, Spain
- CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y
Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Instituto Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Cami
de Vera s/n, 46022 València, Spain
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Nurjadi D, Tkadlec J, Boutin S, Vandenesch F. Editorial: "Omics"- revolution in elucidating the virulence and resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1209671. [PMID: 37265498 PMCID: PMC10230050 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1209671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Nurjadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jan Tkadlec
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Charles University, 2nd Faculty of Medicine and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czechia
| | - Sébastien Boutin
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - François Vandenesch
- CIRI, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Université de Lyon, Inserm, U1111, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR5308, École Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Centre National de Référence des Staphylocoques, Institut des Agents Infectieux, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
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Choi JW, Lee Y, Kim J, Kwon H, Deyrup ST, Lee JW, Lee D, Kang HS, Joo H, Shim SH. Discovery of Bioactive Metabolites by Acidic Stress to a Geldanamycin Producer, Streptomyces samsunensis. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2023; 86:947-957. [PMID: 37042709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.2c01151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In an effort to activate silent biosynthetic gene clusters, Streptomyces samsunensis DSM42010, a producer of geldanamycin, was cultured at four different pHs (4.5, 5.4, 6.6, and 7.4). An acidic culture condition (pH 5.4) was selected for a chemical investigation since S. samsunensis showed a different metabolic profile compared to when it was cultured under other conditions. Seven new (1-7) and four known (8-11) compounds were isolated from these cultures. The structures of the isolated compounds were determined by spectroscopic techniques and chemical derivatization. Relative and absolute configurations of the new compounds (1-5) were established using JBCA, PGME method, advanced Marfey's method, modified Mosher's method, and comparison of observed and calculated ECD data. Interestingly, compounds 1-3 were truncated versions of geldanamycin, and compound 4 was also deduced to originate from geldanamycin. Compound 5 was composed of 3-methyltyrosine and 6-hydroxy-2,4-hexadienoic acid connected through an amide bond. Compounds 6 and 7 were dihydrogenated forms of geldanamycin with a hydroxy substitution. It is possible that culturing this strain under acidic conditions interfered to some degree with the geldanamycin polyketide synthase, leading to production of truncated versions as well as analogues of geldanamycin. Compounds 1, 8, and 9 showed significant antivirulence activity, inhibiting production of α-toxin by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus without growth attenuation and global regulatory inhibition; compounds 1, 8, and 9 may become promising α-toxin-specific antivirulence leads with less risk of resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Won Choi
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhee Lee
- College of Science and Technology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyeong Kim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeun Kwon
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen T Deyrup
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Siena College, Loudonville, New York 12211, United States
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongho Lee
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahk-Soo Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwangsoo Joo
- College of Science and Technology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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11
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Nikolic P, Mudgil P, Harman DG, Whitehall J. Untargeted proteomic differences between clinical strains of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcusaureus. Microb Pathog 2023; 179:106121. [PMID: 37086911 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common disease-causing bacterium that has developed resistances to a wide variety of antibiotics. This increasing antibiotic resistance has made management of these infections difficult. A better understanding of the general differences among clinical S. aureus strains beyond the well characterized resistance mechanisms may help in identifying new anti-microbial targets. This study aimed to identify and compare the general differences in protein profiles among clinical strains of S. aureus sensitive and resistant to methicillin. The proteomic profiles of five methicillin sensitive (MSSA) and five methicillin resistant (MRSA) S. aureus strains were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Protein identification was done using Progenesis QI for Proteomics and the UniProt S. aureus database. Proteins that play roles in virulence, metabolism, and protein synthesis were found to be present at different abundances between MSSA and MRSA (Data available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD021629). This study shows differences in protein profiles between antibiotic sensitive and antibiotic resistant clinical strains of S. aureus that may affect the resistance mechanism. Further research on these differences may identify new drug targets against methicillin resistant S. aureus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Nikolic
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Poonam Mudgil
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia.
| | - David G Harman
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - John Whitehall
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
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12
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Ku H, Lee Y, Lee S, Lee JW, Kang HS, Joo HS, Shim SH. New meroterpenoids from a soil-derived fungus Penicillium sp. SSW03M2 GY and their anti-virulence activity. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2023; 76:57-64. [PMID: 36526742 DOI: 10.1038/s41429-022-00587-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Two new berkeley meroterpenoids (1 and 2), along with seven known compounds (3‒9) were isolated from a fungus, Penicillium sp. SSW03M2 GY derived from a sediment at Seosan bay, South Korea. Chemical structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated on the basis of 1D, 2D NMR, HRESIMS, and optical rotation. All the isolated compounds, 1 showed anti-virulence activity by significantly inhibiting α-toxin (Hla) secreted by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus without its growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeri Ku
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonhee Lee
- College of Science and Technology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hahk-Soo Kang
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwang-Soo Joo
- College of Science and Technology, Duksung Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Shim
- Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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13
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Howden BP, Giulieri SG, Wong Fok Lung T, Baines SL, Sharkey LK, Lee JYH, Hachani A, Monk IR, Stinear TP. Staphylococcus aureus host interactions and adaptation. Nat Rev Microbiol 2023; 21:380-395. [PMID: 36707725 PMCID: PMC9882747 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-023-00852-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections are common, causing high mortality, compounded by the propensity of the bacterium to develop drug resistance. S. aureus is an excellent case study of the potential for a bacterium to be commensal, colonizing, latent or disease-causing; these states defined by the interplay between S. aureus and host. This interplay is multidimensional and evolving, exemplified by the spread of S. aureus between humans and other animal reservoirs and the lack of success in vaccine development. In this Review, we examine recent advances in understanding the S. aureus-host interactions that lead to infections. We revisit the primary role of neutrophils in controlling infection, summarizing the discovery of new immune evasion molecules and the discovery of new functions ascribed to well-known virulence factors. We explore the intriguing intersection of bacterial and host metabolism, where crosstalk in both directions can influence immune responses and infection outcomes. This Review also assesses the surprising genomic plasticity of S. aureus, its dualism as a multi-mammalian species commensal and opportunistic pathogen and our developing understanding of the roles of other bacteria in shaping S. aureus colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Howden
