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Lee NJ, Woo S, Rhee JE, Lee J, Lee S, Kim EJ. Increased Trend of Adenovirus Activity After the COVID-19 Pandemic in South Korea: Analysis of National Surveillance Data. Ann Lab Med 2024; 44:581-585. [PMID: 39038912 PMCID: PMC11375195 DOI: 10.3343/alm.2023.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The adenovirus detection rate is <10% throughout the year in South Korea; however, during the summer of 2023, it showed an unusual increase. We analyzed the adenovirus detection rate using data from the Korea Respiratory Integrated Surveillance System before and after coronavirus disease (COVID-19) collected from 2019 to week 36 of 2023. Before the COVID-19 outbreak in 2019, the mean detection rate was 8.2%, which decreased to 6.1% during the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2022. In 2023, the mean detection rate was 14.3% in week 36 and the highest in week 34, at 42.2%, and adenovirus was predominantly detected in the summer. The detection rate by age group showed substantially high activity among 0-12-yr-olds after the pandemic. This age group had a steady mean rate of 9.5% during the pandemic, without seasonality. In 2023, the detection rate surged in the 0-6-yr and 7-12-yr age groups, peaking at 61.6% and 57.1%, respectively. The dominant epidemic serotypes were HAdV-1 and HAdV-2 during and HAdV-3 after the pandemic. The multifaceted non-pharmaceutical interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic considerably impacted the prevalence of common respiratory viruses and complicated respiratory virus patterns after the pandemic. Constant surveillance is crucial for epidemic preparedness to monitor the possible surge of certain respiratory viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam-Joo Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - SangHee Woo
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jee Eun Rhee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Jaehee Lee
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Sangwon Lee
- Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
| | - Eun-Jin Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Department of Laboratory Diagnosis and Analysis, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (KDCA), Cheongju, Korea
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Chatterjee A, Bhattacharjee U, Gupta R, Debnath A, Majumdar A, Saha R, Chawla-Sarkar M, Chakrabarti AK, Dutta S. Genomic Expedition: Deciphering Human Adenovirus Strains from the 2023 Outbreak in West Bengal, India: Insights into Viral Evolution and Molecular Epidemiology. Viruses 2024; 16:159. [PMID: 38275969 PMCID: PMC10820069 DOI: 10.3390/v16010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic dynamics of circulating Human Adenovirus (HAdV) types is pivotal for effectively managing outbreaks and devising targeted interventions. During the West Bengal outbreak of 2022-2023, an investigation into the genetic characteristics and outbreak potential of circulating HAdV types was conducted. Twenty-four randomly selected samples underwent whole-genome sequencing. Analysis revealed a prevalent recombinant strain, merging type 3 and type 7 of human mastadenovirus B1 (HAd-B1) species, indicating the emergence of recent strains of species B in India. Furthermore, distinctions in VA-RNAs and the E3 region suggested that current circulating strains of human mastadenovirus B1 (HAd-B1) possess the capacity to evade host immunity, endure longer within hosts, and cause severe respiratory infections. This study underscores the significance of evaluating the complete genome sequence of HAdV isolates to glean insights into their outbreak potential and the severity of associated illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananya Chatterjee
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India; (A.C.); (R.G.); (A.D.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Uttaran Bhattacharjee
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India; (U.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Rudrak Gupta
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India; (A.C.); (R.G.); (A.D.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Ashis Debnath
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India; (A.C.); (R.G.); (A.D.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Agniva Majumdar
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India; (A.C.); (R.G.); (A.D.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
| | - Ritubrita Saha
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India; (U.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India; (U.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Alok Kumar Chakrabarti
- Division of Virology, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India; (U.B.); (R.S.); (M.C.-S.)
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Virus Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata 700010, West Bengal, India; (A.C.); (R.G.); (A.D.); (A.M.); (S.D.)
