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Wang P, Huang X, Jiang C, Yang R, Wu J, Liu Y, Feng S, Wang T. Antibacterial properties of natural products from marine fungi reported between 2012 and 2023: a review. Arch Pharm Res 2024; 47:505-537. [PMID: 38850495 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-024-01500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The oceans are rich in diverse microorganisms, animals, and plants. This vast biological complexity is a major source of unique secondary metabolites. In particular, marine fungi are a promising source of compounds with unique structures and potent antibacterial properties. Over the last decade, substantial progress has been made to identify these valuable antibacterial agents. This review summarizes the chemical structures and antibacterial activities of 223 compounds identified between 2012 and 2023. These compounds, effective against various bacteria including drug-resistant strains such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, exhibit strong potential as antibacterial therapeutics. The review also highlights the relevant challenges in transitioning from drug discovery to product commercialization. Emerging technologies such as metagenomics and synthetic biology are proposed as viable solutions. This paper sets the stage for further research on antibacterial compounds derived from marine fungi and advocates a multidisciplinary approach to combat drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaomei Huang
- Department of Marine Biology, Xiamen Ocean Vocational College, Xiamen, 361100, Fujian, China
| | - Chenyuan Jiang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Rushuang Yang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jialing Wu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuangshuang Feng
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin Kenneth Li Marine Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Health Science Center, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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Ferrarezi JH, Marin VR, Vieira G, Ferreira H, Sette LD, Sass DC. Bisdechlorogeodin from antarctic Pseudogymnoascus sp. LAMAI 2784 for citrus canker control. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae093. [PMID: 38599631 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
AIMS Citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (X. citri) is a disease of economic importance. Control of this disease includes the use of metallic copper, which is harmful to the environment and human health. Previous studies showed that the crude extract from the fungus Pseudogymnoascus sp. LAMAI 2784 isolated from Antarctic soil had in vitro antibacterial action against X. citri. The aim of the present study was to expand the applications of this extract. METHODS AND RESULTS In greenhouse assays, the crude extract was able to reduce bacterial infection on citrus leaves from 1.55 lesions/cm2 (untreated plants) to 0.04 lesions/cm2. Bisdechlorogeodin was identified as the main compound of the bioactive fraction produced by Pseudogymnoascus sp. LAMAI 2784, which inhibited bacterial growth in vitro (IC90 ≈ 156 µg ml-1) and permeated 80% of X. citri cells, indicating that the membrane is the primary target. CONCLUSION The present results showed that the bioactive fraction of the extract is mainly composed of the compound bisdechlorogeodin, which is likely responsible for the biological activity against X. citri, and the main mechanism of action is the targeting of the cell membrane. This study indicates that bisdechlorogeodin has valuable potential for the control of X. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliano H Ferrarezi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of General and Applied Biology, Avenue 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Vítor R Marin
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of General and Applied Biology, Avenue 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabrielle Vieira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of General and Applied Biology, Avenue 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Henrique Ferreira
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of General and Applied Biology, Avenue 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Lara D Sette
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of General and Applied Biology, Avenue 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Daiane C Sass
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Institute of Biosciences, Department of General and Applied Biology, Avenue 24 A, 1515, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Palma D, Oliva V, Montanares M, Gil-Durán C, Travisany D, Chávez R, Vaca I. Expanding the Toolbox for Genetic Manipulation in Pseudogymnoascus: RNAi-Mediated Silencing and CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Disruption of a Polyketide Synthase Gene Involved in Red Pigment Production in P. verrucosus. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:157. [PMID: 38392828 PMCID: PMC10889956 DOI: 10.3390/jof10020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the genus Pseudogymnoascus have garnered increasing attention in recent years. One of the members of the genus, P. destructans, has been identified as the causal agent of a severe bat disease. Simultaneously, the knowledge of Pseudogymnoascus species has expanded, in parallel with the increased availability of genome sequences. Moreover, Pseudogymnoascus exhibits great potential as a producer of specialized metabolites, displaying a diverse array of biological activities. Despite these significant advancements, the genetic landscape of Pseudogymnoascus remains largely unexplored due to the scarcity of suitable molecular tools for genetic manipulation. In this study, we successfully implemented RNAi-mediated gene silencing and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption in Pseudogymnoascus, using an Antarctic strain of Pseudogymnoascus verrucosus as a model. Both methods were applied to target azpA, a gene involved in red pigment biosynthesis. Silencing of the azpA gene to levels of 90% or higher eliminated red pigment production, resulting in transformants exhibiting a white phenotype. On the other hand, the CRISPR/Cas9 system led to a high percentage (73%) of transformants with a one-nucleotide insertion, thereby inactivating azpA and abolishing red pigment production, resulting in a white phenotype. The successful application of RNAi-mediated gene silencing and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption represents a significant advancement in Pseudogymnoascus research, opening avenues for comprehensive functional genetic investigations within this underexplored fungal genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Palma