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Pathogen Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.410678.c0000 0000 9374 3516Department of Infectious Diseases, Austin Health, Heidelberg, Victoria Australia ,grid.416153.40000 0004 0624 1200Microbiology Department, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Stefano G. Giulieri
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.416153.40000 0004 0624 1200Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Tania Wong Fok Lung
- grid.21729.3f0000000419368729Department of Paediatrics, Columbia University, New York, NY USA
| | - Sarah L. Baines
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Liam K. Sharkey
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Jean Y. H. Lee
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.419789.a0000 0000 9295 3933Department of Infectious Diseases, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - Abderrahman Hachani
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Ian R. Monk
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
| | - Timothy P. Stinear
- grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XCentre for Pathogen Genomics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria Australia ,grid.1008.90000 0001 2179 088XDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria Australia
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14
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Neutralization of Staphylococcus aureus Protein A Prevents Exacerbated Osteoclast Activity and Bone Loss during Osteomyelitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0114022. [PMID: 36533935 PMCID: PMC9872667 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01140-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteomyelitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus is an important and current health care problem worldwide. Treatment of this infection frequently fails not only due to the increasing incidence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates but also because of the ability of S. aureus to evade the immune system, adapt to the bone microenvironment, and persist within this tissue for decades. We have previously demonstrated the role of staphylococcal protein A (SpA) in the induction of exacerbated osteoclastogenesis and increased bone matrix degradation during osteomyelitis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of using anti-SpA antibodies as an adjunctive therapy to control inflammation and bone damage. By using an experimental in vivo model of osteomyelitis, we demonstrated that the administration of an anti-SpA antibody by the intraperitoneal route prevented excessive inflammatory responses in the bone upon challenge with S. aureus. Ex vivo assays indicated that blocking SpA reduced the priming of osteoclast precursors and their response to RANKL. Moreover, the neutralization of SpA was able to prevent the differentiation and activation of osteoclasts in vivo, leading to reduced expression levels of cathepsin K, reduced expression of markers associated with abnormal bone formation, and decreased trabecular bone loss during osteomyelitis. Taken together, these results demonstrate the feasibility of using anti-SpA antibodies as an antivirulence adjunctive therapy that may prevent the development of pathological conditions that not only damage the bone but also favor bacterial escape from antimicrobials and the immune system.
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15
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Nikolic P, Mudgil P. The Cell Wall, Cell Membrane and Virulence Factors of Staphylococcus aureus and Their Role in Antibiotic Resistance. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020259. [PMID: 36838224 PMCID: PMC9965861 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are a serious threat to human health. With increasing antibiotic resistance in common human pathogens, fewer antibiotics remain effective against infectious diseases. Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium of particular concern to human health as it has developed resistance to many of the currently used antibiotics leaving very few remaining as effective treatment. Alternatives to conventional antibiotics are needed for treating resistant bacterial infections. A deeper understanding of the cellular characteristics of resistant bacteria beyond well characterized resistance mechanisms can allow for increased ability to properly treat them and to potentially identify targetable changes. This review looks at antibiotic resistance in S aureus in relation to its cellular components, the cell wall, cell membrane and virulence factors. Methicillin resistant S aureus bacteria are resistant to most antibiotics and some strains have even developed resistance to the last resort antibiotics vancomycin and daptomycin. Modifications in cell wall peptidoglycan and teichoic acids are noted in antibiotic resistant bacteria. Alterations in cell membrane lipids affect susceptibility to antibiotics through surface charge, permeability, fluidity, and stability of the bacterial membrane. Virulence factors such as adhesins, toxins and immunomodulators serve versatile pathogenic functions in S aureus. New antimicrobial strategies can target cell membrane lipids and virulence factors including anti-virulence treatment as an adjuvant to traditional antibiotic therapy.
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16
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Hinman KD, Laforce-Nesbitt SS, Cohen JT, Mundy M, Bliss JM, Horswill AR, Lefort CT. Bi-fluorescent Staphylococcus aureus infection enables single-cell analysis of intracellular killing in vivo. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1089111. [PMID: 36756129 PMCID: PMC9900177 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1089111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Techniques for studying the clearance of bacterial infections are critical for advances in understanding disease states, immune cell effector functions, and novel antimicrobial therapeutics. Intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus by neutrophils can be monitored using a S. aureus strain stably expressing GFP, a fluorophore that is quenched when exposed to the reactive oxygen species (ROS) present in the phagolysosome. Here, we expand upon this method by developing a bi-fluorescent S. aureus killing assay for use in vivo. Conjugating S. aureus with a stable secondary fluorescent marker enables the separation of infected cell samples into three populations: cells that have not engaged in phagocytosis, cells that have engulfed and killed S. aureus, and cells that have viable internalized S. aureus. We identified ATTO647N-NHS Ester as a favorable dye conjugate for generating bi-fluorescent S. aureus due to its stability over time and invariant signal within the neutrophil phagolysosome. To resolve the in vivo utility of ATTO647N/GFP bi-fluorescent S. aureus, we evaluated neutrophil function in a murine model of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) known to have impaired clearance of S. aureus infection. Analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from animals subjected to pulmonary infection with bi-fluorescent S. aureus demonstrated differences in neutrophil antimicrobial function consistent with the established phenotype of CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina D Hinman
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.,Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | | | - Joshua T Cohen
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Miles Mundy
- Graduate Program in Pathobiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Joseph M Bliss
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants Hospital, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Alexander R Horswill
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Craig T Lefort
- Division of Surgical Research, Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, United States.,Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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17