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Yuan J, Wei M, Chen M, Wang R, Diao J, Tian M, Zhao D, Chen M. Risk factors for the development of bronchiolitis obliterans in children after suffering from adenovirus pneumonia. Front Pediatr 2024; 11:1335543. [PMID: 38269287 PMCID: PMC10806191 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2023.1335543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bronchiolitis obliterans (BO) is an irreversible chronic obstructive lung disease in small airways. The aim of this study was to identify the relevant risk factors for the development of BO in children after suffering from adenovirus (ADV) pneumonia. Methods An observational cohort study that included 112 children suffering from ADV pneumonia in our institution from March 2019 to March 2020 was performed. We divided the children into a BO group and a non-BO group based on whether they did develop BO or not. Univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were applied to identify risk factors for the development of BO. The prediction probability model was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results Twenty-eight children (25%) did develop BO after suffering from ADV pneumonia, while 84 children did not. Respiratory support (OR 6.772, 95% CI 2.060-22.260, P = 0.002), extended length of wheezing days (OR 1.112, 95% CI 1.040-1.189, P = 0.002) and higher lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) levels (OR 1.002, 95% CI 1.000-1.003, P = 0.012) were independently associated with the development of BO. The predictive value of this prediction probability model was validated by the ROC curve, with an area under the curve of 0.870 (95% CI 0.801-0.939, P < 0.001), a standard error of 0.035, a maximum Youden's index of 0.608, a sensitivity of 0.929, and a specificity of 0.679. Conclusions After suffering an ADV pneumonia, children who have needed respiratory support, had a longer length of wheezing days or had higher LDH levels are more likely to develop BO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Yuan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengyue Wei
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Manke Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruizhu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialing Diao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Man Tian
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Deyu Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng Chen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Nguyen DD, Phung LT, Thanh Tran HT, Ly HTT, Vo AHM, Dinh NP, Doan PM, Nguyen AT, Dang LD, Doan TT, Pham KT, Pham HL, Hoang DX, Pham TN, Tran BT, Tran TTT, Le HTM, Pham AN, Antoniou A, Ho NT. Molecular subtypes of Adenovirus-associated acute respiratory infection outbreak in children in Northern Vietnam and risk factors of more severe cases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011311. [PMID: 37934746 PMCID: PMC10655982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under the pressure of Human Adenovirus (HAdV)-associated acute respiratory infection (ARI) outbreak in children in Northern Vietnam in the end of 2022, this study was initiated to identify the HAdV subtype(s) and examine the associated clinical features and risk factors of more severe cases. METHODS This study evaluated pediatric patients with ARI which had tested positive for HAdV between October and November 2022 using a multiplex real-time PCR panel. Nasopharyngeal aspirates or nasal swab samples were used for sequencing to identify HAdV subtypes. Clinical data were collected retrospectively. RESULTS Among 97 successfully sequenced samples, the predominant subtypes were HAdV-B3 (83%), HAdV-B7 (16%) and HAdV-C2 (1%). Lower respiratory manifestations were found in 25% of the patients of which 5% were diagnosed with severe pneumonia. There was no significant association between HAdV subtype and clinical features except higher white blood cell and neutrophil counts in those detected with HAdV-B3 (p<0.001). Co-detection of HAdV with ≥1 other respiratory viruses was found in 13/24(54%) of those with lower respiratory manifestations and 4/5(80%) of those with severe pneumonia (odds ratio (95% confidence interval) vs. those without = 10.74 (2.83, 48.17) and 19.44 (2.12, 492.73) respectively after adjusting for age, sex, birth delivery method, day of disease). CONCLUSION HAdV-B3 and HAdV-B7 were predominant in the outbreak. Co-detection of HAdV together with other respiratory viruses was a strong risk factor for lower respiratory tract illnesses and severe pneumonia. The findings advocate the advantages of multi-factor microbial panels for the diagnosis and prognosis of ARI in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh-Dung Nguyen
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Lan Tuyet Phung
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
- VinUniversity, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huyen Thi Thanh Tran