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Vicente Oliva
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Mariana Montanares
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Carlos Gil-Durán
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Dante Travisany
- Núcleo de Investigación en Data Science, Facultad de Ingeniería y Negocios, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 7500975, Chile
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago 9170022, Chile
| | - Inmaculada Vaca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
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Rao H, Huan R, Chen Y, Xiao X, Li W, He H. Characteristics and Application of a Novel Cold-Adapted and Salt-Tolerant Protease EK4-1 Produced by an Arctic Bacterium Mesonia algae K4-1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097985. [PMID: 37175692 PMCID: PMC10178186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesonia algae K4-1 from the Arctic secretes a novel cold-adapted and salt-tolerant protease EK4-1. It has the highest sequence similarity with Stearolysin, an M4 family protease from Geobacillus stearothermophilus, with only 45% sequence identity, and is a novel M4 family protease. Ek4-1 has a low optimal catalytic temperature (40 °C) and is stable at low temperatures. Moreover, EK4-1 is still active in 4 mol/L NaCl solution and is tolerant to surfactants, oxidizing agents and organic solvents; furthermore, it prefers the hydrolysis of peptide bonds at the P1' position as the hydrophobic residues, such as Leu, Phe and Val, and amino acids with a long side chain, such as Phe and Tyr. Mn2+and Mg2+ significantly promoted enzyme activity, while Fe3+, Co+, Zn2+ and Cu2+ significantly inhibited enzyme activity. Amino acid composition analysis showed that EK4-1 had more small-side-chain amino acids and fewer large-side-chain amino acids. Compared with a thermophilic protease Stearolysin, the cold-adapted protease EK4-1 contains more random coils (48.07%) and a larger active pocket (727.42 Å3). In addition, the acidic amino acid content of protease EK4-1 was higher than that of the basic amino acid, which might be related to the salt tolerance of protease. Compared with the homologous proteases EB62 and E423, the cold-adapted protease EK4-1 was more efficient in the proteolysis of grass carp skin, salmon skin and casein at a low temperature, and produced a large number of antioxidant peptides, with DPPH, ·OH and ROO· scavenging activities. Therefore, cold-adapted and salt-tolerant protease EK4-1 offers wide application prospects in the cosmetic and detergent industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailian Rao
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Ran Huan
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
- Key Laboratory of Functional Dairy, Co-constructed by Ministry of Education and Beijing Municipality, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100000, China
| | - Yidan Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Xun Xiao
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Wenzhao Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
| | - Hailun He
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China
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Hussain A, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Majeed M, Ibrahim M, Imran M, Yang XW, Ahmed I, Altaf AA, Khalil AA, Rauf A, Wilairatana P, Hemeg HA, Ullah R, Green IR, Ali I, Shah STA, Hussain H. Marine life as a source for breast cancer treatment: A comprehensive review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 159:114165. [PMID: 36634590 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer, one of the most significant tumors among all cancer cells, still has deficiencies for effective treatment. Moreover, substitute treatments employing natural products as bioactive metabolites has been seriously considered. The source of bioactive metabolites are not only the most numerous but also represent the richest source. A unique source is from the oceans or marine species which demonstrated intriguing chemical and biological diversity which represents an astonishing reserve for discovering novel anticancer drugs. Notably, marine sponges produce the largest amount of diverse bioactive peptides, alkaloids, terpenoids, polyketides along with many secondary metabolites whose potential is mostly therapeutic. In this review, our main focus is on the marine derived secondary metabolites which demonstrated cytotoxic effects towards numerous breast cancer cells and have been isolated from the marine sources such as marine sponges, cyanobacteria, fungi, algae, tunicates, actinomycetes, ascidians, and other sources of marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Hussain
- Department of Chemistry University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan; Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (C.P. 54), 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Marie-Lise Bourguet-Kondracki
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 MNHN-CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (C.P. 54), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maryam Majeed
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ibrahim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of chemistry, Faculty of Science, Research center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xian-Wen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Biogentic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, 184 Daxue Road, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ishtiaq Ahmed
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ataf Ali Altaf
- Department of Chemistry University of Okara, Okara, Pakistan
| | - Anees Ahmed Khalil
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdur Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Swabi Khyber Pukhtanukha, Pakistan
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Hassan A Hemeg
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Al-Medinah Al-Monawara, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan R Green
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Iftikhar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Karakoram International University, Gilgit 15100, Pakistan
| | | | - Hidayat Hussain
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany.