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Kuijk MM, Wu Y, van Hensbergen VP, Shanlitourk G, Payré C, Lambeau G, Man-Bovenkerk S, Herrmann J, Müller R, van Strijp JAG, Pannekoek Y, Touqui L, van Sorge NM. Interference with Lipoprotein Maturation Sensitizes Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus to Human Group IIA-Secreted Phospholipase A2 and Daptomycin. J Innate Immun 2022; 15:333-350. [PMID: 36473432 PMCID: PMC10643906 DOI: 10.1159/000527549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been classified as a high priority pathogen by the World Health Organization underlining the high demand for new therapeutics to treat infections. Human group IIA-secreted phospholipase A2 (hGIIA) is among the most potent bactericidal proteins against Gram-positive bacteria, including S. aureus. To determine hGIIA-resistance mechanisms of MRSA, we screened the Nebraska Transposon Mutant Library using a sublethal concentration of recombinant hGIIA. We identified and confirmed the role of lspA, encoding the lipoprotein signal peptidase LspA, as a new hGIIA resistance gene in both in vitro assays and an infection model in hGIIA-transgenic mice. Increased susceptibility of the lspA mutant was associated with enhanced activity of hGIIA on the cell membrane. Moreover, lspA deletion increased susceptibility to daptomycin, a last-resort antibiotic to treat MRSA infections. MRSA wild type could be sensitized to hGIIA and daptomycin killing through exposure to LspA-specific inhibitors globomycin and myxovirescin A1. Analysis of >26,000 S. aureus genomes showed that LspA is highly sequence-conserved, suggesting universal application of LspA inhibition. The role of LspA in hGIIA resistance was not restricted to MRSA since Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis were also more hGIIA-susceptible after lspA deletion or LspA inhibition, respectively. Overall, our data suggest that pharmacological interference with LspA may disarm Gram-positive pathogens, including MRSA, to enhance clearance by innate host defense molecules and clinically applied antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke M Kuijk
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,
| | - Yongzheng Wu
- Unité de Biologie Cellulaire de l'Infection Microbionne, CNRS UMR3691, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Vincent P van Hensbergen
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Gizem Shanlitourk
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine Payré
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Gérard Lambeau
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Sandra Man-Bovenkerk
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Herrmann
- Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Rolf Müller
- Department of Pharmacy at Saarland University, Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jos A G van Strijp
- Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne Pannekoek
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Mucoviscidose et Bronchopathies Chroniques, Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR S 938, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine (CRSA), Paris, France
| | - Nina M van Sorge
- Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Reference Laboratory for Bacterial Meningitis, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Abdel Bar FM, Alossaimi MA, Elekhnawy E, Alzeer MAA, Abo Kamer A, Moglad E, ElNaggar MH. Anti-Quorum Sensing and Anti-Biofilm Activity of Pelargonium × hortorum Root Extract against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Combinatorial Effect of Catechin and Gallic Acid. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227841. [PMID: 36431942 PMCID: PMC9695561 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HPLC-UV was used to compare the major constituents of two Pelargonium × hortorum cultivars and Pelargonium sidoides root extract. It revealed the presence of catechin and gallic acid in high concentrations and the absence of umckalin in P. × hortorum root extracts. The antibacterial activity of these extracts was screened against 19 Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates. P. × hortorum root extracts showed the lowest MIC values (512-1024 µg/mL). This activity was concluded to be attributable to the high concentrations of catechin and gallic acid. The anti-biofilm activity of catechin, gallic acid, and their combination was examined by a crystal violet assay. The combination reduced the percentage of strong and moderate biofilm-forming isolates from 52.63% to 5.26%. The impact on lasI and lasR genes expression using qRT-PCR and simultaneous docking against LasR protein was explored. The combination downregulated lasI and lasR gene expression in eight and six P. aeruginosa isolates, respectively, and showed the greatest docking score. Additionally, the in vivo protection capability of this combination in infected mice showed enhancement in the survival rate. Our study revealed the potential biofilm and quorum-sensing-inhibitory activity of the catechin and gallic acid combination as a novel alternative to inhibit bacterial pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M. Abdel Bar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-54540-3617
| | - Manal A. Alossaimi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Engy Elekhnawy
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | | | - Amal Abo Kamer
- Pharmaceutical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31527, Egypt
| | - Ehssan Moglad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mai H. ElNaggar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
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19
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Piri-Gavgani S, Ghanei M, Fateh A, Siadat SD, Nematollahi L, Rahimi-Jamnani F. Identification of two neutralizing human single-chain variable fragment antibodies targeting Staphylococcus aureus alpha-hemolysin. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:1207-1214. [PMID: 36311199 PMCID: PMC9588317 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.64103.14253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The inability of the host immune system to defeat Staphylococcus aureus is due to various secreted virulent factors such as leukocidins, superantigens, and hemolysins, which interrupt the function of immune components. Alpha-hemolysin is one of the most studied cytolysins due to its pronounced effect on developing staphylococcal infections. Alpha-hemolysin-neutralizing antibodies are among the best candidates for blocking the toxin activity and preventing S. aureus pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) phage display library was biopanned against alpha-hemolysin. The selected phage clones were assessed based on their binding ability to alpha-hemolysin. The binding specificity and affinity of two scFvs (designated SP192 and SP220) to alpha-hemolysin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, the neutralizing activity of SP192 and SP220 was examined by concurrent incubation of rabbit red blood cells (RBCs) with alpha-hemolysin and scFvs. RESULTS SP192 and SP220 showed significant binding to alpha-hemolysin compared with the control proteins, including bovine serum albumin, human adiponectin, and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Besides, both scFvs showed high-affinity binding to alpha-hemolysin in the nanomolar range (Kaff: 0.9 and 0.7 nM-1, respectively), leading to marked inhibition of alpha-hemolysin-mediated lysis of rabbit RBCs (73% and 84% inhibition; respectively). CONCLUSION SP192 and SP220 scFvs can potentially be used as alpha-hemolysin-neutralizing agents in conjunction with conventional antibiotics to combat S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Piri-Gavgani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghanei
- Chemical Injuries Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Fateh
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Davar Siadat
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Nematollahi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding authors: Leila Nematollahi. Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. ; Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani. Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. ;
| | - Fatemeh Rahimi-Jamnani
- Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran,Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran ,Corresponding authors: Leila Nematollahi. Biotechnology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. ; Fatemeh Rahimi Jamnani. Department of Mycobacteriology and Pulmonary Research, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran; Microbiology Research Center, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran. ;
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20
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The Structures and Binding Modes of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Elastase LasB. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081060. [PMID: 36009930 PMCID: PMC9404851 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Elastase B (LasB) is a zinc metalloprotease and a crucial virulence factor of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. As the need for new strategies to fight antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constantly rises, this protein has become a key target in the development of novel antivirulence agents. The extensive knowledge of the structure of its active site, containing two subpockets and a zinc atom, led to various structure-based medicinal chemistry programs and the optimization of several chemical classes of inhibitors. This review provides a brief reminder of the structure of the active site and a summary of the disclosed P. aeruginosa LasB inhibitors. We specifically focused on the analysis of their binding modes with a detailed representation of them, hence giving an overview of the strategies aiming at targeting LasB by small molecules.