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ha Thi Thanh Ly
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Hang Mai Vo
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nhung Phuong Dinh
- Medical Genetics Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phuong Mai Doan
- Microbiology Lab, Laboratory Department, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Thi Nguyen
- Microbiology Lab, Laboratory Department, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Luc Danh Dang
- Microbiology Lab, Laboratory Department, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thia Thi Doan
- Microbiology Lab, Laboratory Department, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Khuong Thi Pham
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Huong Lan Pham
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Dai Xuan Hoang
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | | | | | - Huong Thi Minh Le
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - An Nhat Pham
- Pediatric Center, Vinmec Times City International General Hospital, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Antony Antoniou
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Nhan Thi Ho
- Research & Development Department, Vinmec High Tech Center, Vinmec Healthcare System, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Chen L, Lu J, Yue J, Wang R, Du P, Yu Y, Guo J, Wang X, Jiang Y, Cheng K, Yang Z, Zheng T. A humanized anti-human adenovirus 55 monoclonal antibody with good neutralization ability. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1132822. [PMID: 37006289 PMCID: PMC10060833 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundHuman adenovirus type 55 (HAdV55) has a re-emerged as pathogen causing an acute respiratory disease presenting as a severe lower respiratory illness that can cause death. To date, there is no HAdV55 vaccine or treatment available for general use.MethodsHerein, a monoclonal antibody specific for HAdV55, mAb 9-8, was isolated from an scFv-phage display library derived from mice immunized with the purified inactived-HAdV55 virions. By using ELISA and a virus micro-neutralization assay, we evaluated the binding and neutralizing activity of mAb 9-8 following humanization. Western blotting analysis and antigen-antibody molecular docking analysis were used to identify the antigenic epitopes that the humanized monoclonal antibody 9-8-h2 recognized. After that, their thermal stability was determined.ResultsMAb 9-8 showed potent neutralization activity against HAdV55. After humanization, the humanized neutralizing monoclonal antibody (9-8-h2) was identified to neutralize HAdV55 infection with an IC50 of 0.6050 nM. The mAb 9-8-h2 recognized HAdV55 and HAdV7 virus particles, but not HAdV4 particles. Although mAb 9-8-h2 could recognize HAdV7, it could not neutralize HAdV7. Furthermore, mAb 9-8-h2 recognized a conformational neutralization epitope of the fiber protein and the crucial amino acid residues (Arg 288, Asp 157, and Asn 200) were identified. MAb 9-8-h2 also showed favorable general physicochemical properties, including good thermostability and pH stability.ConclusionsOverall, mAb 9-8-h2 might be a promising molecule for the prevention and treatment of HAdV55.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Zheng
- *Correspondence: Tao Zheng, ; Zhixin Yang,
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First Isolation and Identification of Homologous Recombination Events of Porcine Adenovirus from Wild Boar. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112400. [PMID: 36366498 PMCID: PMC9694405 DOI: 10.3390/v14112400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine adenoviruses (PAdVs) are distributed in pig populations and classified into five immunologically distinct serotypes (PAdV-1 to 5). In this study, a PAdV was isolated from a fecal sample of wild boar for the first time. Whole-genome analysis revealed that this strain (Ino5) has sequence homology (approximately > 93%) throughout the genome with the PAdV-5 strain HNF-70 that was isolated from a pig in Japan in 1987, except for the hexon, E3 612R, and fiber coding regions. Two possible recombination breakpoints were detected in the hexon and E3 612R regions, which were found to have reduced GC content. Structural prediction analysis showed that a part of the hexon protein corresponding to the tower region of Ino5 had structural differences when compared with HNF-70, suggesting antigenic heterogeneity between these strains. PAdVs were detected in 1.77% (2/113) and 12% (12/100) of the fecal samples from wild boars and pigs collected in Japan by PCR, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses of the hexon and fiber genes revealed that some samples showed different grouping in the hexon and fiber genes, suggesting that these viruses have recombination events. These findings suggest that the PAdV-5 has evolved with homologous recombination events in the same manner as human adenoviruses among not only pig populations, but also wild boars in Japan.