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Shi T, Li YJ, Wang ZM, Wang YF, Wang B, Shi DY. New Pyrroline Isolated from Antarctic Krill-Derived Actinomycetes Nocardiopsis sp. LX-1 Combining with Molecular Networking. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020127. [PMID: 36827168 PMCID: PMC9967698 DOI: 10.3390/md21020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) of the Euphausiidae family comprise one of the largest biomasses in the world and play a key role in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. However, the study of E. superba-derived microbes and their secondary metabolites has been limited. Chemical investigation of the secondary metabolites of the actinomycetes Nocardiopsis sp. LX-1 (in the family of Nocardiopsaceae), isolated from E. superba, combined with molecular networking, led to the identification of 16 compounds a-p (purple nodes in the molecular network) and the isolation of one new pyrroline, nocarpyrroline A (1), along with 11 known compounds 2-12. The structure of the new compound 1 was elucidated by extensive spectroscopic investigation. Compound 2 exhibited broad-spectrum antibacterial activities against A. hydrophila, D. chrysanthemi, C. terrigena, X. citri pv. malvacearum and antifungal activity against C. albicans in a conventional broth dilution assay. The positive control was ciprofloxacin with the MIC values of <0.024 µM, 0.39 µM, 0.39 µM, 0.39 µM, and 0.20 µM, respectively. Compound 1 and compounds 7, 10, and 11 displayed antifungal activities against F. fujikuroi and D. citri, respectively, in modified agar diffusion test. Prochloraz was used as positive control and showed the inhibition zone radius of 17 mm and 15 mm against F. fujikuroi and D. citri, respectively. All the annotated compounds a-p by molecular networking were first discovered from the genus Nocardiopsis. Nocarpyrroline A (1) features an unprecedented 4,5-dihydro-pyrrole-2-carbonitrile substructure, and it is the first pyrroline isolated from the genus Nocardiopsis. This study further demonstrated the guiding significance of molecular networking in the research of microbial secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shi
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yan-Jing Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Ze-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yi-Fei Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (D.-Y.S.)
| | - Da-Yong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (B.W.); (D.-Y.S.)
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Natural Marine Products: Anti-Colorectal Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20060349. [PMID: 35736152 PMCID: PMC9229715 DOI: 10.3390/md20060349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer, a malignant tumor with high mortality, has a poor prognosis due to drug resistance and toxicity in clinical surgery and chemotherapy. Thus, finding safer and more efficient drugs for clinical trials is vital and urgent. Natural marine compounds, with rich resources and original chemical structures, are applied widely in anticancer treatments. We provide a systematic overview of recently reported marine compounds such as alkaloids, peptides, terpenoids, polysaccharides, and carotenoids from in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies. The in vitro studies summarized the marine origins and pharmacological mechanisms, including anti-proliferation, anti-angiogenesis, anti-migration, anti-invasion, the acceleration of cycle arrest, and the promotion of tumor apoptosis, of various compounds. The in vivo studies outlined the antitumor effects of marine compounds on colorectal cancer model mice and evaluated their efficacy in terms of tumor inhibition, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. The clinical studies summarized the major chemical classifications and targets of action of the clinical drugs that have entered clinical approval and completed approval for marine anticancer. In summary, we present the current situation regarding the application of natural anti-colorectal cancer marine compounds and prospects for their clinical application.
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Shi T, Li XQ, Wang ZM, Zheng L, Yu YY, Dai JJ, Shi DY. Bioactivity-Guided Screening of Antimicrobial Secondary Metabolites from Antarctic Cultivable Fungus Acrostalagmus luteoalbus CH-6 Combined with Molecular Networking. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20050334. [PMID: 35621985 PMCID: PMC9146861 DOI: 10.3390/md20050334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
With the increasingly serious antimicrobial resistance, discovering novel antibiotics has grown impendency. The Antarctic abundant microbial resources, especially fungi, can produce unique bioactive compounds for adapting to the hostile environment. In this study, three Antarctic fungi, Chrysosporium sp. HSXSD-11-1, Cladosporium sp. HSXSD-12 and Acrostalagmus luteoalbus CH-6, were found to have the potential to produce antimicrobial compounds. Furthermore, the crude extracts of CH-6 displayed the strongest antimicrobial activities with 72.3–84.8% growth inhibition against C. albicans and Aeromonas salmonicida. The secondary metabolites of CH-6 were researched by bioactivity tracking combined with molecular networking and led to the isolation of two new α-pyrones, acrostalapyrones A (1) and B (2), along with one known analog (3), and three known indole diketopiperazines (4–6). The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were identified through modified Mosher’s method. Compounds 4 and 6 showed strong antimicrobial activities. Remarkably, the antibacterial activity of 6 against A. salmonicida displayed two times higher than that of the positive drug Ciprofloxacin. This is the first report to discover α-pyrones from the genus Acrostalagmus, and the significant antimicrobial activities of 4 and 6 against C. albicans and A. salmonicida. This study further demonstrates the great potential of Antarctic fungi in the development of new compounds and antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Shi
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China; (X.-Q.L.); (Z.-M.W.); (Y.-Y.Y.); (J.-J.D.)
| | - Xiang-Qian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China; (X.-Q.L.); (Z.-M.W.); (Y.-Y.Y.); (J.-J.D.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ze-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China; (X.-Q.L.); (Z.-M.W.); (Y.-Y.Y.); (J.-J.D.)
| | - Li Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan-Yan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China; (X.-Q.L.); (Z.-M.W.); (Y.-Y.Y.); (J.-J.D.)
| | - Jia-Jia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China; (X.-Q.L.); (Z.-M.W.); (Y.-Y.Y.); (J.-J.D.)
| | - Da-Yong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266200, China; (X.-Q.L.); (Z.-M.W.); (Y.-Y.Y.); (J.-J.D.)
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts of Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
- Correspondence:
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