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21
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Therapeutic Inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus ArlRS Two-Component Regulatory System Blocks Virulence. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0018722. [PMID: 35736133 PMCID: PMC9295591 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00187-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of severe infections, and its widespread antibiotic resistance necessitates search for alternative therapies, such as inhibition of virulence. As S. aureus produces multiple individual virulence factors, inhibition of an entire regulatory system might provide better effects than targeting each virulence factor separately. Herein, we describe two novel inhibitors of S. aureus two-component regulatory system ArlRS: 3,4'-dimethoxyflavone and homopterocarpin. Unlike other putative ArlRS inhibitors previously identified, these two compounds were effective and specific. In vitro kinase assays indicated that 3,4'-dimethoxyflavone directly inhibits ArlS autophosphorylation, while homopterocarpin did not exhibit such effect, suggesting that two inhibitors work through distinct mechanisms. Application of the inhibitors to methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in vitro blocked ArlRS signaling, inducing an abnormal gene expression pattern that was reflected in changes at the protein level, enhanced sensitivity to oxacillin, and led to the loss of numerous cellular virulence traits, including the ability to clump, adhere to host ligands, and evade innate immunity. The pleiotropic antivirulence effect of inhibiting a single regulatory system resulted in a marked therapeutic potential, demonstrated by the ability of inhibitors to decrease severity of MRSA infection in mice. Altogether, this study demonstrated the feasibility of ArlRS inhibition as anti-S. aureus treatment, and identified new lead compounds for therapeutic development.
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22
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Dehbanipour R, Ghalavand Z. Anti-virulence therapeutic strategies against bacterial infections: recent advances. Germs 2022; 12:262-275. [PMID: 36504617 PMCID: PMC9719373 DOI: 10.18683/germs.2022.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence and increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant pathogens has become a major global healthcare problem. According to the World Health Organization if these trends continue, mortality from infection in 2050 will be higher than that from cancer. Microorganisms have various resistance mechanisms against different classes of antibiotics that emphasize the need for discovery of new antimicrobial compounds to treat bacterial infections. An interesting and new strategy for disarming pathogens is antivirulence therapy by blocking bacterial virulence factors or pathogenicity. Therefore, the use of these new pathoblockers could reduce the administration of broad-spectrum antimicrobials and prevalence of resistant strains. This review provides an overview of the antivirulence strategies published studies between years 2017 and 2021. Most antivirulence strategies focused on adhesins, toxins and bacterial communication. Additionally, targeting two-component systems and ncRNA elements were also examined in some studies. These new strategies have the potential to replace traditional antimicrobial agents and can be used to treat infections, especially infections caused by resistant pathogens, by targeting virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Dehbanipour
- PhD, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Koodakyar St, Tabnak Blv., Yaman Av., Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zohreh Ghalavand
- PhD, Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Koodakyar St, Tabnak Blv., Yaman Av., Chamran Highway, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Zohreh Ghalavand,
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23
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Impact of Clopidogrel on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: a National Retrospective Cohort Study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0211721. [PMID: 35416712 PMCID: PMC9211425 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02117-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated platelets have known antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. Accelerated clearance of platelets induced by S. aureus can result in thrombocytopenia and increased mortality in patients. Recent studies suggest that P2Y12 inhibition protects platelets from accelerated clearance. We therefore evaluated the effect of P2Y12 inhibition on clinical outcomes in patients with S. aureus bacteremia across a large national cohort. Our retrospective cohort (2010 to 2018) included patients admitted to Veterans Affairs (VA) hospitals with blood cultures positive for S. aureus and treated with standard-of-care antibiotics. Employing propensity score-matched Cox proportional hazards regression models, we compared clinical outcomes in patients treated with clopidogrel for at least the 30 days prior to admission and continuing for at least 5 days after admission to patients without any P2Y12 inhibitor use in the year preceding admission. Mortality was significantly lower among clopidogrel users than P2Y12 inhibitor nonusers (n = 147 propensity score-matched pairs): the inpatient mortality hazard ratio (HR) was 0.11 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.01 to 0.86), and 30-day mortality HR was 0.43 (95% CI, 0.19 to 0.98). There were no differences in 30-day readmission, 30-day S. aureus reinfection, microbiological clearance, or thrombocytopenia. Clopidogrel use at the time of infection reduced in-hospital mortality by 89% and 30-day mortality by 57% among a cohort of patients with S. aureus bacteremia. These results support the need to further study the use of P2Y12 inhibitors as adjunctive therapy in S. aureus bloodstream infections.