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Götting J, Baier C, Panagiota V, Maecker-Kolhoff B, Dhingra A, Heim A. High genetic stability of co-circulating human adenovirus type 31 lineages over 59 years. Virus Evol 2022; 8:veac067. [PMID: 36533152 PMCID: PMC9748976 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veac067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 31 of human adenovirus species A (HAdV-A31) is a significant pathogen primarily associated with diarrhoea in children but also with life-threatening disseminated disease in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Nosocomial outbreaks of HAdV-A31 have been frequently described. However, the evolution of HAdV-A31 has not been studied in detail. The evolution of other HAdV types is driven either by intertypic recombination, where different types exchange genome regions, or by immune escape selection of neutralisation determinants. Complete genomic HAdV-A31 sequences from sixty diagnostic specimens of the past 18 years (2003-21) were generated, including fourteen specimens of a presumed outbreak on two HSCT wards. Additionally, twenty-three complete genomes from GenBank were added to our phylogenetic analysis as well as in silico generated and previously published restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP) data. Phylogenetic analysis of eighty-three genomes indicated that HAdV-A31 evolved slowly with six lineages co-circulating. The two major lineages were lineage 1, which included the prototype from 1962 and nine recent isolates, and lineage 2, which split into four sublineages and included most isolates from 2003 to 2021. The average nucleotide identity within lineages was high (99.8 per cent) and identity between lineages was 98.7 and 99.2 per cent. RFLP data allowed the construction of a lower-resolution phylogeny with two additional putative lineages. Surprisingly, regions of higher diversity separating lineages were found in gene regions coding for non-structural and minor capsid proteins. Intertypic recombinations were not observed, but the phylogeny of lineage 3 was compatible with an interlineage recombination event in the fibre gene. Applying the phylogenetic analysis to the presumed nosocomial outbreak excluded two suspected transmission events and separated it into two different, simultaneous outbreaks caused by different sublineages of lineage 2. However, due to the high nucleotide identity within HAdV-A31 lineages, the proof of infection chains remains debatable. This in-depth study on the molecular phylogeny of HAdV-A31 highlights the high genetic stability of co-circulating HAdV-A31 lineages over almost six decades. It also supports the epidemiological hypothesis that HAdV-A31 circulates as an etiological agent of a childhood disease infecting immunologically naive patients without strong positive selection of immune escape variants and recombinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Götting
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical
School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Claas Baier
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital
Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover
30625, Germany
| | - Victoria Panagiota
- Department of Hematology, Hemostaseology,
Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Hannover Medical School,
Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Britta Maecker-Kolhoff
- Department of Paediatric Haematology and
Oncology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625,
Germany
| | - Akshay Dhingra
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical
School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Albert Heim
- Institute of Virology, Hannover Medical
School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Shang L, Gao H, Du X, Li F, Gao Y, Qi G, Guo W, Qu Z, Dong T. Immunological Study of Reconstructed Common Ancestral Sequence of Adenovirus Hexon Protein. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:717047. [PMID: 34777273 PMCID: PMC8578728 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.717047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To reconstruct the ancestral sequence of human adenoviral hexon protein by combining sequence variations and structural information. And to provide a candidate hexon protein for developing new adenoviral vector capable of escaping the pre-existing immunity in healthy populations. Methods: The sequences of 74 adenovirus-type strains were used to predict the ancestral sequence of human adenovirus hexon protein using FastML and MEGA software. The three-dimensional structure model was built using homology modeling methods. The immunological features of ancestral loop 1 and loop 2 regions of sequences were tested using protein segments expressed in a prokaryotic expression system and polypeptides synthesized with human serum samples. Results: The tower region of the hexon protein had the highest sequence variability, while the neck and base regions remained constant among different types. The modern strains successfully predicted the common ancestral sequence of the human adenovirus hexon. The positive sera against neutralizing epitopes on the common ancestor of adenoviral hexon were relatively rare among healthy adults. Conclusion: The existing strains inferred the common ancestor of human adenoviruses, with epitopes never observed in the current human strains. The predicted common ancestor hexon is a good prospect in the improvement of adenovirus vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingchen Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Lei Shang
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Hong Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiqiao Du
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Harbin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin, China
| | - Falong Li
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guiyun Qi
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiyuan Guo
- The Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhangyi Qu
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Natural Focus Disease Control, Institute of Environment-Associated Disease, Sino-Russia Joint Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Tuo Dong
- Department of Microbiology, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
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