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Thymol Reduces agr-Mediated Virulence Factor Phenol-Soluble Modulin Production in Staphylococcus aureus. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:8221622. [PMID: 35586806 PMCID: PMC9110180 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8221622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a major human bacterial pathogen that carries a large number of virulence factors. Many virulence factors of S. aureus are regulated by the accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum-sensing system. Phenol-soluble modulins (PSMs) are one of the agr-mediated virulence determinants known to play a significant role in S. aureus pathogenesis. In the present study, the efficacy of thymol to inhibit PSM production including δ-toxin in S. aureus was explored. We employed liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to quantify the PSMsα1-PSMα4, PSMβ1 and PSMβ2, and δ-toxin production from culture supernatants. We found that thymol at 0.5 MIC (128 μg/mL) significantly reduced the PSMα and δ-toxin production in S. aureus WKZ-1, WKZ-2, LAC USA300, and ATCC29213. Downregulation in transcription by quantitative real-time (qRT) PCR analysis of response regulator agrA and receptor histidine kinase agrC upon 0.5 MIC thymol treatment affirmed the results of LC-MS quantification of PSMs. In silico molecular docking analysis demonstrated the binding affinity of thymol with receptors AgrA and AgrC. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed no ultrastructural alterations (cell wall and membrane) in thymol-treated WKZ-1 and WKZ-2 S. aureus strains. Here, we demonstrated that thymol reduces various PSM production in S. aureus clinical isolates and reference strains with mass spectrometry.
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Isolation and Analysis of the Biological Characteristics of a Novel Bacteriophage vB_SauP_P992 Against Staphylococcus aureus. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm-121670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most virulent pathogens inducing various diseases in humans and animals. Disturbingly, the degree and rate of drug resistance in this pathogen have sharply increased and have become a global concern. Objectives: This study analyzed the lytic activity and the biological characteristics of a mitomycin C-induced bacteriophage from S. aureus isolated and identified from hospital sewage to explore novel antibacterial therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of drug-resistant S. aureus, including urinary tract infections caused by MRSA strains. Methods: The new bacteriophage vB_SauP_P992, which can effectively lyse the MRSA strain, was successfully isolated and purified using the double agar plate method. In this regard, pH sensitivity, one-step growth curve, the optimal multiplicity of infection (MOI), thermo-sensitivity, phage host range, and the effects of organic reagents on phage activity were determined. Results: Electron microscopic results showed that the bacteriophage head was hexagonal with a non-contractile tail and could form a single, neatly-bordered plaque. Moreover, the optimal MOI was 0.1. The one-step growth curve showed a bacteriophage incubation period of about 20 min, a lysis period of 90 min, and a burst size of about 65.8 PFU per infected cell. The bacteriophage vB_SauP_P992 had acceptable thermal stability, pH stability, and resistance to physical and chemical factors, indicating a bacteriophage with no capsule. Conclusions: With an intense lytic activity and acceptable stability, this novel bacteriophage lays a solid foundation to enrich the bacteriophage library and better prevent and control drug-resistant S. aureus infections.
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West KHJ, Gahan CG, Kierski PR, Calderon DF, Zhao K, Czuprynski CJ, McAnulty JF, Lynn DM, Blackwell HE. Sustained Release of a Synthetic Autoinducing Peptide Mimetic Blocks Bacterial Communication and Virulence In Vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202201798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Curran G. Gahan
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemical and Biological Engineering UNITED STATES
| | | | - Diego F. Calderon
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Pathobiological Sciences UNITED STATES
| | - Ke Zhao
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemistry 1101 University Ave. 53706 Madison UNITED STATES
| | | | | | - David M. Lynn
- University of Wisconsin-Madison Chemical and Biological Engineering UNITED STATES
| | - Helen E. Blackwell
- University of Wisconsin Department of Chemistry 1101 University Ave.Room 5211a Chemistry 53706-1322 Madison UNITED STATES
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West KHJ, Gahan CG, Kierski PR, Calderon DF, Zhao K, Czuprynski CJ, McAnulty JF, Lynn DM, Blackwell HE. Sustained Release of a Synthetic Autoinducing Peptide Mimetic Blocks Bacterial Communication and Virulence In Vivo. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202201798. [PMID: 35334139 PMCID: PMC9322450 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202201798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic peptide was found to block cell-to-cell signalling, or quorum sensing, in bacteria and be highly bioavailable in mouse tissue. The controlled release of this agent from degradable polymeric microparticles strongly inhibited skin infection in a wound model at levels that far surpassed the potency of the peptide when delivered conventionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbin H. J. West
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison1101 University Ave.MadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Curran G. Gahan
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison1415 Engineering Dr.MadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Patricia R. Kierski
- Department of Surgical SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison2015 Linden Dr.MadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Diego F. Calderon
- Department of Pathobiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison2015 Linden Dr.MadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Ke Zhao
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison1101 University Ave.MadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Charles J. Czuprynski
- Department of Pathobiological SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison2015 Linden Dr.MadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Jonathan F. McAnulty
- Department of Surgical SciencesSchool of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison2015 Linden Dr.MadisonWI 53706USA
| | - David M. Lynn
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison1101 University Ave.MadisonWI 53706USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison1415 Engineering Dr.MadisonWI 53706USA
| | - Helen E. Blackwell
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Wisconsin-Madison1101 University Ave.MadisonWI 53706USA
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Scutellarin potentiates vancomycin against lethal pneumonia caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus through dual inhibition of sortase A and caseinolytic peptidase P. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 199:114982. [PMID: 35247333 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The strategy of targeting virulence factor has received great attention as it barely develops bacterial resistance. Sortase A (SrtA) and caseinolytic peptidase P (ClpP), as important virulence factors, are considered to be ideal pharmacological targets for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Through screening hundreds of compounds, we found scutellarin, a natural flavonoid, markedly inhibited SrtA and ClpP activities of MRSA strain USA300 with an IC50 of 53.64 μg/mL and 107.00 μg/mL, respectively. Subsequently, we observed that scutellarin could inhibit the SrtA-related virulence of MRSA. To demonstrate whether scutellarin directly binding to SrtA, fluorescence quenching assay and molecular docking were performed and the results indicated that scutellarin directly bonded to SrtA molecule with a KA value of 7.58 × 104 L/mol. In addition to direct SrtA inhibition, scutellarin could also inhibit hemolytic activity of S. aureus by inhibiting the expression of Hla in a SrtA-independent manner. Further assays confirmed that scutellarin inhibited hemolysis by inhibiting ClpP. The combination of scutellarin and vancomycin showed enhancing inhibition of USA300 in vitro and in vivo, evidenced by decreased MIC from 3 μg/mL to 0.5 μg/mL and increased survival and improvement of lung pathology in pneumonia mice. Taken together, these results suggest that scutellarin exhibited di-inhibitory effects on SrtA and ClpP of USA300. The di-inhibition of virulence factors by scutellarin combined with vancomycin to prevent MRSA invasion of A549 cells and pneumonia in mice, indicating that scutellarin is expected to be a potential adjuvant against MRSA in the future.
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Tan L, Huang Y, Shang W, Yang Y, Peng H, Hu Z, Wang Y, Rao Y, Hu Q, Rao X, Hu X, Li M, Chen K, Li S. Accessory Gene Regulator (agr) Allelic Variants in Cognate Staphylococcus aureus Strain Display Similar Phenotypes. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:700894. [PMID: 35295312 PMCID: PMC8919982 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.700894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The accessory gene regulator (agr) quorum-sensing system is an important global regulatory system of Staphylococcus aureus and contributes to its pathogenicity. The S. aureus agr system is divided into four agr groups based on the amino acid polymorphisms of AgrB, AgrD, and AgrC. The agr activation is group-specific, resulting in variations in agr activity and pathogenicity among the four agr groups. Strains with divergent agr system always have different phenotypes. In the present report, we, respectively, exchanged the agr system of a certain S. aureus with other three agr alleles and assessed the corresponding phenotypes of these congenic strains. Replacement of the agr system led to significant variations in hemolytic activity, protein expression, and virulence gene expression comparing with that of the parental strain. Interestingly, we found that the biological characteristics of these agr congenic strains in the same strain background were highly similar to each other, and the allele-dependent differences of the agr systems were weakened. These findings indicate that the allele-dependent agr predilections of S. aureus are determined by some factors in addition to the polymorphisms of AgrB, AgrD, and AgrC. Future studies may reveal the novel mechanism to improve our understanding of the agr network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Tan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuyang Huang
- Queen Mary College, Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Weilong Shang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Huagang Peng
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuting Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yifan Rao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qiwen Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kaisen Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
- *Correspondence: Kaisen Chen,
| | - Shu Li
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Shu Li,
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Staphyloxanthin as a Potential Novel Target for Deciphering Promising Anti-Staphylococcus aureus Agents. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11030298. [PMID: 35326762 PMCID: PMC8944557 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a fatal Gram-positive pathogen threatening numerous cases of hospital-admitted patients worldwide. The emerging resistance of the pathogen to several antimicrobial agents has pressurized research to propose new strategies for combating antimicrobial resistance. Novel strategies include targeting the virulence factors of S. aureus. One of the most prominent virulence factors of S. aureus is its eponymous antioxidant pigment staphyloxanthin (STX), which is an auspicious target for anti-virulence therapy. This review provides an updated outline on STX and multiple strategies to attenuate this virulence factor. The approaches discussed in this article focus on bioprospective and chemically synthesized inhibitors of STX, inter-species communication and genetic manipulation. Various inhibitor molecules were found to exhibit appreciable inhibitory effect against STX and hence would be able to serve as potential anti-virulence agents for clinical use.
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Yang L, Yuan TJ, Wan Y, Li WW, Liu C, Jiang S, Duan JA. Quorum sensing: a new perspective to reveal the interaction between gut microbiota and host. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:293-309. [PMID: 35164528 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quorum sensing (QS), a chemical communication process between bacteria, depends on the synthesis, secretion and detection of signal molecules. It can synchronize the gene expression of bacteria to promote cooperation within the population and improve competitiveness among populations. The preliminary exploration of bacterial QS has been completed under ideal and highly controllable conditions. There is an urgent need to investigate the QS of bacteria under natural conditions, especially the QS of intestinal flora, which is closely related to health. Excitingly, growing evidence has shown that QS also exists in the intestinal flora. The crosstalk of QS between gut microbiota and the host is systematically clarified in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Tian-Jie Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Yue Wan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Wen-Wen Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Chen Liu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Shu Jiang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
| | - Jin-Ao Duan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China
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Staphylococcus aureus-A Known Opponent against Host Defense Mechanisms and Vaccine Development-Do We Still Have a Chance to Win? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020948. [PMID: 35055134 PMCID: PMC8781139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this review is to present justification for the urgent need to implement specific prophylaxis of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infections. We emphasize the difficulties in achieving this goal due to numerous S. aureus virulence factors important for the process of infection and the remarkable ability of these bacteria to avoid host defense mechanisms. We precede these considerations with a brief overview of the global necessitiy to intensify the use of vaccines against other pathogens as well, particularly in light of an impasse in antibiotic therapy. Finally, we point out global trends in research into modern technologies used in the field of molecular microbiology to develop new vaccines. We focus on the vaccines designed to fight the infections caused by S. aureus, which are often resistant to the majority of available therapeutic options.
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Zheng Y, Lu X, Liu B, Li B, Yang C, Tang W, Zhang J. Novel FabI inhibitor disrupts the biofilm formation of MRSA through down-regulating the expression of quorum-sensing regulatory genes. Microb Pathog 2022; 163:105391. [PMID: 34999247 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to explore the antibiofilm and antivirulence efficacy of benzylaniline 4k against MRSA. METHODS The clinical MRSA strains were identified and used to evaluate their potential to form biofilm using crystal violet assay. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using broth microdilution method. The expression of genes was detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Rabbit blood hemolytic assay was used to observe the inhibitory ability of alpha-hemolysin (Hla). RESULTS Compound 4k showed potent antibacterial activity against 16 clinical MRSA with an MIC50 of 1.25 mg/L and MIC90 of 2.25 mg/L. The value of minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) against MRSA2858 biofilm was of 1.5 mg/L, close to its MIC, superior to those of vancomycin and erythromycin. Compound 4k eradicated the formation of biofilm through inhibiting the gene expression of branched-chain fatty acid synthesis, down-regulating the expression of quorum-sensing (QS) regulatory genes (norA, agrA, icaA, hla), decreasing the level of hemolysis in a dose-dependent manner, and inhibiting rabbit blood hemolysis by 86.9% at a concentration of 1.25 mg/L. In a mouse model of abdominal infection, compound 4k was more effective than vancomycin in reducing bacterial load. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that compound 4k could be developed as promising an anti-MRSA agent through affecting quorum-sensing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics, The First Hospital Affiliated to Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Xueer Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Huaibei People's Hospital, Huaibei, 235000, China; Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Biyong Liu
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Bo Li
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Wenjian Tang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Anhui Prevention and Treatment Center for Occupational Disease, Anhui No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China.
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen that relies on a variety of mechanisms to evade and counteract the immune system. We show that S. aureus uses oleate hydratase (OhyA) to convert host cis-9 unsaturated fatty acids to their 10-hydroxy derivatives in human serum and at the infection site in a mouse neutropenic thigh model. Wild-type and ΔohyA strains were equally infective in the neutropenic thigh model, but recovery of the ΔohyA strain was 2 orders of magnitude lower in the immunocompetent skin infection model. Despite the lower bacterial abundance at the infection site, the levels of interleukin 6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) elicited by the ΔohyA strain were as robust as those of either the wild-type or the complemented strain, indicating that the immune system was more highly activated by the ΔohyA strain. Thus, OhyA functions to promote S. aureus virulence. IMPORTANCE The oleate hydratase protein family was discovered in commensal bacteria that utilize host unsaturated fatty acids as the substrates to produce a spectrum of hydroxylated products. These hydroxy fatty acids are thought to act as signaling molecules that suppress the inflammatory response to create a more tolerant environment for the microbiome. S. aureus is a significant human pathogen, and defining the mechanisms used to evade the immune response is critical to understanding pathogenesis. S. aureus expresses an OhyA that produces at least three 10-hydroxy fatty acids from host unsaturated fatty acids at the infection site, and an S. aureus strain lacking the ohyA gene has compromised virulence in an immunocompetent infection model. These data suggest that OhyA plays a role in immune modulation in S. aureus pathogenesis similar to that in commensal bacteria.
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McCarthy M, Goncalves M, Powell H, Morey B, Turner M, Merrill AR. A Structural Approach to Anti-Virulence: A Discovery Pipeline. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122514. [PMID: 34946116 PMCID: PMC8704661 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-virulence strategy is designed to prevent bacterial virulence factors produced by pathogenic bacteria from initiating and sustaining an infection. One family of bacterial virulence factors is the mono-ADP-ribosyltransferase toxins, which are produced by pathogens as tools to compromise the target host cell. These toxins are bacterial enzymes that exploit host cellular NAD+ as the donor substrate to modify an essential macromolecule acceptor target in the host cell. This biochemical reaction modifies the target macromolecule (often protein or DNA) and functions in a binary fashion to turn the target activity on or off by blocking or impairing a critical process or pathway in the host. A structural biology approach to the anti-virulence method to neutralize the cytotoxic effect of these factors requires the search and design of small molecules that bind tightly to the enzyme active site and prevent catalytic function essentially disarming the pathogen. This method requires a high-resolution structure to serve as the model for small molecule inhibitor development, which illuminates the path to drug development. This alternative strategy to antibiotic therapy represents a paradigm shift that may circumvent multi-drug resistance in the offending microbe through anti-virulence therapy. In this report, the rationale for the anti-virulence structural approach will be discussed along with recent efforts to apply this method to treat honey bee diseases using natural products.
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Lin X, He J, Li W, Qi Y, Hu H, Zhang D, Xu F, Chen X, Zhou M. Lung-Targeting Lysostaphin Microspheres for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia Treatment and Prevention. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16625-16641. [PMID: 34582183 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c06460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed to treat methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) caused pneumonia due to its increasing resistance, enhanced virulence, and high pathogenicity. Here, we report that lysostaphin, a bacteriolytic enzyme, encapsulated within poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres (LyIR@MS) specially treats planktonic MRSA bacteria, mature biofilms, and related pneumonia. Optimized LyIR@MS with suitable diameters could deliver a sufficient amount of lysostaphin to the lung without a decrease in survival rate after intravenous injection. Furthermore, the degradable properties of the carrier make it safe for targeted release of lysostaphin to eliminate MRSA, repressing the expression of virulence genes and improving the sensitivity of biofilms to host neutrophils. In the MRSA pneumonia mouse model, treatment or prophylaxis with LyIR@MS significantly improved survival rate and relieved inflammatory injury without introducing adverse events. These findings suggest the clinical translational potential of LyIR@MS for the treatment of MRSA-infected lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhui Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Jian He
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Wanlin Li
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Yuchen Qi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Huiqun Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Dongxiao Zhang
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Departments of Diagnostic Radiology, Surgery, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and Biomedical Engineering, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119074, Singapore
- Clinical Imaging Research Centre, Centre for Translational Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Program, NUS Center for Nanomedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310009, China
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
- State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentations, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Cancer Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Staphylococcus aureus is the most common invasive bacterial pathogen infecting children in the U.S. and many parts of the world. This major human pathogen continues to evolve, and recognition of recent trends in epidemiology, therapeutics and future horizons is of high importance. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past decade, a relative rise of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) has occurred, such that methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) no longer dominates the landscape of invasive disease. Antimicrobial resistance continues to develop, however, and novel therapeutics or preventive modalities are urgently needed. Unfortunately, several recent vaccine attempts proved unsuccessful in humans. SUMMARY Recent scientific breakthroughs highlight the opportunity for novel interventions against S. aureus by interfering with virulence rather than by traditional antimicrobial mechanisms. A S. aureus vaccine remains elusive; the reasons for this are multifactorial, and lessons learned from prior unsuccessful attempts may create a path toward an effective preventive. Finally, new diagnostic modalities have the potential to greatly enhance clinical care for invasive S. aureus disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E. Cassat
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation (VI4), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Center for Bone Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Isaac Thomsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology and Inflammation (VI4), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Ahmad-Mansour N, Loubet P, Pouget C, Dunyach-Remy C, Sotto A, Lavigne JP, Molle V. Staphylococcus aureus Toxins: An Update on Their Pathogenic Properties and Potential Treatments. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:677. [PMID: 34678970 PMCID: PMC8540901 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a clinically important pathogen that causes a wide range of human infections, from minor skin infections to severe tissue infection and sepsis. S. aureus has a high level of antibiotic resistance and is a common cause of infections in hospitals and the community. The rising prevalence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (CA-MRSA), combined with the important severity of S. aureus infections in general, has resulted in the frequent use of anti-staphylococcal antibiotics, leading to increasing resistance rates. Antibiotic-resistant S. aureus continues to be a major health concern, necessitating the development of novel therapeutic strategies. S. aureus uses a wide range of virulence factors, such as toxins, to develop an infection in the host. Recently, anti-virulence treatments that directly or indirectly neutralize S. aureus toxins have showed promise. In this review, we provide an update on toxin pathogenic characteristics, as well as anti-toxin therapeutical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Ahmad-Mansour
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
| | - Paul Loubet
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Cassandra Pouget
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France;
| | - Catherine Dunyach-Remy
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Albert Sotto
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (P.L.); (A.S.)
| | - Jean-Philippe Lavigne
- Virulence Bactérienne et Infections Chroniques, INSERM U1047, Department of Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Université de Montpellier, 30908 Nîmes, France; (C.D.-R.); (J.-P.L.)
| | - Virginie Molle
- Laboratory of Pathogen Host Interactions, CNRS UMR5235, Université de Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France;
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39
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Mutations in a Membrane Permease or hpt Lead to 6-Thioguanine Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0076021. [PMID: 34125595 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00760-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently discovered that 6-thioguanine (6-TG) is an antivirulence compound that is produced by a number of coagulase-negative staphylococci. In Staphylococcus aureus, it inhibits de novo purine biosynthesis and ribosomal protein expression, thus inhibiting growth and abrogating toxin production. Mechanisms by which S. aureus may develop resistance to this compound are currently unknown. Here, we show that 6-TG-resistant S. aureus mutants emerge spontaneously when the bacteria are subjected to high concentrations of 6-TG in vitro. Whole-genome sequencing of these mutants revealed frameshift and missense mutations in a xanthine-uracil permease family protein (stgP [six thioguanine permease]) and single nucleotide polymorphisms in hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (hpt). These mutations engender S. aureus the ability to resist both the growth inhibitory and toxin downregulation effects of 6-TG. While prophylactic administration of 6-TG ameliorates necrotic lesions in subcutaneous infection of mice with methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain USA300 LAC, the drug did not reduce lesion size formed by the 6-TG-resistant strains. These findings identify mechanisms of 6-TG resistance, and this information can be leveraged to inform strategies to slow the evolution of resistance.
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40
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Streptococcus pyogenes ("Group A Streptococcus"), a Highly Adapted Human Pathogen-Potential Implications of Its Virulence Regulation for Epidemiology and Disease Management. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10060776. [PMID: 34205500 PMCID: PMC8234341 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10060776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci; GAS) is an exclusively human pathogen. It causes a variety of suppurative and non-suppurative diseases in people of all ages worldwide. Not all can be successfully treated with antibiotics. A licensed vaccine, in spite of its global importance, is not yet available. GAS express an arsenal of virulence factors responsible for pathological immune reactions. The transcription of all these virulence factors is under the control of three types of virulence-related regulators: (i) two-component systems (TCS), (ii) stand-alone regulators, and (iii) non-coding RNAs. This review summarizes major TCS and stand-alone transcriptional regulatory systems, which are directly associated with virulence control. It is suggested that this treasure of knowledge on the genetics of virulence regulation should be better harnessed for new therapies and prevention methods for GAS infections, thereby changing its global epidemiology for the better.
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41
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Swietnicki W. Secretory System Components as Potential Prophylactic Targets for Bacterial Pathogens. Biomolecules 2021; 11:892. [PMID: 34203937 PMCID: PMC8232601 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial secretory systems are essential for virulence in human pathogens. The systems have become a target of alternative antibacterial strategies based on small molecules and antibodies. Strategies to use components of the systems to design prophylactics have been less publicized despite vaccines being the preferred solution to dealing with bacterial infections. In the current review, strategies to design vaccines against selected pathogens are presented and connected to the biology of the system. The examples are given for Y. pestis, S. enterica, B. anthracis, S. flexneri, and other human pathogens, and discussed in terms of effectiveness and long-term protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wieslaw Swietnicki
- Department of Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. R. Weigla 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
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42
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Urbanski LJ, Vullo D, Parkkila S, Supuran CT. An anion and small molecule inhibition study of the β-carbonic anhydrase from Staphylococcus aureus. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2021; 36:1088-1092. [PMID: 34056990 PMCID: PMC8168783 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2021.1931863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria resistant to most antibiotics, including the methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represent a serious medical problem. The search for new antiinfectives, possessing a diverse mechanism of action compared to the clinically used antibiotics, has become an attractive research field. S. aureus DNA encodes a β-class carbonic anhydrase, SauBCA. It is a druggable target that can be inhibited by certain aromatic and heterocyclic sulphonamides. Here we investigated inorganic anions and some other small molecules for their inhibition of SauBCA. The halides, nitrite, nitrate, bicarbonate, carbonate, bisulphite, sulphate, stannate, and N,N-diethyldithiocarbamate were submillimolar SauBCA inhibitors with KIs in the range of 0.26 − 0.91 mM. The most effective inhibitors were sulfamide, sulfamate, phenylboronic acid, and phenylarsonic acid with KIs of 7 − 43 µM. Several interesting inhibitors detected here may be considered lead compounds for the development of even more effective derivatives, which should be investigated for their bacteriostatic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J Urbanski
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Neurofarba Department, Sezione di Chimica Farmaceutica e Nutraceutica, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy
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